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Wang H, Li H, Lee CK, Mat Nanyan NS, Tay GS. A systematic review on utilization of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol in sustainable polymers preparation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129536. [PMID: 38278390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of biodiesel, biodiesel-derived glycerol has become a promising renewable bioresource. The key to utilizing this bioresource lies in the value-added conversion of crude glycerol. While purifying crude glycerol into a pure form allows for diverse applications, the intricate nature of this process renders it costly and environmentally stressful. Consequently, technology facilitating the direct utilization of unpurified crude glycerol holds significant importance. It has been reported that crude glycerol can be bio-transformed or chemically converted into high-value polymers. These technologies provide cost-effective alternatives for polymer production while contributing to a more sustainable biodiesel industry. This review article describes the global production and quality characteristics of biodiesel-derived glycerol and investigates the influencing factors and treatment of the composition of crude glycerol including water, methanol, soap, matter organic non-glycerol, and ash. Additionally, this review also focused on the advantages and challenges of various technologies for converting crude glycerol into polymers, considering factors such as the compatibility of crude glycerol and the control of unfavorable factors. Lastly, the application prospect and value of crude glycerol conversion were discussed from the aspects of economy and environmental protection. The development of new technologies for the increased use of crude glycerol as a renewable feedstock for polymer production will be facilitated by the findings of this review, while promoting mass market applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Hongpeng Li
- Tangshan Jinlihai Biodiesel Co. Ltd., 063000 Tangshan, China
| | - Chee Keong Lee
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia; School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Noreen Suliani Mat Nanyan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia; School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Guan Seng Tay
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia; Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia.
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2
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Timofeeva M, Lukoyanov I, Kalashnikova G, Panchenko V, Shefer К, Yu Gerasimov E, Mel'gunov M. Synthesis of glycidol via transesterification glycerol with dimethylcarbonate in the presence of composites based on a layered titanosilicate AM-4 and ZIF-8. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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3
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Lin Y, Su Y, Ko B, Datta A, Huang J. Synthesis and structural characterization of monomeric aluminum keto‐imine complexes: Catalytic activity toward
CO
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/styrene oxide coupling and ε‐caprolactone ring opening polymerization. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry National Changhua University of Education Changhua Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Chia Su
- Department of Chemistry National Chung‐Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Bao‐Tsan Ko
- Department of Chemistry National Chung‐Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Amitabha Datta
- Department of Chemistry National Changhua University of Education Changhua Taiwan
| | - Jui‐Hsien Huang
- Department of Chemistry National Changhua University of Education Changhua Taiwan
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Sandhya Rani G, Jyotsna A, Prabhavathi Devi BLA. Carbon‐SO
3
Na Catalysed Synthesis of Glycerol Carbonate
via
Transesterification of Glycerol and Dimethyl Carbonate. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gundabathini Sandhya Rani
- Centre for Lipid Science & Technology CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500 007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 2010 02 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Adigopula Jyotsna
- Centre for Lipid Science & Technology CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500 007 India
| | - Bethala L. A. Prabhavathi Devi
- Centre for Lipid Science & Technology CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka Hyderabad 500 007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 2010 02 Uttar Pradesh India
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5
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Abstract
Utilization of biofuels generated from renewable sources has attracted broad attention due to their benefits such as reducing consumption of fossil fuels, sustainability, and consequently prevention of global warming. The production of biodiesel causes a huge amount of by-product, crude glycerol, to accumulate. Glycerol, because of its unique structure having three hydroxyl groups, can be converted to a variety of industrially valuable products. In recent decades, increasing studies have been carried out on different catalytic pathways to selectively produce a wide range of glycerol derivatives. In the current review, the main routes including carboxylation, oxidation, etherification, hydrogenolysis, esterification, and dehydration to convert glycerol to value-added products are investigated. In order to achieve more glycerol conversion and higher desired product selectivity, acquisition of knowledge on the catalysts, the type of acidic or basic, the supports, and studying various reaction pathways and operating parameters are necessary. This review attempts to summarize the knowledge of catalytic reactions and mechanisms leading to value-added derivatives of glycerol. Additionally, the application of main products from glycerol are discussed. In addition, an overview on the market of glycerol, its properties, applications, and prospects is presented.
