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Shi J, Jing W, He Y, Huang Y. Decreased expression of KLF6 in ectopic endometrial stromal cells contributes to endometriosis progression by targeting CTNNB1. Cell Signal 2024; 120:111230. [PMID: 38761988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, endometriosis remains a mysterious gynecological disease with unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Krüppel-like Factor 6 (KLF6), a transcription factor, has a wide expression profile and regulates a variety of biological processes. Here, we investigated the expression and function of KLF6 and its possible regulatory mechanisms in endometriosis. To determine the function of KLF6, knockdown and overexpression experiments were performed in eutopic endometrial stromal cells (EU-ESCs) and ectopic endometrial stromal cells (EC-ESCs), respectively. Cell viability, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis assays were conducted in ESCs. ChIP-sequencing and mRNA-sequencing were performed to investigate the functional mechanism of KLF6 in regulating ESCs. We found that KLF6 was highly expressed in eutopic endometrium of endometriosis patients, compared with ectopic endometrium. Similarly, the same was true in EU-ESCs, which was compared with EC-ESCs. Overexpression of KLF6 significantly suppressed EC-ESC proliferation, migration and invasion and induced cell apoptosis, while knockdown of KLF6 resulted in the opposite effects on EU-ESCs. Overexpression of KLF6 significantly inhibited EC-ESC angiogenesis. Mechanistically, the results of ChIP sequencing and mRNA sequencing revealed that CTNNB1 may be a transcriptional target regulated by KLF6. Reintroduction of KLF6 reversed the effects of KLF6 knockdown on EU-ESCs. KLF6 inhibited the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of EC-ESCs by inhibiting the expression of CTNNB1. Our findings provided a new perspective on the role of KLF6 in endometriosis progression and inspire potential targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Shi
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Wenda Jing
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Yueyun He
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China.
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2
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Khameneh SC, Razi S, Lashanizadegan R, Akbari S, Sayaf M, Haghani K, Bakhtiyari S. MicroRNA-mediated metabolic regulation of immune cells in cancer: an updated review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1424909. [PMID: 39007129 PMCID: PMC11239499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1424909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of immunometabolism, which examines how immune cells regulate their metabolism to maintain optimal performance, has become an important area of focus in cancer immunology. Recent advancements in this field have highlighted the intricate connection between metabolism and immune cell function, emphasizing the need for further research. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have gained attention for their ability to post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and impact various biological processes, including immune function and cancer progression. While the role of miRNAs in immunometabolism is still being explored, recent studies have demonstrated their significant influence on the metabolic activity of immune cells, such as macrophages, T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells, particularly in cancer contexts. Disrupted immune cell metabolism is a hallmark of cancer progression, and miRNAs have been linked to this process. Understanding the precise impact of miRNAs on immune cell metabolism in cancer is essential for the development of immunotherapeutic approaches. Targeting miRNAs may hold potential for creating groundbreaking cancer immunotherapies to reshape the tumor environment and improve treatment outcomes. In summary, the recognition of miRNAs as key regulators of immune cell metabolism across various cancers offers promising potential for refining cancer immunotherapies. Further investigation into how miRNAs affect immune cell metabolism could identify novel therapeutic targets and lead to the development of innovative cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Razi
- Vira Ideators of Modern Science, Tehran, Iran
- Vira Pioneers of Modern Science (VIPOMS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Masoud Sayaf
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Karimeh Haghani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Salar Bakhtiyari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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3
