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Alam MZ, Madan R. Clostridioides difficile Toxins: Host Cell Interactions and Their Role in Disease Pathogenesis. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:241. [PMID: 38922136 PMCID: PMC11209539 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile, a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium, is the leading cause of hospital-acquired antibiotic-associated diarrhea worldwide. The severity of C. difficile infection (CDI) varies, ranging from mild diarrhea to life-threatening conditions such as pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon. Central to the pathogenesis of the infection are toxins produced by C. difficile, with toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB) as the main virulence factors. Additionally, some strains produce a third toxin known as C. difficile transferase (CDT). Toxins damage the colonic epithelium, initiating a cascade of cellular events that lead to inflammation, fluid secretion, and further tissue damage within the colon. Mechanistically, the toxins bind to cell surface receptors, internalize, and then inactivate GTPase proteins, disrupting the organization of the cytoskeleton and affecting various Rho-dependent cellular processes. This results in a loss of epithelial barrier functions and the induction of cell death. The third toxin, CDT, however, functions as a binary actin-ADP-ribosylating toxin, causing actin depolymerization and inducing the formation of microtubule-based protrusions. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the interaction between C. difficile toxins and host cells, elucidating the functional consequences of their actions. Furthermore, we will outline how this knowledge forms the basis for developing innovative, toxin-based strategies for treating and preventing CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahidul Alam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Rajat Madan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
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2
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Dopeso H, Rodrigues P, Cartón-García F, Macaya I, Bilic J, Anguita E, Jing L, Brotons B, Vivancos N, Beà L, Sánchez-Martín M, Landolfi S, Hernandez-Losa J, Ramon y Cajal S, Nieto R, Vicario M, Farre R, Schwartz S, van Ijzendoorn SC, Kobayashi K, Martinez-Barriocanal Á, Arango D. RhoA downregulation in the murine intestinal epithelium results in chronic Wnt activation and increased tumorigenesis. iScience 2024; 27:109400. [PMID: 38523777 PMCID: PMC10959657 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are molecular switches regulating multiple cellular processes. To investigate the role of RhoA in normal intestinal physiology, we used a conditional mouse model overexpressing a dominant negative RhoA mutant (RhoAT19N) in the intestinal epithelium. Although RhoA inhibition did not cause an overt phenotype, increased levels of nuclear β-catenin were observed in the small intestinal epithelium of RhoAT19N mice, and the overexpression of multiple Wnt target genes revealed a chronic activation of Wnt signaling. Elevated Wnt signaling in RhoAT19N mice and intestinal organoids did not affect the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells but significantly interfered with their differentiation. Importantly, 17-month-old RhoAT19N mice showed a significant increase in the number of spontaneous intestinal tumors. Altogether, our results indicate that RhoA regulates the differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells and inhibits tumor initiation, likely through the control of Wnt signaling, a key regulator of proliferation and differentiation in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Higinio Dopeso
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paulo Rodrigues
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Cartón-García
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irati Macaya
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josipa Bilic
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefanía Anguita
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Group of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Li Jing
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Group of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Bruno Brotons
- Group of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Núria Vivancos
- Group of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Laia Beà
- Group of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Martín
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Servicio de Transgénesis, Nucleus, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Stefania Landolfi
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Hernandez-Losa
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Ramon y Cajal
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Nieto
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Vicario
- Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Farre
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Simo Schwartz
- Group of Drug Delivery and Targeting, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sven C.D. van Ijzendoorn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Águeda Martinez-Barriocanal
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Group of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Diego Arango
- Group of Biomedical Research in Digestive Tract Tumors, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Group of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida), 25198 Lleida, Spain
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3
