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Di Paola D, Natale S, Gugliandolo E, Cordaro M, Crupi R, Siracusa R, D’Amico R, Fusco R, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Spanò N, Marino F, Peritore AF. Assessment of 2-Pentadecyl-2-oxazoline Role on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation on Early Stage Development of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12010128. [PMID: 35054521 PMCID: PMC8781862 DOI: 10.3390/life12010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or bacterial endotoxin, is an important virulence factor in several human and animal pathologies. Oxazoline of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEAOXA) has shown strong anti-inflammatory activity in several animal models. LPS was applied for 24 h to zebrafish embryos to induce inflammation, and then the anti-inflammatory action of PEAOXA was evaluated for the first time in the zebrafish model (Danio rerio). Different concentrations of PEAOXA were tested for toxicity on zebrafish embryonic development; only the highest concentration of 30 mg/L showed toxic effects. Quantitative RT-PCR was applied to detect Tumor necrosis factor-α, Interleukin 1β, 6, and 8, and members of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB). Exposure to LPS induced an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1, 6, and 8) in both gene and protein expression, as well as an increase of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and the nuclear factor kappa light polypeptide enhancer in B-cells inhibitor (IκBα) gene expression. Furthermore, acute LPS exposure also induced an increase in tryptase release, related to mast cell activity, and in the production of apoptosis-related proteins (caspase 3, bax, and bcl-2). Treatment with PEAOXA 10 mg/L significantly counteracts LPS-induced inflammation in terms of cytokine expression and decreases tryptase release and the apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Sabrina Natale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (E.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-90-6765208 (S.C.); +39-90-6765210 (N.S.)
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-90-6765208 (S.C.); +39-90-6765210 (N.S.)
| | - Fabio Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (A.F.P.)
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Di Paola D, Natale S, Iaria C, Cordaro M, Crupi R, Siracusa R, D’Amico R, Fusco R, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Spanò N, Gugliandolo E, Peritore AF. Intestinal Disorder in Zebrafish Larvae (Danio rerio): The Protective Action of N-Palmitoylethanolamide-oxazoline. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12010125. [PMID: 35054518 PMCID: PMC8778351 DOI: 10.3390/life12010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IBD (Inflammatory Bowel Disease) is an inflammatory disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract that is common in both humans and veterinarians. Several studies have revealed the pharmacological properties of the oxazoline of palmitoylethanolamide (PEAOXA). Zebrafish larvae were exposed to sodium dextran sulphate (DSS) to induce enterocolitis and study the protective action of PEAOXA. After repetitive exposure with 0.25% DSS, larvae presented gut alteration with an increase in mucus production. Furthermore, DSS exposure induced an increase in the inflammatory pathway in the intestine, related to an increase in the Endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) stress genes. PEAOXA exposure at a concentration of 10 mg/L decreased the DSS-induced gut damage and mucus production, as well as being able to reduce the inflammatory and ER stress-related genes expression. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the alterations induced by repeated exposure to DSS were counteracted by PEAOXA action that was able to inhibit the increase in inflammation and ER stress involved in the progression of enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Sabrina Natale
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Carmelo Iaria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-90-6765208 (S.C.); +39-90-6765210 (N.S.)
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.S.); Tel.: +39-90-6765208 (S.C.); +39-90-6765210 (N.S.)
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (D.D.P.); (S.N.); (C.I.); (R.S.); (R.D.); (R.F.); (D.I.); (A.F.P.)
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