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HUANG Y, ZENG X, CAI Y, YANG Y, ZHANG Y, MA Y, LI S. Circ-METTL15 stimulates the aggressive behaviors of papillary thyroid cancer cells by coordinating the miR-200c-3p/XIAP axis. Turk J Biol 2023; 48:142-152. [PMID: 39051062 PMCID: PMC11265883 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0152.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common form of thyroid cancer. The critical importance of circular RNA (circRNA) in a range of cancer types has been lately recognized. However, research on the functions of circRNAs in PTC has been limited thus far. Therefore, this research aimed at exploring the function and mechanism of circ-methyltransferase-like 15 (METTL15) in PTC cells. Materials and methods Quantitative measurements of circ-METTL15, miR-200c-3p, and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in PTC cells were conducted using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction or Western blot analysis. To investigate cell growth, cell counting kit-8 and colony formation tests were employed, apoptosis was analyzed using flow cytometry, and migration and invasion were studied through Transwell assays. The targeted binding sites between miR-200c-3p and circ-METTL15 or XIAP were predicted by starBase and then verified by dual luciferase reporter assay. Results circ-METTL15 and XIAP were upregulated in the PTC cells, while miR-200c-3p was downregulated. Downregulating circ-METTL15 or upregulating miR-200c-3p resulted in inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of PTC cells, while promoting apoptosis. miR-200c-3p was the downstream molecule of circ-METTL15, and XIAP was the direct target of miR-200c-3p. Forcing XIAP expression obstructed circ-METTL15 silencing to inhibit PTC cell activity. Conclusion By coopting miR-200c-3p/XIAP, Circ-METTL15 stimulates aggressive behavior in PTC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - SuPing LI
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medicine College, Nanchong City, Sichuan Province,
China
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Zhang L, Men X, Yu S, Guo H, Luo Y, Chen H, Mi S. Ozone protects cardiomyocytes from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through miR-200c/FOXO3 axis. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2022; 42:531-539. [PMID: 35579073 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2022.2060259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) is a detrimental process contributing to the pathological progression of coronary artery diseases. Studies indicate that miRNAs are implicated in ischemic heart disease, and ozone therapy could protect the heart from ischemic heart disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of ozone on miR-200c expression and the potential role of miR-200c in an I/R myocardial injury model. METHODS A myocardial cellular model of I/R was established to detect the expression of miR-200c. Cardiomyocytes with I/R induction were treated with ozone as a cellular model to detect miR-200 expression and investigate its functional roles. The downstream target of miR-200c was predicted with Starbase online tools and validated by dual luciferase reporter assay. The function of miR-200c/FOXO3 axis in I/R was examined by CCK-8 proliferation and apoptotic assays. RESULTS miR-200c was upregulated in primary cardiomyocytes of the I/R model. In cardiomyocyte cells, cell proliferation in the I/R group was significantly impaired, which could be partially rescued by miR-200c inhibitor or ozone treatment. Cell death detected by LDH release and apoptosis assay in the I/R model could also be inhibited by miR-200c inhibitor or ozone treatment. FOXO3 was identified as a downstream target of miR-200c, which was induced by ozone treatment and suppressed by miR-200c. Silencing FOXO3 abrogated the protective effect of ozone treatment on the I/R cell model. CONCLUSION Overall, our results suggest that ozone plays a cardio-protective role in I/R through regulating miR-200/FOXO3 axis, and indicate that targeting miR-200/FOXO3 axis could potentially alleviate I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xingping Men
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Shenglong Yu
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiovascular, Panyu Central Hospital (Cardiovascular Institute of Panyu District), Guangzhou, China
| | - Huizhuang Guo
- Department of Radiology, Panyu Central Hospital (Medical Imaging Institute of Panyu District), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiovascular, Panyu Central Hospital (Cardiovascular Institute of Panyu District), Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanwei Chen
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiology, Panyu Central Hospital (Medical Imaging Institute of Panyu District), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Mi
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
