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Xue HY, Wei F. TGF-β: an active participant in the immune and metabolic microenvironment of multiple myeloma : TGF-β in the microenvironment of multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol 2024:10.1007/s00277-024-05843-4. [PMID: 38900304 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-024-05843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Although substantial quantities of potent therapies for multiple myeloma (MM) have been established, MM remains an incurable disease. In recent years, our understanding of the initiation, development, and metastasis of cancers has made a qualitative leap. Cancers attain the abilities to maintain proliferation signals, escape growth inhibitors, resist cell death, induce angiogenesis, and more importantly, escape anti-tumor immunity and reprogram metabolism, which are the hallmarks of cancers. Besides, different cancers have different tumor microenvironments (TME), thus, we pay more attention to the TME in the pathogenesis of MM. Many researchers have identified that myeloma cells interact with the components of TME, which is beneficial for their survival, ultimately causing the formation of immunosuppressive and high-metabolism TME. In the process, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), as a pivotal cytokine in the TME, controls various cells' fates and influences numerous metabolic pathways, including inhibiting immune cells to infiltrate the tumors, suppressing the activation of anti-tumor immune cells, facilitating more immunosuppressive cells, enhancing glucose and glutamine metabolism, dysregulating bone metabolism and so on. Thus, we consider TGF-β as the tumor promoter. However, in healthy cells and the early stage of tumors, it functions as a tumor suppressor. Due to the effect of context dependence, TGF-β has dual roles in TME, which attracts us to further explore whether targeting it can overcome obstacles in the treatment of MM by regulating the progression of myeloma, molecular mechanisms of drug resistance, and various signaling pathways in the immune and metabolic microenvironment. In this review, we predominantly discuss that TGF-β promotes the development of MM by influencing immunity and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yue Xue
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Yingze District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wei
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 85 Jiefang South Road, Yingze District, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang L, Peng X, Ma T, Liu J, Yi Z, Bai J, Li Y, Li L, Zhang L. Natural killer cells affect the natural course, drug resistance, and prognosis of multiple myeloma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1359084. [PMID: 38410372 PMCID: PMC10895066 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1359084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), a stage-developed plasma cell malignancy, evolves from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) or smoldering MM (SMM). Emerging therapies including immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen-T/natural killer (NK) cells, bispecific T-cell engagers, selective inhibitors of nuclear export, and small-molecule targeted therapy have considerably improved patient survival. However, MM remains incurable owing to inevitable drug resistance and post-relapse rapid progression. NK cells with germline-encoded receptors are involved in the natural evolution of MGUS/SMM to active MM. NK cells actively recognize aberrant plasma cells undergoing malignant transformation but are yet to proliferate during the elimination phase, a process that has not been revealed in the immune editing theory. They are potential effector cells that have been neglected in the therapeutic process. Herein, we characterized changes in NK cells regarding disease evolution and elucidated its role in the early clinical monitoring of MM. Additionally, we systematically explored dynamic changes in NK cells from treated patients who are in remission or relapse to explore future combination therapy strategies to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohuan Peng
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Yi
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jun Bai
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liansheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Hematology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Prokopeva AE, Emene CC, Gomzikova MO. Antitumor Immunity: Role of NK Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 46:140-152. [PMID: 38248313 PMCID: PMC10814167 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a crucial role in recognizing and eliminating altered tumor cells. However, tumors develop mechanisms to evade the body's natural immune defenses. Therefore, methods for specifically recognizing/targeting tumor cells, for instance, through the activation, directed polarization, and training of immune cells, have been developed based on the body's immune cells. This strategy has been termed cellular immunotherapy. One promising strategy for treating tumor diseases is NK cell-based immunotherapy. NK cells have the ability to recognize and destroy transformed cells without prior activation as well as tumor cells with reduced MHC-I expression. A novel approach in immunotherapy is the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from NK cells. The main advantages of NK cell-derived EVs are their small size and better tissue penetration into a tumor. The aim of this review is to systematically present existing information on the mechanisms of antitumor immunity and the role of NK cells and extracellular vesicles in cancer immunotherapy. Clinical and preclinical studies utilizing NK cells and extracellular vesicles for anticancer therapy currently underway will provide valuable insights for researchers in the field of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina E. Prokopeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420111, Russia;
| | - Charles C. Emene
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communication, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420111, Russia;
| | - Marina O. Gomzikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420111, Russia;
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communication, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420111, Russia;
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Motais B, Charvátová S, Walek Z, Hájek R, Bagó JR. NK92 Expressing Anti-BCMA CAR and Secreted TRAIL for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma: Preliminary In Vitro Assessment. Cells 2023; 12:2748. [PMID: 38067177 PMCID: PMC10706019 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) has witnessed improved patient outcomes through advancements in therapeutic approaches. Notably, allogeneic stem cell transplantation, proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and monoclonal antibodies have contributed to enhanced quality of life. Recently, a promising avenue has emerged with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), expressed widely on MM cells. To mitigate risks associated with allogenic T cells, we investigated the potential of BCMA CAR expression in natural killer cells (NKs), known for potent cytotoxicity and minimal side effects. Using the NK-92 cell line, we co-expressed BCMA CAR and soluble tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (sTRAIL) employing the piggyBac transposon system. Engineered NK cells (CAR-NK-92-TRAIL) demonstrated robust cytotoxicity against a panel of MM cell lines and primary patient samples, outperforming unmodified NK-92 cells with a mean difference in viability of 45.1% (±26.1%, depending on the target cell line). Combination therapy was explored with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BZ) and γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs), leading to a significant synergistic effect in combination with CAR-NK-92-TRAIL cells. This synergy was evident in cytotoxicity assays where a notable decrease in MM cell viability was observed in combinatorial therapy compared to single treatment. In summary, our study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of the CAR-NK-92-TRAIL cells for the treatment of MM. The synergistic impact of combining these engineered NK cells with BZ and GSI supports further development of allogeneic CAR-based products for effective MM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Motais
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Sandra Charvátová
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Walek
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (R.H.)