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6
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Biodiesel Is Dead: Long Life to Advanced Biofuels—A Comprehensive Critical Review. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many countries are immersed in several strategies to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of internal combustion engines. One option is the substitution of these engines by electric and/or hydrogen engines. However, apart from the strategic and logistical difficulties associated with this change, the application of electric or hydrogen engines in heavy transport, e.g., trucks, shipping, and aircrafts, also presents technological difficulties in the short-medium term. In addition, the replacement of the current car fleet will take decades. This is why the use of biofuels is presented as the only viable alternative to diminishing CO2 emissions in the very near future. Nowadays, it is assumed that vegetable oils will be the main raw material for replacing fossil fuels in diesel engines. In this context, it has also been assumed that the reduction in the viscosity of straight vegetable oils (SVO) must be performed through a transesterification reaction with methanol in order to obtain the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that constitute biodiesel. Nevertheless, the complexity in the industrial production of this biofuel, mainly due to the costs of eliminating the glycerol produced, has caused a significant delay in the energy transition. For this reason, several advanced biofuels that avoid the glycerol production and exhibit similar properties to fossil diesel have been developed. In this way, “green diesels” have emerged as products of different processes, such as the cracking or pyrolysis of vegetable oil, as well as catalytic (hydro)cracking. In addition, some biodiesel-like biofuels, such as Gliperol (DMC-Biod) or Ecodiesel, as well as straight vegetable oils, in blends with plant-based sources with low viscosity have been described as renewable biofuels capable of performing in combustion ignition engines. After evaluating the research carried out in the last decades, it can be concluded that green diesel and biodiesel-like biofuels could constitute the main alternative to addressing the energy transition, although green diesel will be the principal option in aviation fuel.
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Transesterification of dimethyl carbonate with glycerol by perovskite-based mixed metal oxide nanoparticles for the atom-efficient production of glycerol carbonate. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Structuring effect of some salts on glycerol carbonate: A near-infrared spectroscopy, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering study. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Process and Energy Intensification of Glycerol Carbonate Production from Glycerol and Dimethyl Carbonate in the Presence of Eggshell-Derived CaO Heterogeneous Catalyst. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14144249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The process and energy intensifications for the synthesis of glycerol carbonate (GC) from glycerol and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) using an eggshell-derived CaO heterogeneous catalyst were investigated. The transesterification reaction between glycerol and DMC was typically limited by mass transfer because of the immiscible nature of the reactants. By varying the stirring speed, it was observed that the mass transfer limitation could be neglected at 800 rpm. The presence of the CaO solid catalyst made the mass transport-limited reaction process more prominent. Mass transfer intensification using a simple kitchen countertop blender as an alternative to overcome the external mass transfer limitation of a typical magnetic stirrer was demonstrated. A lower amount of the catalyst and a shorter reaction time were required to achieve 93% glycerol conversion or 91% GC yield, and the turnover frequency (TOF) increased almost 5 times from 1.5 to 7.2 min−1 when using a conventional magnetic stirrer and countertop blender, respectively. In addition, using a simple kitchen countertop blender with 7200 rpm, the reaction temperature of 60 °C could be reached within approximately 3 min without the need of a heating unit. This was the result of the self-frictional heat generated by the high-shear blender. This was considered to be heat transfer intensification, as heat was generated locally (in situ), offering a higher homogeneity distribution. Meanwhile, the trend toward energy intensification was promising as the yield efficiency increased from 0.064 to 2.391 g/kJ. A comparison among other process intensification techniques, e.g., microwave reactor, ultrasonic reactor, and reactive distillation was also rationalized.