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Köhler B, Dubovik S, Hörterer E, Wilk U, Stöckl JB, Tekarslan-Sahin H, Ljepoja B, Paulitschke P, Fröhlich T, Wagner E, Roidl A. Combating Drug Resistance by Exploiting miRNA-200c-Controlled Phase II Detoxification. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225554. [PMID: 36428646 PMCID: PMC9688189 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired drug resistance constitutes a serious obstacle to the successful therapy of cancer. In the process of therapy resistance, microRNAs can play important roles. In order to combat resistance formation and to improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutics, the mechanisms of the multifaceted hsa-miR-200c on drug resistance were elucidated. Upon knockout of hsa-miR-200c in breast carcinoma cells, a proteomic approach identified altered expression of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) when cells were treated with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. In different hsa-miR-200c expression systems, such as knockout, inducible sponge and inducible overexpression, the differential expression of all members of the GST family was evaluated. Expression of hsa-miR-200c in cancer cells led to the repression of a multitude of these GSTs and as consequence, enhanced drug-induced tumor cell death which was evaluated for two chemotherapeutic drugs. Additionally, the influence of hsa-miR-200c on the glutathione pathway, which is part of the phase II detoxification mechanism, was investigated. Finally, the long-term effects of hsa-miR-200c on drug efficacy were studied in vitro and in vivo. Upon doxycycline induction of hsa-miR-200c, MDA-MB 231 xenograft mouse models revealed a strongly reduced tumor growth and an enhanced treatment response to doxorubicin. A combined treatment of these tumors with hsa-miR-200c and doxorubicin resulted in complete regression of the tumor in 60% of the animals. These results identify hsa-miR-200c as an important player regulating the cellular phase II detoxification, thus sensitizing cancer cells not expressing this microRNA to chemotherapeutics and reversing drug resistance through suppression of GSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Köhler
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sviatlana Dubovik
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisa Hörterer
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wilk
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Bernd Stöckl
- Laboratory of Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hande Tekarslan-Sahin
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Bojan Ljepoja
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory of Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Roidl
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-2180-77456
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Machine learning-based exceptional response prediction of nivolumab monotherapy with circulating microRNAs in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2022; 173:107-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Plasma-Based microRNA Expression Analysis in Advanced Stage NSCLC Patients Treated with Nivolumab. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194739. [PMID: 36230658 PMCID: PMC9564103 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nivolumab (anti-PD-1 inhibitor) is the first monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of NSCLC, with research results showing that patients who had received previous lines of therapy had a better response to this treatment and better overall survival. Tissue-level analyses fail to capture the dynamic tumor-host relationship, in contrast to circulating biomarkers, which can reflect the systemic response of the tumor, allowing for repeated sampling and monitoring. In the context of liquid biopsy, microRNAs are studied as biomarkers of immunotherapy efficacy based on their role in regulating antitumor immunity. The present study suggests that miR-200c and miR-34a plasma expression levels have a prognostic role in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving Nivolumab. It further supports that the expression profile of circulating immunomodulatory microRNAs provides information on the survival of patients with advanced NSCLC receiving Nivolumab and could represent promising circulating biomarkers that may provide information about patients’ responses to immunotherapy. Abstract Since circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the modulation of the immune response, they are tested as liquid biopsy-based biomarkers in patients with NSCLC treated with immunotherapy. We analyzed the expression levels and examined the clinical significance of immunoregulatory miRNAs involved in immune checkpoint regulation (miR-34a, miR-200b, miR-200c), T-cell activity (miR-155), and the function of myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs) (miR-223) or regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) (miR-146a), in patients with advanced NSCLC (N = 69) treated with anti-PD-1 (Nivolumab) immunotherapy as 2nd or 3rd line of treatment therapy. Plasma levels of circulating miRNAs were analyzed by RT-qPCR before the initiation of immunotherapy. Expression of miR-34a, miR-146a, mir-200c, and miR-223 was found to be associated with response to immunotherapy. High miR-200c expression emerged as an independent prognostic factor for inferior overall survival in all patients with NSCLC (OS, HR: 2.243, 95% CI: 1.208–4.163; p = 0.010) and in patients with non-Squamous (non-SqCC) subtype (N = 38) (HR: 2.809, 95% CI: 1.116–7.074; p = 0.028). Low miR-34a expression independently predicted for shorter OS (HR: 3.189, 95% CI: 1.193–8.527; p = 0.021) in the non-SqCC subgroup. Our findings suggest that alterations in circulating miR-200c and miR-34a expression levels are associated with the response and outcome in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with anti-PD1 immunotherapy.