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Deng H, Jia Q, Ming X, Sun Y, Lu Y, Liu L, Zhou J. Hippo pathway in intestinal diseases: focusing on ferroptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1291686. [PMID: 38130953 PMCID: PMC10734691 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1291686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer, has steadily increased over the past decades. The Hippo pathway is involved in cell proliferation, tissue and organ damage, energy metabolism, tumor formation, and other physiologic processes. Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death characterized by the accumulation of iron and lipid peroxides. The Hippo pathway and ferroptosis are associated with various intestinal diseases; however, the crosstalk between them is unclear. This review elaborates on the current research on the Hippo pathway and ferroptosis in the context of intestinal diseases. We summarized the connection between the Hippo pathway and ferroptosis to elucidate the underlying mechanism by which these pathways influence intestinal diseases. We speculate that a mutual regulatory mechanism exists between the Hippo pathway and ferroptosis and these two pathways interact in several ways to regulate intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
| | - Qiuting Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
| | - Xin Ming
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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4
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Bassotti G, Stracci F, Marconi P, Fettucciari K. Clostridioides difficile and colorectal cancer: a dangerous liaison. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 35:985-988. [PMID: 37505976 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000002615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Many colorectal diseases depend on complex interactions between several pathophysiological factors, including the intestinal microbiota. In recent years, the widespread use of antibiotics has been recognized as a main cause of intestinal dysbiosis and a favouring factor for Clostridioides difficile infection. The latter, in addition, causes infectious diarrhoea, pseudomembranous colitis, and toxic megacolon by means of its toxins (A and, especially, B), is characterized by frequent relapses; thus, its persistence in a host may be long-lasting. Based on recent experimental evidence, here we analyse the possibility that, similarly to other bacteria, Clostridioides difficile may be considered a potential carcinogen for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrio Bassotti
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Digestive Endoscopy Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital
| | - Fabrizio Stracci
- Public Health Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia
| | - Pierfrancesco Marconi
- Biosciences & Medical Embryology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Katia Fettucciari
- Biosciences & Medical Embryology Section, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Szczawińska-Popłonyk A, Popłonyk N, Badura-Stronka M, Juengling J, Huhn K, Biskup S, Bancerz B, Walkowiak J. The clinical phenotype with gastrostomy and abdominal wall infection in a pediatric patient with Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome due to a heterozygous c.191A > G (p.Tyr64Cys) variant in CDC42: a case report. Front Genet 2023; 14:1108852. [PMID: 37347054 PMCID: PMC10280004 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1108852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The CDC42 (cell division cycle homolog 42) gene product, Cdc42 belongs to the Rho GTPase family which plays a pivotal role in the regulation of multiple cellular functions, including cell cycle progression, motility, migration, proliferation, transcription activation, and reactive oxygen species production. The Cdc42 molecule controls various tissue-specific functional pathways underpinning organogenesis as well as developmental integration of the hematopoietic and immune systems. Heterozygous c.191A>G (p.Tyr64Cys) pathogenic variants in CDC42 cause Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome characterized by a spectrum of phenotypic features comprising psychomotor developmental delay, sensorineural hearing loss, growth retardation, facial dysmorphism, cardiovascular and urinary tract malformations, camptodactyly, accompanied by thrombocytopenia and immunodeficiency of variable degree. Herein, we report a pediatric patient with the Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome due to a heterozygous p.Tyr64Cys variant in CDC42 manifesting as a congenital malformation complex accompanied by macrothrombocytopenia, poor specific antibody response, B and T cell immunodeficiency, and low serum immunoglobulin A level. We also suggst that feeding disorders, malnutrition, and a gastrointestinal infection could be a part of the phenotypic characteristics of Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome supporting the hypothesis of immune dysregulation and systemic inflammation occurring in the p.Tyr64Cys variant in CDC42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szczawińska-Popłonyk
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Karol Jonscher University Hospital, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Popłonyk
- Student Scientific Society, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Badura-Stronka
- Centers for Medical Genetics Genesis, Poznań, Poland
- Chair and Department of Medical Genetics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Kerstin Huhn
- Zentrum Fur Humangenetik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Biskup
- Zentrum Fur Humangenetik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- CeGaT GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bartłomiej Bancerz
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Pediatrics, Karol Jonscher University Hospital, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Pediatrics, Karol Jonscher University Hospital, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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6
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Filić V, Weber I. Rho GTPases in Model Systems. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050779. [PMID: 36899915 PMCID: PMC10000384 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of their role in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton 30 years ago, Rho GTPases have taken center stage in cell motility research [...].