| | - Roman Hájek
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (R.H.)
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Juli R. Bagó
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; (B.M.); (S.C.); (Z.W.); (R.H.)
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Ferrer-Curriu G, Soler-Botija C, Charvatova S, Motais B, Roura S, Galvez-Monton C, Monguió-Tortajada M, Iborra-Egea O, Emdin M, Lupón J, Aimo A, Bagó JR, Bayés-Genís A. Preclinical scenario of targeting myocardial fibrosis with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immunotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114061. [PMID: 36495661 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is present in an important proportion of myocardial disorders. Injury activates cardiac fibroblasts, which deposit excess extracellular matrix, increasing tissue stiffness, impairing cardiac function, and leading to heart failure. Clinical therapies that directly target excessive fibrosis are limited, and more effective treatments are needed. Immunotherapy based on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is a novel technique that redirects T lymphocytes toward specific antigens to eliminate the target cells. It is currently used in haematological cancers but has demonstrated efficacy in mouse models of hypertensive cardiac fibrosis, with activated fibroblasts as the target cells. CAR T cell therapy is associated with significant toxicities, but CAR natural killer cells can overcome efficacy and safety limitations. The use of CAR immunotherapy offers a potential alternative to current therapies for fibrosis reduction and restoration of cardiac function in patients with myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Ferrer-Curriu
- ICREC Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain
| | - Carolina Soler-Botija
- ICREC Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain; CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Charvatova
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Benjamin Motais
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Santiago Roura
- ICREC Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain; CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Barcelona 08500, Spain
| | - Carolina Galvez-Monton
- ICREC Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain; CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Monguió-Tortajada
- ICREC Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain; Cardiology Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Oriol Iborra-Egea
- ICREC Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain
| | - Michele Emdin
- Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy; Interdisciplinary Center of Health Science, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Josep Lupón
- Cardiology Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alberto Aimo
- Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy; Interdisciplinary Center of Health Science, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Juli R Bagó
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Antoni Bayés-Genís
- ICREC Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain; CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiology Service, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Spain; Department of Medicine, UAB, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Charvátová S, Motais B, Czapla J, Cichoń T, Smolarczyk R, Walek Z, Giebel S, Hájek R, Bagó JR. Novel Local "Off-the-Shelf" Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Myeloma Bone Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030448. [PMID: 36766789 PMCID: PMC9914109 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloma bone disease (MBD) is one of the major complications in multiple myeloma (MM)-the second most frequent hematologic malignancy. It is characterized by the formation of bone lesions due to the local action of proliferating MM cells, and to date, no effective therapy has been developed. In this study, we propose a novel approach for the local treatment of MBD with a combination of natural killer cells (NKs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) within a fibrin scaffold, altogether known as FINM. The unique biological properties of the NKs and MSCs, joined to the injectable biocompatible fibrin, permitted to obtain an efficient "off-the-shelf" ready-to-use composite for the local treatment of MBD. Our in vitro analyses demonstrate that NKs within FINM exert a robust anti-tumor activity against MM cell lines and primary cells, with the capacity to suppress osteoclast activity (~60%) within in vitro 3D model of MBD. Furthermore, NKs' post-thawing cytotoxic activity is significantly enhanced (~75%) in the presence of MSCs, which circumvents the decrease of NKs cytotoxicity after thawing, a well-known issue in the cryopreservation of NKs. To reduce the tumor escape, we combined FINM with other therapeutic agents (bortezomib (BZ), and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)), observing a clear therapeutic synergistic effect in vitro. Finally, the therapeutic efficacy of FINM in combination with BZ and TRAIL was assessed in a mouse model of MM, achieving 16-fold smaller tumors compared to the control group without treatment. These results suggest the potential of FINM to serve as an allogeneic "off-the-shelf" approach to improve the outcomes of patients suffering from MBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Charvátová
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Benjamin Motais
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Justyna Czapla
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cichoń
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ryszard Smolarczyk
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Zuzana Walek
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastian Giebel
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Onco-Hematology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Roman Hájek
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Juli R. Bagó
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 70300 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-(05)-97372092