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Le Minh G, Reginato MJ. Role of O-GlcNAcylation on cancer stem cells: Connecting nutrient sensing to cell plasticity. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 157:195-228. [PMID: 36725109 PMCID: PMC9895886 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor growth and metastasis can be promoted by a small sub-population of cancer cells, termed cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). While CSCs possess capability in self-renewing and differentiating, the hierarchy of CSCs during tumor growth is highly plastic. This plasticity in CSCs fate and function can be regulated by signals from the tumor microenvironment. One emerging pathway in CSCs that connects the alteration in microenvironment and signaling network in cancer cells is the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). The final product of HBP, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), is utilized for glycosylating of membrane and secreted proteins, but also nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins by the post-translational modification O-GlcNAcylation. O-GlcNAcylation and its enzyme, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), are upregulated in nearly all cancers and been linked to regulate many cancer cell phenotypes. Recent studies have begun to connect OGT and O-GlcNAcylation to regulation of CSCs. In this review, we will discuss the emerging role of OGT and O-GlcNAcylation in regulating fate and plasticity of CSCs, as well as the potential in targeting OGT/O-GlcNAcylation in CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Le Minh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mauricio J Reginato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Khatoon E, Parama D, Kumar A, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Girisa S, Sethi G, Kunnumakkara AB. Targeting PD-1/PD-L1 axis as new horizon for ovarian cancer therapy. Life Sci 2022; 306:120827. [PMID: 35907493 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is among the deadliest gynecological cancers and the 7th most commonly occurring cancer in women globally. The 5 year survival rate is estimated to be less than 25 %, as in most cases, diagnosis occurs at an advanced stage. Despite recent advancements in treatment, clinical outcomes still remain poor, thus implicating the need for urgent identification of novel therapeutics for the treatment of this cancer. Ovarian cancer is considered a low immune reactive cancer as the tumor cells express insufficient neoantigens to be recognized by the immune cells and thus tend to escape from immune surveillance. Thus, in the recent decade, immunotherapy has gained significant attention and has rejuvenated the understanding of immune regulation in tumor biology. One of the critical immune checkpoints is programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) axis. Engagement of PD-1 to PD-L1 promotes immunologic tolerance and suppresses the effector T cells and maintains tumor Tregs, thus playing a crucial role in enhancing tumor survival. Recent studies are targeted to develop inhibitors that block this signal to augment the anti-tumor activity of immune cells. Also, compared to monotherapy, the combinatorial treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitors with small molecule inhibitors have shown promising results with improved efficacy and acceptable adverse events. The present review provides an overview of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and role of non-coding RNAs in regulating this axis. Moreover, we have highlighted the various preclinical and clinical investigations on PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors and have discussed the limitations of immunotherapies in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Khatoon
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Dey Parama
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; Computers and communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India.
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Hatmal MM, Al-Hatamleh MAI, Olaimat AN, Alshaer W, Hasan H, Albakri KA, Alkhafaji E, Issa NN, Al-Holy MA, Abderrahman SM, Abdallah AM, Mohamud R. Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061219. [PMID: 35740242 PMCID: PMC9219990 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants who are exclusively breastfed in the first six months of age receive adequate nutrients, achieving optimal immune protection and growth. In addition to the known nutritional components of human breast milk (HBM), i.e., water, carbohydrates, fats and proteins, it is also a rich source of microRNAs, which impact epigenetic mechanisms. This comprehensive work presents an up-to-date overview of the immunomodulatory constituents of HBM, highlighting its content of circulating microRNAs. The epigenetic effects of HBM are discussed, especially those regulated by miRNAs. HBM contains more than 1400 microRNAs. The majority of these microRNAs originate from the lactating gland and are based on the remodeling of cells in the gland during breastfeeding. These miRNAs can affect epigenetic patterns by several mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and RNA regulation, which could ultimately result in alterations in gene expressions. Therefore, the unique microRNA profile of HBM, including exosomal microRNAs, is implicated in the regulation of the genes responsible for a variety of immunological and physiological functions, such as FTO, INS, IGF1, NRF2, GLUT1 and FOXP3 genes. Hence, studying the HBM miRNA composition is important for improving the nutritional approaches for pregnancy and infant's early life and preventing diseases that could occur in the future. Interestingly, the composition of miRNAs in HBM is affected by multiple factors, including diet, environmental and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma’mon M. Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Mohammad A. I. Al-Hatamleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Amin N. Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (A.N.O.); (M.A.A.-H.)