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7
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Martínez-Sánchez LDC, Ngo PA, Pradhan R, Becker LS, Boehringer D, Soteriou D, Kubankova M, Schweitzer C, Koch T, Thonn V, Erkert L, Stolzer I, Günther C, Becker C, Weigmann B, Klewer M, Daniel C, Amann K, Tenzer S, Atreya R, Bergo M, Brakebusch C, Watson AJM, Guck J, Fabry B, Atreya I, Neurath MF, López-Posadas R. Epithelial RAC1-dependent cytoskeleton dynamics controls cell mechanics, cell shedding and barrier integrity in intestinal inflammation. Gut 2023; 72:275-294. [PMID: 35241625 PMCID: PMC9872254 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased apoptotic shedding has been linked to intestinal barrier dysfunction and development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In contrast, physiological cell shedding allows the renewal of the epithelial monolayer without compromising the barrier function. Here, we investigated the role of live cell extrusion in epithelial barrier alterations in IBD. DESIGN Taking advantage of conditional GGTase and RAC1 knockout mice in intestinal epithelial cells (Pggt1b iΔIEC and Rac1 iΔIEC mice), intravital microscopy, immunostaining, mechanobiology, organoid techniques and RNA sequencing, we analysed cell shedding alterations within the intestinal epithelium. Moreover, we examined human gut tissue and intestinal organoids from patients with IBD for cell shedding alterations and RAC1 function. RESULTS Epithelial Pggt1b deletion led to cytoskeleton rearrangement and tight junction redistribution, causing cell overcrowding due to arresting of cell shedding that finally resulted in epithelial leakage and spontaneous mucosal inflammation in the small and to a lesser extent in the large intestine. Both in vivo and in vitro studies (knockout mice, organoids) identified RAC1 as a GGTase target critically involved in prenylation-dependent cytoskeleton dynamics, cell mechanics and epithelial cell shedding. Moreover, inflamed areas of gut tissue from patients with IBD exhibited funnel-like structures, signs of arrested cell shedding and impaired RAC1 function. RAC1 inhibition in human intestinal organoids caused actin alterations compatible with arresting of cell shedding. CONCLUSION Impaired epithelial RAC1 function causes cell overcrowding and epithelial leakage thus inducing chronic intestinal inflammation. Epithelial RAC1 emerges as key regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics, cell mechanics and intestinal cell shedding. Modulation of RAC1 might be exploited for restoration of epithelial integrity in the gut of patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz del Carmen Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Phuong Anh Ngo
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rashmita Pradhan
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas-Sebastian Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Boehringer
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Despina Soteriou
- Max-Planck Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Marketa Kubankova
- Max-Planck Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Christine Schweitzer
- Max-Planck Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Tatyana Koch
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Veronika Thonn
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena Erkert
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iris Stolzer
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benno Weigmann
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monika Klewer
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- University Medical Center Mainz, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Bergo
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Hovedstaden, Denmark
| | | | - Jochen Guck
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Max-Planck Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany,Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rocío López-Posadas
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Bayern, Germany .,Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Gamsjäger L, Cirone KM, Schluessel S, Campsall M, Herik A, Lahiri P, Young D, Dufour A, Sapountzis P, Otani S, Gomez DE, Windeyer MC, Cobo ER. Host innate immune responses and microbiome profile of neonatal calves challenged with Cryptosporidium parvum and the effect of bovine colostrum supplementation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1165312. [PMID: 37207189 PMCID: PMC10189047 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1165312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Calves are highly susceptible to gastrointestinal infection with Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum), which can result in watery diarrhea and eventually death or impaired development. With little to no effective therapeutics, understanding the host's microbiota and pathogen interaction at the mucosal immune system has been critical to identify and test novel control strategies. Methods Herein, we used an experimental model of C. parvum challenge in neonatal calves to describe the clinical signs and histological and proteomic profiling of the mucosal innate immunity and microbiota shifts by metagenomics in the ileum and colon during cryptosporidiosis. Also, we investigated the impact of supplemental colostrum feeding on C. parvum infection. Results We showed that C. parvum challenged calves experienced clinical signs including pyrexia and diarrhea 5 days post challenge. These calves showed ulcerative neutrophil ileitis with a proteomic signature driven by inflammatory effectors, including reactive oxygen species and myeloperoxidases. Colitis was also noticed with an aggravated mucin barrier depletion and incompletely filled goblet cells. The C. parvum challenged calves also displayed a pronounced dysbiosis with a high prevalence