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Nilsson JM, Balgoma D, Pettersson C, Lennernäs H, Heindryckx F, Hedeland M. Ammonium bicarbonate buffers combined with hybrid surface technology columns improve the peak shape of strongly tailing lipids. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1316:342811. [PMID: 38969401 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipids such as phosphatidic acids (PAs) and cardiolipins (CLs) present strongly tailing peaks in reversed phase liquid chromatography, which entails low detectability. They are usually analyzed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), which hampers high-throughput lipidomics. Thus, there is a great need for improved analytical methods in order to obtain a broader coverage of the lipidome in a single chromatographic method. We investigated the effect of ammonium bicarbonate (ABC) on peak asymmetry and detectability, in comparison with ammonium formate (AFO) on both a conventional BEH C18 column and an HST-CSH C18 column. RESULTS The combination of 2.5 mM ABC buffer pH 8 with an HST-CSH C18 column produced significantly improved results, reducing the asymmetry factor at 10 % peak height of PA 16:0/18:1 from 8.4 to 1.6. Furthermore, on average, there was up to a 54-fold enhancement in the peak height of its [M - H]- ion compared to AFO and the BEH C18 column. We confirmed this beneficial effect on other strongly tailing lipids, with accessible phosphate moieties e.g., cardiolipins, phosphatidylinositol phosphate, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, phosphorylated ceramide and phosphorylated sphingosine. Furthermore, we found an increased detectability of phospho- and sphingolipids up to 28 times in negative mode when using an HST-CSH C18 column. The method was successfully applied to mouse liver samples, where previously undetected endogenous phospholipids could be analyzed with improved chromatographic separation. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, the use of 2.5 mM ABC substantially improved the peak shape of PAs and enhanced the detectability of the lipidome in negative mode on an RPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS system on both BEH C18 and HST-CSH C18 columns. This method provides a wider coverage of the lipidome with one single injection for future lipidomic applications in negative mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Nilsson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Balgoma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden; Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular (IBGM), CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, C/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Curt Pettersson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 591, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Femke Heindryckx
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Box 574, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Heindryckx F, Sjöblom M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the pathogenesis of chemotherapy-induced mucositis: Physiological mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14188. [PMID: 38874396 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a common and effective treatment for cancer, but these drugs are also associated with significant side effects affecting patients' well-being. One such debilitating side effect is mucositis, characterized by inflammation, ulcerations, and altered physiological functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract's mucosal lining. Understanding the mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis (CIM) is crucial for developing effective preventive measures and supportive care. Chemotherapeutics not only target cancer cells but also rapidly dividing cells in the GI tract. These drugs disrupt endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, leading to ER-stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in various intestinal epithelial cell types. The UPR triggers signaling pathways that exacerbate tissue inflammation and damage, influence the differentiation and fate of intestinal epithelial cells, and compromise the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. These factors contribute significantly to mucositis development and progression. In this review, we aim to give an in-depth overview of the role of ER-stress in mucositis and its impact on GI function. This will provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms and highlighting potential therapeutic interventions that could improve treatment-outcomes and the quality of life of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Heindryckx
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus Sjöblom
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Diao J, Jia Y, Dai E, Liu J, Kang R, Tang D, Han L, Zhong Y, Meng L. Ferroptotic therapy in cancer: benefits, side effects, and risks. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:89. [PMID: 38702722 PMCID: PMC11067110 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death characterized by iron accumulation and uncontrolled lipid peroxidation, leading to plasma membrane rupture and intracellular content release. Originally investigated as a targeted therapy for cancer cells carrying oncogenic RAS mutations, ferroptosis induction now exhibits potential to complement chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy in various cancer types. However, it can lead to side effects, including immune cell death, bone marrow impairment, liver and kidney damage, cachexia (severe weight loss and muscle wasting), and secondary tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the advantages and offer an overview of the diverse range of documented side effects. Furthermore, we examine the underlying mechanisms and explore potential strategies for side effect mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Diao
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Oncology and Hematology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jia
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Oncology and Hematology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China
| | - Enyong Dai
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Oncology and Hematology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- DAMP laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
| | - Leng Han
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Oncology and Hematology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China.
| | - Yingjie Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China.
| | - Lingjun Meng
- 2nd Inpatient Area of Oncology and Hematology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China.