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center (CTC), The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Hanan Hasan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Khaled A. Albakri
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Enas Alkhafaji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Nada N. Issa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Murad A. Al-Holy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (A.N.O.); (M.A.A.-H.)
| | - Salim M. Abderrahman
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Atiyeh M. Abdallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (R.M.)
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Cai W, Zhang Q. The transcription factor ZEB1 mediates the progression of epithelial ovarian cancer by promoting the transcription of CircANKRD17. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23086. [PMID: 35521974 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) is a key transcription factor that regulates the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various tumors. However, its role in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is far from understood. The present study aimed to explore the role and potential mechanism of action of ZEB1 in EOC. A quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect ZEB1 expression levels. The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, transwell assays, and flow cytometry were used to verify the effects of ZEB1 on the proliferation, invasion, migration, apoptosis, and EMT of EOC, respectively. RNA sequencing identified the effect of knocking down ZEB1 on circular RNAs in EOC cells. Dual-luciferase activity assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments were used to verify the regulatory effect of ZEB1 on the circular RNA ANKRD17 (CircANKRD17; ID: hsa_circ_0007883) at the transcriptional level. Higher ZEB1 expression was found in EOC tissues and cells and was closely related to tumor metastasis, advanced stages, and lower survival rates. Furthermore, silencing ZEB1 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT of EOC cells but enhanced cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, knockdown of ZEB1 resulted in the greatest downregulation of CircANKRD17 in EOC cells, and ZEB1 significantly promoted the expression of CircANKRD17 and had no significant effect on ANKRD17 messenger RNA expression. Further experiments verified that ZEB1 mediates the regulation of EOC processes by CircANKRD17. Highly expressed ZEB1 promoted proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT while it inhibited cell apoptosis in EOC by promoting the transcription of CircANKRD17, providing a potential target for the treatment of EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
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IL-3 signalling in the tumour microenvironment shapes the immune response via tumour endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA 02381 Promotes the Proliferation and Invasion of Ovarian Endometrial Stromal Cells through the miR-27b-3p/CTNNB1 Axis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030433. [PMID: 35327987 PMCID: PMC8955621 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Catenin Beta 1 (CTNNB1) is a key regulator of cell proliferation and invasion in endometriosis; however, its upstream factor is not clear. Long noncoding RNAs may participate in endometriosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of interaction between LINC02381 and CTNNB1 in endometriosis. Method: Screening and validation of RNAs were completed by whole transcriptional sequencing and qRT-PCR. The subcellular localization of LINC02381 was determined by RNA in situ hybridization and nucleo-cytoplasmic separation. Plasmids were transfected for functional experiments. Luciferase assay was used to verify the binding relationship. Results: The expression of LINC02381 and CTNNB1 was significantly increased in ovarian ectopic endometrial tissues (OSAs) and ectopic endometrial stromal cells (ESCs). When LINC02381 was downregulated in ESCs, the expression of CTNNB1, metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) and cyclinD1, as well as ESCs invasion and proliferation, decreased. LINC02381 was mainly present in the cytoplasm of ESCs, indicating that it may act as a competitive endogenous RNA. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that microRNA-27b-3p (miR-27b-3p) is a downstream target of LINC02381. miR-27b-3p decreased in OSAs and ESCs. Moreover, when miR-27b-3p was upregulated in ESCs, the expression of CTNNB1, MMP9 and cyclinD1, as well as the invasion and proliferation ability of ESCs, were reduced. Additionally, rescue experiments demonstrated that the expression of CTNNB1, MMP9 and cyclinD1, as well as the invasion and proliferation ability, were significantly increased in the group transfected with both sh-LINC02381 and a miR-27b-3p inhibitor. Conclusion: LINC02381 upregulated CTNNB1 by adsorbing miR-27b-3p, causing increased proliferation and invasion of ESCs.