of Clostridium species (spp.) and number of exotoxins, adherence factors, and secretion systems related to Clostridium spp. and other enteropathogens, including Campylobacter spp., Escherichia sp., Shigella spp., and Listeria spp. Daily supplementation with a high-quality bovine colostrum product mitigated some of the clinical signs and modulated the gut immune response and concomitant microbiota to a pattern more similar to that of healthy unchallenged calves. Discussion C. parvum infection in neonatal calves provoked severe diarrheic neutrophilic enterocolitis, perhaps augmented due to the lack of fully developed innate gut defenses. Colostrum supplementation showed limited effect mitigating diarrhea but demonstrated some clinical alleviation and specific modulatory influence on host gut immune responses and concomitant microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gamsjäger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Karina M. Cirone
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Grupo de Sanidad Animal, Unidad Integrada INTA, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Mackenzie Campsall
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Aydin Herik
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Priyoshi Lahiri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel Young
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Panagiotis Sapountzis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Saria Otani
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Diego E. Gomez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - M. Claire Windeyer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eduardo R. Cobo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Eduardo R. Cobo,
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Bamboo Shoot and Artemisia capillaris Extract Mixture Ameliorates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5086-5103. [PMID: 36286060 PMCID: PMC9600592 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract and is characterized by recurrent chronic inflammation and mucosal damage of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies have demonstrated that bamboo shoot (BS) and Artemisia capillaris (AC) extracts enhance anti-inflammatory effects in various disease models. However, it is uncertain whether there is a synergistic protective effect of BS and AC in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. In the current study, we tested the combined effects of BS and AC extracts (BA) on colitis using in vivo and in vitro models. Compared with control mice, oral administration of DSS exacerbated colon length and increased the disease activity index (DAI) and histological damage. In DSS-induced colitis, treatment with BA significantly alleviated DSS-induced symptoms such as colon shortening, DAI, histological damage, and colonic pro-inflammatory marker expression compared to single extracts (BS or AC) treatment. Furthermore, we found BA treatment attenuated the ROS generation, F-actin formation, and RhoA activity compared with the single extract (BS or AC) treatment in DSS-treated cell lines. Collectively, these findings suggest that BA treatment has a positive synergistic protective effect on colonic inflammation compared with single extracts, it may be a highly effective complementary natural extract mixture for the prevention or treatment of IBD.
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10
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Whole Exome Sequencing and In Silico Analysis of Human Sertoli in Patients with Non-Obstructive Azoospermia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012570. [PMID: 36293429 PMCID: PMC9604420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a serious cause of male infertility. The Sertoli cell responds to androgens and takes on roles supporting spermatogenesis, which may cause infertility. This work aims to enhance the genetic diagnosis of NOA via the discovery of new and hub genes implicated in human NOA and to better assess the odds of successful sperm extraction according to the individual’s genotype. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was done on three NOA patients to find key genes involved in NOA. We evaluated genome-wide transcripts (about 50,000 transcripts) by microarray between the Sertoli of non-obstructive azoospermia and normal cells. The microarray analysis of three human cases with different non-obstructive azoospermia revealed that 32 genes were upregulated, and the expressions of 113 genes were downregulated versus the normal case. For this purpose, Enrich Shiny GO, STRING, and Cytoscape online evaluations were applied to predict the functional and molecular interactions of proteins and then recognize the master pathways. The functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the biological process (BP) terms “inositol lipid-mediated signaling”, “positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II”, and “positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription” significantly changed in upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The BP investigation of downregulated DEGs highlighted “mitotic cytokinesis”, “regulation of protein-containing complex assembly”, “cytoskeleton-dependent cytokinesis”, and the “peptide metabolic process”. Overrepresented molecular function (MF) terms in upregulated DEGs included “ubiquitin-specific protease binding”, “protease binding”, “phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate phosphatase activity”, and “clathrin light chain binding”. Interestingly, the MF analysis of the downregulated DEGs revealed overexpression in “ATPase inhibitor activity”, “glutathione transferase activity”, and “ATPase regulator activity”. Our findings suggest that these genes and their interacting hub proteins could help determine the pathophysiologies of germ cell abnormalities and infertility.