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Wang L, Chen X, Zhang L, Niu B, Li L, Sun Y, Yuan X. CAR cell design strategies in solid tumors. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Demel I, Koristek Z, Motais B, Hajek R, Jelinek T. Natural killer cells: Innate immune system as a part of adaptive immunotherapy in hematological malignancies. Am J Hematol 2022; 97:802-817. [PMID: 35285978 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of a phylogenetically old defense system, which is characterized by its strong cytolytic function against physiologically stressed cells such as tumor cells and virus-infected cells. Their use in the treatment of hematological malignancies may be more advantageous in several ways when compared with the already established T lymphocyte-based immunotherapy. Given the different mechanisms of action, allogeneic NK cell products can be produced in a non-personal based manner without the risk of the formidable graft-versus-host disease. Advanced manufacturing processes are capable of producing NK cells relatively easily in large and clinically sufficient numbers, useable without subsequent manipulations or after genetic modifications, which can solve the lack of specificity and improve clinical efficacy of NK cell products. This review summarizes the basic characteristics of NK cells and provides a quick overview of their sources. Results of clinical trials in hematological malignancies are presented, and strategies on how to improve the clinical outcome of NK cell therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Demel
- Department of Hematooncology University Hospital Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Koristek
- Department of Hematooncology University Hospital Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic
| | - Benjamin Motais
- Faculty of Medicine University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hajek
- Department of Hematooncology University Hospital Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Jelinek
- Department of Hematooncology University Hospital Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine University of Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic
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Szudy-Szczyrek A, Ahern S, Kozioł M, Majowicz D, Szczyrek M, Krawczyk J, Hus M. Therapeutic Potential of Innate Lymphoid Cells for Multiple Myeloma Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4806. [PMID: 34638291 PMCID: PMC8507621 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a recently identified family of lymphocyte-like cells lacking a specific antigen receptor. They are part of the innate immune system. They play a key role in tissue homeostasis and also control inflammatory and neoplastic processes. In response to environmental stimuli, ILCs change their phenotype and functions, and influence the activity of other cells in the microenvironment. ILC dysfunction can lead to a wide variety of diseases, including cancer. ILC can be divided into three subgroups: ILC Group 1, comprising NK cells and ILC1; Group 2, including ILC2 alone; and Group 3, containing Lymphoid Tissue inducers (LTi) and ILC3 cells. While Group 1 ILCs mainly exert antitumour activity, Group 2 and Group 3 ILCs are protumorigenic in nature. A growing body of preclinical and clinical data support the role of ILCs in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM). Therefore, targeting ILCs may be of clinical benefit. In this manuscript, we review the available data on the role of ILCs in MM immunology and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Szudy-Szczyrek
- Chair and Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Sean Ahern
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (S.A.); (J.K.)
- National University of Ireland, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Magdalena Kozioł
- Chair and Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Daria Majowicz
- Chair and Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Michał Szczyrek
- Chair and Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Janusz Krawczyk
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (S.A.); (J.K.)
- National University of Ireland, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Marek Hus
- Chair and Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (D.M.)
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Balancing the CD38 Expression on Effector and Target Cells in Daratumumab-Mediated NK Cell ADCC against Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123072. [PMID: 34203012 PMCID: PMC8234557 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We tracked the cytotoxic potential of NK cells towards multiple myeloma cells in daratumumab-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays. These cytotoxicity levels could be directly correlated to the expression of the target antigen (CD38) and to the percentage of fratricide between effector cells. Increasing the expression of CD38 on target cells or neutralizing CD38 on effector cells changed the equilibrium between target and effector cell lysis and promoted multiple myeloma cell death. This study highlights the importance of a balanced CD38 expression on target and effector cells and attempts to alter this balance will affect the susceptibility of MM cells towards daratumumab-mediated cellular toxicity. Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable cancer characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. The monoclonal anti-CD38 daratumumab has taken a central place in the different treatment regimens for newly diagnosed and relapsed, refractory myeloma. In this study, we correlated the NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and potential fratricide induced by daratumumab with CD38-expression levels on both effector and target cells. We show that CD38 expression can be modulated by adding all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or interferon-α to MM cells to further fine-tune these effects. In addition, we observed that ADCC becomes inefficient when fratricide occurs and both ADCC and fratricide depend on the balance between CD38 expression on effector and target cells. However, the addition of adjuvants (retinoic acid or interferon-α) to myeloma cells or the inhibition of fratricide using a CD38-blocking nanobody on NK-cells can reverse this balance towards ADCC and thus promote lysis of target cells by ADCC. ATRA and interferon-α increased the CD38 expression at the surface of MM cells about three-fold and two-fold, respectively. This increase was of interest for MM cells with low CD38 expression, that became susceptible to daratumumab-mediated ADCC after preincubation. A CD38-blocking nanobody prevented the binding of daratumumab to these NK-cells and blunted the fratricidal effect on effector NK cells. In conclusion, our study highlights the importance of a balanced CD38 expression on target and effector cells and attempts to alter this balance will affect the susceptibility of MM cells towards daratumumab-mediated ADCC.
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