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Machine Learning analysis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer proteomic dataset reveals novel candidate biomarkers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3041. [PMID: 35197484 PMCID: PMC8866540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06788-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies, ranking third after cervical and uterine cancer. High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is one of the most aggressive subtype, and the late onset of its symptoms leads in most cases to an unfavourable prognosis. Current predictive algorithms used to estimate the risk of having Ovarian Cancer fail to provide sufficient sensitivity and specificity to be used widely in clinical practice. The use of additional biomarkers or parameters such as age or menopausal status to overcome these issues showed only weak improvements. It is necessary to identify novel molecular signatures and the development of new predictive algorithms able to support the diagnosis of HGSOC, and at the same time, deepen the understanding of this elusive disease, with the final goal of improving patient survival. Here, we apply a Machine Learning-based pipeline to an open-source HGSOC Proteomic dataset to develop a decision support system (DSS) that displayed high discerning ability on a dataset of HGSOC biopsies. The proposed DSS consists of a double-step feature selection and a decision tree, with the resulting output consisting of a combination of three highly discriminating proteins: TOP1, PDIA4, and OGN, that could be of interest for further clinical and experimental validation. Furthermore, we took advantage of the ranked list of proteins generated during the feature selection steps to perform a pathway analysis to provide a snapshot of the main deregulated pathways of HGSOC. The datasets used for this study are available in the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) data portal (https://cptac-data-portal.georgetown.edu/).
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LMWH-induced miRNA changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in pregnancies with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. J Reprod Immunol 2022; 151:103502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2022.103502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Prinz F, Jonas K, Balihodzic A, Klec C, Reicher A, Barth DA, Riedl J, Gerger A, Kiesslich T, Mayr C, Rinner B, Kargl J, Pichler M. MicroRNA mimics can distort physiological microRNA effects on immune checkpoints by triggering an antiviral interferon response. RNA Biol 2022; 19:1305-1315. [PMID: 36469564 PMCID: PMC9728468 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2152978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNA-200 family has wide-ranging regulatory functions in cancer development and progression. Above all, it is strongly associated with the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process during which cells change their epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype and acquire invasive characteristics. More recently, miR-200 family members have also been reported to impact the immune evasion of cancer cells by regulating the expression of immunoinhibitory immune checkpoints (ICs) like PD-L1. Therefore, we aimed to comprehensively characterize this miR-200 family as a regulatory interface between EMT and immune evasion mechanisms in biliary tract cancer. Initial correlation analyses and transient overexpression experiments using miRNA mimics suggested miR-200c-3p as a putative regulator of ICs including PD-L1, LGALS9, and IDO1. However, these effects could not be confirmed in stable miR-200c-3p overexpression cell lines, nor in cells transiently transfected with miR-200c-3p mimic from an independent manufacturer. By shifting our efforts towards dissecting the mechanisms leading to these disparate effects, we observed that the initially used miR-200c-3p mimic triggered a double-stranded (ds)RNA-dependent antiviral response. Besides upregulating the ICs, this had substantial cellular consequences including an induction of interferon type I and type III expression, increased levels of intracellular dsRNA sensors, and a significantly altered cellular growth and apoptotic activity.Our study highlights the capability of miRNA mimics to non-specifically induce a dsRNA-mediated antiviral interferon response. Consequently, phenotypic alterations crucially distort physiological miRNA functions and might result in a major misinterpretation of previous and future miRNA studies, especially in the context of IC regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Prinz
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Research Unit for Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Jonas
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Research Unit for Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Amar Balihodzic
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Research Unit for Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christiane Klec
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Research Unit for Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Reicher
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Research Unit for Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Andreas Barth
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jakob Riedl
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Gerger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Kiesslich
- Center for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Mayr
- Center for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Beate Rinner
- Division of Biomedical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Kargl