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Abstract
Energy policies in the US and in the EU during the last decades have been focused on enhanced oil and gas recovery, including the so-called tertiary extraction or enhanced oil recovery (EOR), on one hand, and the development and implementation of renewable energy vectors, on the other, including biofuels as bioethanol (mainly in US and Brazil) and biodiesel (mainly in the EU) [...]
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Alassmy YA, Paalman PJ, Pescarmona PP. One‐pot Fixation of CO
2
into Glycerol Carbonate using Ion‐Exchanged Amberlite Resin Beads as Efficient Metal‐free Heterogeneous Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser A. Alassmy
- Chemical Engineering Group Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG) University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) King Abdullah Rd Riyadh 11442 Saudi-Arabia
| | - Patrick J. Paalman
- Chemical Engineering Group Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG) University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Paolo P. Pescarmona
- Chemical Engineering Group Engineering and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG) University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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12
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Ng JQ, Arima H, Mochizuki T, Toh K, Matsui K, Ratanasak M, Hasegawa JY, Hatano M, Ishihara K. Chemoselective Transesterification of Methyl (Meth)acrylates Catalyzed by Sodium(I) or Magnesium(II) Aryloxides. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qi Ng
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiro Arima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takuya Mochizuki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kohei Toh
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kai Matsui
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Manussada Ratanasak
- Section of Theoretical Catalytic Chemistry, Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N21W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 011-0021, Japan
| | - Jun-Ya Hasegawa
- Section of Theoretical Catalytic Chemistry, Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N21W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 011-0021, Japan
| | - Manabu Hatano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ishihara
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Song Z, Jin W, Gao F, Jin X. Recent Advances in Catalyst Development for Transesterification of Dialkyl Carbonates with Phenol. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Song
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, 438 West Hebei St., Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Wei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Faming Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, 438 West Hebei St., Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, No. 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266580, China
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14
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Abstract
Once a biorefinery is ready to operate, the main processed materials need to be completely evaluated in terms of many different factors, including disposal regulations, technological limitations of installation, the market, and other societal considerations. In biorefinery, glycerol is the main by-product, representing around 10% of biodiesel production. In the last few decades, the large-scale production of biodiesel and glycerol has promoted research on a wide range of strategies in an attempt to valorize this by-product, with its transformation into added value chemicals being the strategy that exhibits the most promising route. Among them, C3 compounds obtained from routes such as hydrogenation, oxidation, esterification, etc. represent an alternative to petroleum-based routes for chemicals such as acrolein, propanediols, or carboxylic acids of interest for the polymer industry. Another widely studied and developed strategy includes processes such as reforming or pyrolysis for energy, clean fuels, and materials such as activated carbon. This review covers recent advances in catalysts used in the most promising strategies considering both chemicals and energy or fuel obtention. Due to the large variety in biorefinery industries, several potential emergent valorization routes are briefly summarized.
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Abstract
The delay in the energy transition, focused in the replacement of fossil diesel with biodiesel, is mainly caused by the need of reducing the costs associated to the transesterification reaction of vegetable oils with methanol. This reaction, on an industrial scale, presents several problems associated with the glycerol generated during the process. The costs to eliminate this glycerol have to be added to the implicit cost of using seed oil as raw material. Recently, several alternative methods to convert vegetable oils into high quality diesel fuels, which avoid the glycerol generation, are being under development, such as Gliperol, DMC-Biod, or Ecodiesel. Besides, there are renewable diesel fuels known as “green diesel”, obtained by several catalytic processes (cracking or pyrolysis, hydrodeoxygenation and hydrotreating) of vegetable oils and which exhibit a lot of similarities with fossil fuels. Likewise, it has also been addressed as a novel strategy, the use of straight vegetable oils in blends with various plant-based sources such as alcohols, vegetable oils, and several organic compounds that are renewable and biodegradable. These plant-based sources are capable of achieving the effective reduction of the viscosity of the blends, allowing their use in combustion ignition engines. The aim of this review is to evaluate the real possibilities that conventional biodiesel has in order to success as the main biofuel for the energy transition, as well as the use of alternative biofuels that can take part in the energy transition in a successful way.
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