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11
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Wang XL, Lin S, Lyu GR. Advances in the clinical application of ultrasound elastography in uterine imaging. Insights Imaging 2022; 13:141. [PMID: 36057675 PMCID: PMC9440970 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-022-01274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in tissue stiffness by physiological or pathological factors in tissue structure are identified earlier than their clinical features. Pathological processes such as uterine fibrosis, adenomyosis, endometrial lesions, infertility, and premature birth can manifest as tissue elasticity changes. In clinical settings, elastography techniques based on ultrasonography, optical coherence tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are widely used for noninvasive measurement of mechanical properties in patients, providing valuable tool and information for diagnosis and treatment. Ultrasound elastography (USE) plays a critical role in obstetrics and gynecology clinical work because of its simplicity, non-invasiveness, and repeatability. This article reviews the recent progress of USE in uterine tumor diagnosis (especially early diagnosis and treatment effect evaluation), prediction of preterm birth, and intrauterine insemination. We believe that USE, especially shear wave elastography, may serve as a potential means to assess tissue stiffness, thereby improving the diagnosis and treatment of adenomyosis, fibroids, endometrial lesions, cervical cancer, and precise management of preterm birth and intrauterine insemination monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Li Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China. .,Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China. .,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Guo-Rong Lyu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No. 34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China.
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12
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Estrada HQ, Patel S, Rabizadeh S, Casero D, Targan SR, Barrett RJ. Development of a Personalized Intestinal Fibrosis Model Using Human Intestinal Organoids Derived From Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022; 28:667-679. [PMID: 34918082 PMCID: PMC9074870 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal fibrosis is a serious complication of Crohn's disease. Numerous cell types including intestinal epithelial and mesenchymal cells are implicated in this process, yet studies are hampered by the lack of personalized in vitro models. Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) contain these cell types, and our goal was to determine the feasibility of utilizing these to develop a personalized intestinal fibrosis model. METHODS iPSCs from 2 control individuals and 2 very early onset inflammatory bowel disease patients with stricturing complications were obtained and directed to form HIOs. Purified populations of epithelial and mesenchymal cells were derived from HIOs, and both types were treated with the profibrogenic cytokine transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and RNA sequencing analysis were used to assay their responses. RESULTS In iPSC-derived mesenchymal cells, there was a significant increase in the expression of profibrotic genes (Col1a1, Col5a1, and TIMP1) in response to TGFβ. RNA sequencing analysis identified further profibrotic genes and demonstrated differential responses to this cytokine in each of the 4 lines. Increases in profibrotic gene expression (Col1a1, FN, TIMP1) along with genes associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (vimentin and N-cadherin) were observed in TGFβ -treated epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing iPSC-HIO technology to model intestinal fibrotic responses in vitro. This now permits the generation of near unlimited quantities of patient-specific cells that could be used to reveal cell- and environmental-specific mechanisms underpinning intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Q Estrada
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shachi Patel
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shervin Rabizadeh
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USAand
| | - David Casero
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephan R Targan
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Barrett
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Ngo PA, Neurath MF, López-Posadas R. Impact of Epithelial Cell Shedding on Intestinal Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084160. [PMID: 35456978 PMCID: PMC9027054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut barrier acts as a first line of defense in the body, and plays a vital role in nutrition and immunoregulation. A layer of epithelial cells bound together via intercellular junction proteins maintains intestinal barrier integrity. Based on a tight equilibrium between cell extrusion and cell restitution, the renewal of the epithelium (epithelial turnover) permits the preservation of cell numbers. As the last step within the epithelial turnover, cell shedding occurs due to the pressure of cell division and migration from the base of the crypt. During this process, redistribution of tight junction proteins enables the sealing of the epithelial gap left by the extruded cell, and thereby maintains barrier function. Disturbance in cell shedding can create transient gaps (leaky gut) or cell accumulation in the epithelial layer. In fact, numerous studies have described the association between dysregulated cell shedding and infection, inflammation, and cancer; thus epithelial cell extrusion is considered a key defense mechanism. In the gastrointestinal tract, altered cell shedding has been observed in mouse models of intestinal inflammation and appears as a potential cause of barrier loss in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Despite the relevance of this process, there are many unanswered questions regarding cell shedding. The investigation of those mechanisms controlling cell extrusion in the gut will definitely contribute to our understanding of intestinal homeostasis. