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Heo YH, Kim JK, Lee JS, Lee SH, Shin SH, Choi IY, Kim HH. A novel glucagon analog with an extended half-life, HM15136, normalizes glucose levels in rodent models of congenital hyperinsulinism. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16765. [PMID: 36202918 PMCID: PMC9537296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21251-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a rare genetic condition characterized by uncontrolled insulin secretion, resulting in hypoglycemia. Although glucagon has lately been regarded as a therapeutic option for CHI, its use is severely hampered by its poor solubility and stability at physiological pH, as well as its short duration of action. To address these constraints, we developed HM15136, a novel long-acting glucagon analog composed of a glucagon analog conjugated to the Fc fragment of human immunoglobulin G4 via a polyethylene glycol linker. In this study, we established that HM15136 was more soluble than natural glucagon (≥ 150 mg/mL vs 0.03 mg/mL). Next, we confirmed that HM15136 activated glucagon receptor in vitro and induced glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in rat primary hepatocytes. Pharmacokinetics (PK)/Pharmacodynamics (PD) analysis of HM15136 shows that HM15136 has a markedly longer half-life (36 h vs. < 5 min) and increased bioavailability (90%) compared to native glucagon in mice. Further, HM15136 could effectively reverse acute hypoglycemia induced by insulin challenge, and multiple doses of HM15136 could sustain increased blood glucose levels in CHI rats. In conclusion, our findings indicate that HM15136 promotes sustained elevation of blood glucose, demonstrating the potential for development as a once-weekly therapy for CHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ho Heo
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, 18469, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Kuk Kim
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, 18469, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Suk Lee
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, 18469, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, 18469, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Shin
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, 18469, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - In Young Choi
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, 18469, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ha Hyung Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Subramanian V, Bagger JI, Holst JJ, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T. A glucose-insulin-glucagon coupled model of the isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion experiment. Front Physiol 2022; 13:911616. [PMID: 36148302 PMCID: PMC9485803 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.911616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a pathophysiology that is characterized by insulin resistance, beta- and alpha-cell dysfunction. Mathematical models of various glucose challenge experiments have been developed to quantify the contribution of insulin and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of T2D. There is a need for effective extended models that also capture the impact of alpha-cell dysregulation on T2D. In this paper a delay differential equation-based model is developed to describe the coupled glucose-insulin-glucagon dynamics in the isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion (IIGI) experiment. As the glucose profile in IIGI is tailored to match that of a corresponding oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), it provides a perfect method for studying hormone responses that are in the normal physiological domain and without the confounding effect of incretins and other gut mediated factors. The model was fit to IIGI data from individuals with and without T2D. Parameters related to glucagon action, suppression, and secretion as well as measures of insulin sensitivity, and glucose stimulated response were determined simultaneously. Significant impairment in glucose dependent glucagon suppression was observed in patients with T2D (duration of T2D: 8 (6–36) months) relative to weight matched control subjects (CS) without diabetes (k1 (mM)−1: 0.16 ± 0.015 (T2D, n = 7); 0.26 ± 0.047 (CS, n = 7)). Insulin action was significantly lower in patients with T2D (a1 (10 pM min)−1: 0.000084 ± 0.0000075 (T2D); 0.00052 ± 0.00015 (CS)) and the Hill coefficient in the equation for glucose dependent insulin response was found to be significantly different in T2D patients relative to CS (h: 1.4 ± 0.15; 1.9 ± 0.14). Trends in parameters with respect to fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c and 2-h glucose values are also presented. Significantly, a negative linear relationship is observed between the glucagon suppression parameter, k1, and the three markers for diabetes and is thus indicative of the role of glucagon in exacerbating the pathophysiology of diabetes (Spearman Rank Correlation: (n = 12; (−0.79, 0.002), (−0.73,.007), (−0.86,.0003)) respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Subramanian
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Vijaya Subramanian, ; Jonatan I. Bagger,
| | - Jonatan I. Bagger
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Vijaya Subramanian, ; Jonatan I. Bagger,
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K. Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zmazek J, Grubelnik V, Markovič R, Marhl M. Modeling the Amino Acid Effect on Glucagon Secretion from Pancreatic Alpha Cells. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040348. [PMID: 35448534 PMCID: PMC9028923 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a burdensome problem in modern society, and intensive research is focused on better understanding the underlying cellular mechanisms of hormone secretion for blood glucose regulation. T2DM is a bi-hormonal disease, and in addition to 100 years of increasing knowledge about the importance of insulin, the second hormone glucagon, secreted by pancreatic alpha cells, is becoming increasingly important. We have developed a mathematical model for glucagon secretion that incorporates all major metabolic processes of glucose, fatty acids, and glutamine as the most abundant postprandial amino acid in blood. In addition, we consider cAMP signaling in alpha cells. The model predictions quantitatively estimate the relative importance of specific metabolic and signaling pathways and particularly emphasize the important role of glutamine in promoting glucagon secretion, which is in good agreement with known experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zmazek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (J.Z.); (R.M.)
| | - Vladimir Grubelnik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Rene Markovič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (J.Z.); (R.M.)
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Marko Marhl
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (J.Z.); (R.M.)
- Faculty of Education, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
The continuous interaction between experimental and theoretical work has proven to be extremely useful for the study of pancreatic cells and, recently, of pancreatic islets. This prolific interaction relies on the capability of implementing computational models and methods to derive quantitative data for the analysis and interpretation of experimental observations. In this addendum I introduce Isletlab, a multiplatform application developed to provide the research community with a user-friendly interface for the implementation of computational algorithms for the characterization and simulation of pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo J. Félix-Martínez
- Cátedras CONACYT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México City, México
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México City, México
- CONTACT Gerardo J. Félix-Martínez ; ; Laboratorio de Biofísica E Ingeniería de Tejidos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, México City09340, México
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