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Research Unit for Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA,CONTACT Martin Pichler Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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MiR-200c-3p maintains stemness and proliferative potential in adipose-derived stem cells by counteracting senescence mechanisms. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257070. [PMID: 34534238 PMCID: PMC8448302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are promising therapeutic tools in regenerative medicine because they possess self-renewal, differentiation and immunomodulatory capacities. After isolation, ASCs are passaged multiple times in vitro passages to obtain a sufficient amount of cells for clinical applications. During this time-consuming procedure, ASCs become senescent and less proliferative, compromising their clinical efficacy. Here, we sought to investigate how in vitro passages impact ASC proliferation/senescence and expression of immune regulatory proteins. MicroRNAs are pivotal regulators of ASC physiology. Particularly, miR-200c is known to maintain pluripotency and targets the immune checkpoint Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). We therefore investigated its involvement in these critical characteristics of ASCs during in vitro passages. We found that when transiently expressed, miR-200c-3p promotes proliferation, maintains stemness, and contrasts senescence in late passaged ASCs. Additionally, this miRNA modulates PD-L1 and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO1) expression, thus most likely interfering with the immunoregulatory capacity of ASCs. Based on our results, we suggest that expression of miR-200c-3p may prime ASC towards a self-renewing phenotype by improving their in vitro expansion. Contrarily, its inhibition is associated with senescence, reduced proliferation and induction of immune regulators. Our data underline the potential use of miR-200c-3p as a switch for ASCs reprogramming and their clinical application.
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Anastasiadou E, Messina E, Sanavia T, Labruna V, Ceccarelli S, Megiorni F, Gerini G, Pontecorvi P, Camero S, Perniola G, Venneri MA, Trivedi P, Lenzi A, Marchese C. Calcineurin Gamma Catalytic Subunit PPP3CC Inhibition by miR-200c-3p Affects Apoptosis in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091400. [PMID: 34573382 PMCID: PMC8470066 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) outpaces all the other forms of the female reproductive system malignancies. MicroRNAs have emerged as promising predictive biomarkers to therapeutic treatments as their expression might characterize the tumor stage or grade. In EOC, miR-200c is considered a master regulator of oncogenes or tumor suppressors. To investigate novel miR-200c-3p target genes involved in EOC tumorigenesis, we evaluated the association between this miRNA and the mRNA expression of several potential target genes by RNA-seq data of both 46 EOC cell lines from Cancer Cell line Encyclopedia (CCLE) and 456 EOC patient bio-specimens from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Both analyses showed a significant anticorrelation between miR-200c-3p and the protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit γ of calcineurin (PPP3CC) levels involved in the apoptosis pathway. Quantitative mRNA expression analysis in patient biopsies confirmed the inverse correlation between miR-200c-3p and PPP3CC levels. In vitro regulation of PPP3CC expression through miR-200c-3p and RNA interference technology led to a concomitant modulation of BCL2- and p-AKT-related pathways, suggesting the tumor suppressive role of PPP3CC in EOC. Our results suggest that inhibition of high expression of miR-200c-3p in EOC might lead to overexpression of the tumor suppressor PPP3CC and subsequent induction of apoptosis in EOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Anastasiadou
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (G.G.); (P.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.T.); (A.L.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (G.G.); (P.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.T.); (A.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Tiziana Sanavia
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Labruna
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (G.G.); (P.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.T.); (A.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Simona Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (G.G.); (P.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.T.); (A.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Francesca Megiorni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (G.G.); (P.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.T.); (A.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Giulia Gerini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (G.G.); (P.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.T.); (A.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Paola Pontecorvi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (G.G.); (P.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.T.); (A.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Simona Camero
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Perniola
- Department of Gynecological-Obstetric Sciences and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mary Anna Venneri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (G.G.); (P.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.T.); (A.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (G.G.); (P.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.T.); (A.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (G.G.); (P.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.T.); (A.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (V.L.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (G.G.); (P.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.T.); (A.L.); (C.M.)
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