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about intestinal cell shedding under both physiological and pathological circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong A. Ngo
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.A.N.); (M.F.N.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.A.N.); (M.F.N.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rocío López-Posadas
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.A.N.); (M.F.N.)
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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14
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Shirin M, Madadi S, Peyravian N, Pezeshkian Z, Rejali L, Hosseini M, Moradi A, Khanabadi B, Sherkat G, Aghdaei HA, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E. A linkage between effectual genes in progression of CRC through canonical and non-canonical TGF-β signaling pathways. Med Oncol 2022; 39:40. [PMID: 35092502 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Different molecular signaling pathways have been involved in the incidence and progression of CRC. We aimed to examine the correlation between eight candidate genes, including TFGβ, SMAD2, SMAD4, RhoA, EGFR, MAP2K1, MTA1, and LEF1 in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and their association with clinicopathological variables and CRC patients prognosis. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis 2-ΔΔct, were performed to assess the expression of eight genes in 64 and 122 patients with CRC, respectively and 20 normal samples were added for verification. We showed a positive correlation between SMAD2 and MAP2K1 (r = 0.337, P < 0.001), MAP2K1 and LEF1 (r = 0.187, P = 0.03), SMAD4 and RhoA (r = 0.214, P = 0.01) and as well, a negative correlation between SMAD2 and TGFβ (r = - 0.197, P = 0.02), and RhoA and LEF1 (r = - 0.180, P = 0.04) in tumor tissues. A decrease in RhoA mRNA expression was associated with the advanced TNM stage (P = 0.01), while the EGFR and SMAD2 mRNA expression upregulated in advanced stages (P = 0.03, P = 0.03), respectively. Also, an increase in EGFR and SMAD4 protein expression was significantly associated with the advanced TNM stage (P = 0.000) (P = .002), respectively. Perceiving the connections between canonical and non-canonical Transforming growth factor (TGF-β) signaling pathway along with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and WNT cascades may trigger the development of novel approaches for CRC prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Shirin
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19875-17411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajedeh Madadi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19875-17411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noshad Peyravian
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19875-17411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Pezeshkian
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19875-17411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leili Rejali
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19875-17411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Hosseini
- Department of Pathology, Shohada Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19875-17411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Moradi
- Department of Pathology, Shohada Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19875-17411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Binazir Khanabadi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19875-17411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Sherkat
- Medicin Faculty of Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19875-17411, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Yaman Street, Chamran Expressway, 19857-17411, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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The emerging roles of srGAPs in cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:755-759. [PMID: 34825319 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) were initially considered as the inhibitors of cell signaling pathways because of their nature to activate the intrinsic GTPase activity of the RhoGTPases. But recent studies of dysregulated GAPs in many cancers such as glioblastoma, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and renal cancer have elucidated the important roles of GAPs in carcinogenesis and GAPs have been shown to perform multiple nonconventional functions in different contexts. We have discussed the recent developments in the roles played by different types of srGAPs (SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase-activating proteins) in cancer.
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