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Wittstock G, Bäumer M, Dononelli W, Klüner T, Lührs L, Mahr C, Moskaleva LV, Oezaslan M, Risse T, Rosenauer A, Staubitz A, Weissmüller J, Wittstock A. Nanoporous Gold: From Structure Evolution to Functional Properties in Catalysis and Electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6716-6792. [PMID: 37133401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous gold (NPG) is characterized by a bicontinuous network of nanometer-sized metallic struts and interconnected pores formed spontaneously by oxidative dissolution of the less noble element from gold alloys. The resulting material exhibits decent catalytic activity for low-temperature, aerobic total as well as partial oxidation reactions, the oxidative coupling of methanol to methyl formate being the prototypical example. This review not only provides a critical discussion of ways to tune the morphology and composition of this material and its implication for catalysis and electrocatalysis, but will also exemplarily review the current mechanistic understanding of the partial oxidation of methanol using information from quantum chemical studies, model studies on single-crystal surfaces, gas phase catalysis, aerobic liquid phase oxidation, and electrocatalysis. In this respect, a particular focus will be on mechanistic aspects not well understood, yet. Apart from the mechanistic aspects of catalysis, best practice examples with respect to material preparation and characterization will be discussed. These can improve the reproducibility of the materials property such as the catalytic activity and selectivity as well as the scope of reactions being identified as the main challenges for a broader application of NPG in target-oriented organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Bäumer
- University of Bremen, Institute for Applied and Physical Chemistry, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Wilke Dononelli
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group, Am Fallturm 1, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Thorsten Klüner
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Lührs
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, 21703 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Mahr
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute of Solid State Physics, Otto Hahn Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lyudmila V Moskaleva
- University of the Free State, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Mehtap Oezaslan
- Technical University of Braunschweig Institute of Technical Chemistry, Technical Electrocatalysis Laboratory, Franz-Liszt-Strasse 35a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Risse
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenauer
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute of Solid State Physics, Otto Hahn Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Anne Staubitz
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Strasse 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jörg Weissmüller
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, 21703 Hamburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Materials Mechanics, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- University of Bremen, MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Bremen, Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, Leobener Strasse 7, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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Eagan NM, Luneau M, Friend CM, Madix RJ. Exploiting the Liquid Phase to Enhance the Cross-Coupling of Alcohols over Nanoporous Gold Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel M. Eagan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Mathilde Luneau
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Cynthia M. Friend
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Robert J. Madix
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Gao Y, Ding Y. Nanoporous Metals for Heterogeneous Catalysis: Following the Success of Raney Nickel. Chemistry 2020; 26:8845-8856. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiu Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous MaterialsInstitute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300384 P. R. China
| | - Yi Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous MaterialsInstitute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300384 P. R. China
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Steinebrunner D, Schnurpfeil G, Wöhrle D, Wittstock A. Photocatalytic coatings based on a zinc( ii) phthalocyanine derivative immobilized on nanoporous gold leafs with various pore sizes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:53-59. [PMID: 35492516 PMCID: PMC9047552 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08841e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of singlet oxygen sensitizing hybrid materials is reported consisting of a zinc(ii) phthalocyanine (ZnPc) derivative immobilized on nanoporous gold leafs (npAu) with various pore sizes. The resulting photocatalytic coatings exhibit a thickness of around 100 nm and pore sizes between 9–50 nm. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of those hybrid materials which were synthesized by functionalization of npAu leafs by an azide terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and subsequent copper catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The characterization of the samples morphology included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy as well as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The morphology–reactivity relationship was investigated employing the hybrid photocatalysts in the photooxidation of diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) as selective singlet oxygen quencher. An increasing photocatalytic activity was found for smaller pore sizes up to 15 nm, due to the gain in specific surface area concomitant with an increasing amount of immobilized photosensitizer, completely dominating the effect of the higher spectral overlap caused by the shift of the plasmon resonance of npAu, until mass transport and diffusion limitation gets predominant for pore sizes below 15 nm. A series of hybrid materials consisting of a zinc(ii) phthalocyanine derivative immobilized on nanoporous gold leafs with various pore sizes was prepared and investigated regarding its singlet oxygen sensitization activity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- David Steinebrunner
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
| | - Günter Schnurpfeil
- Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Dieter Wöhrle
- Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
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Steinebrunner D, Schnurpfeil G, Kohröde M, Epp A, Klangnog K, Tapia Burgos JA, Wichmann A, Wöhrle D, Wittstock A. Impact of photosensitizer orientation on the distance dependent photocatalytic activity in zinc phthalocyanine–nanoporous gold hybrid systems. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23203-23211. [PMID: 35520339 PMCID: PMC9054629 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03891a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The distance dependency of the photocatalytic activity in zinc phthalocyanine–nanoporous gold hybrid systems was investigated revealing the importance of photosensitizer orientation in novel hybrid-based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Steinebrunner
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
| | - Günter Schnurpfeil
- Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Mathis Kohröde
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Alexander Epp
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | | | - Jorge Adrian Tapia Burgos
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
| | - Andre Wichmann
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Dieter Wöhrle
- Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- Institute of Applied and Physical Chemistry and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology
- University Bremen
- 28359 Bremen
- Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes
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