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4
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Kopsida M, Clavero AL, Khaled J, Balgoma D, Luna-Marco C, Chowdhury A, Nyman SS, Rorsman F, Ebeling Barbier C, Bergsten P, Lennernäs H, Hedeland M, Heindryckx F. Inhibiting the endoplasmic reticulum stress response enhances the effect of doxorubicin by altering the lipid metabolism of liver cancer cells. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101846. [PMID: 38030123 PMCID: PMC10755054 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by a low and variable response to chemotherapeutic treatments. One contributing factor to the overall pharmacodynamics is the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways. This is a cellular stress mechanism that becomes activated when the cell's need for protein synthesis surpasses the ER's capacity to maintain accurate protein folding, and has been implicated in creating drug-resistance in several solid tumors. OBJECTIVE To identify the role of ER-stress and lipid metabolism in mediating drug response in HCC. METHODS By using a chemically-induced mouse model for HCC, we administered the ER-stress inhibitor 4μ8C and/or doxorubicin (DOX) twice weekly for three weeks post-tumor initiation. Histological analyses were performed alongside comprehensive molecular biology and lipidomics assessments of isolated liver samples. In vitro models, including HCC cells, spheroids, and patient-derived liver organoids were subjected to 4μ8C and/or DOX, enabling us to assess their synergistic effects on cellular viability, lipid metabolism, and oxygen consumption rate. RESULTS We reveal a pivotal synergy between ER-stress modulation and drug response in HCC. The inhibition of ER-stress using 4μ8C not only enhances the cytotoxic effect of DOX, but also significantly reduces cellular lipid metabolism. This intricate interplay culminates in the deprivation of energy reserves essential for the sustenance of tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidates the interplay between lipid metabolism and ER-stress modulation in enhancing doxorubicin efficacy in HCC. This novel approach not only deepens our understanding of the disease, but also uncovers a promising avenue for therapeutic innovation. The long-term impact of our study could open the possibility of ER-stress inhibitors and/or lipase inhibitors as adjuvant treatments for HCC-patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kopsida
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | - Jaafar Khaled
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - David Balgoma
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden; Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | - Sofi Sennefelt Nyman
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Rorsman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Bergsten
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Translational Drug Development and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
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5
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Zhu J, Lin S, Zou X, Chen X, Liu Y, Yang X, Gao J, Zhu H. Mechanisms of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the reversal of platinum resistance of epithelial ovarian cancer cells by naringin. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6457-6468. [PMID: 37326754 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous studies showed that naringin (Nar) can effectively reverse the cisplatin resistance of ovarian cancer cells. This study aims to explore the potential mechanism by which Nar reverses cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer. METHODS The proliferative activity of cells was evaluated using CCK8 and cell clone formation assays. Autophagic flux in cells was evaluated via LC3B immunofluorescence and monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining. The expression levels of autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis-related proteins were detected via Western blotting. Autophagy and ER stress were regulated using siATG5, siLC3B, rapamycin (Rap), chloroquine (CQ), 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), and thapsigargin (TG). siATG5 and siLC3B are short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) used to knock down the expression of ATG5 and LC3B genes, respectively. RESULTS Nar inhibited autophagy in SKOV3/DDP cells by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. And Nar increased the levels of ER stress-related proteins, namely, P-PERK, GRP78, and CHOP, and promoted apoptosis in SKOV3/DDP cells. Moreover, treatment with the inhibitor of ER stress alleviated apoptosis induced by Nar in SKOV3/DDP cells. In addition, compared to cisplatin or naringin alone, the combination of Nar and cisplatin significantly reduced the proliferative activity of SKOV3/DDP cells. And siATG5, siLC3B, CQ or TG pretreatment further inhibited the proliferative activity of SKOV3/DDP cells. Conversely, Rap or 4-PBA pretreatment alleviated the cell proliferation inhibition caused by Nar combined with cisplatin. CONCLUSION Nar not only inhibited the autophagy in SKOV3/DDP cells by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway, but also promoted apoptosis in SKOV3/DDP cells by targeting ER stress. Nar can reverse the cisplatin resistance in SKOV3/DDP cells through these two mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, The First Hospital of Nanchang City, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Metastasis and Precision Therapy, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Precision Therapy for Gynecological Neoplasms, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shixin Lin
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, The First Hospital of Nanchang City, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Metastasis and Precision Therapy, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Precision Therapy for Gynecological Neoplasms, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xia Zou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xintong Chen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanlan Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, The First Hospital of Nanchang City, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
- Nanchang Key Laboratory of Precision Therapy for Gynecological Neoplasms, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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6
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Montero O, Hedeland M, Balgoma D. Trials and tribulations of statistical significance in biochemistry and omics. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:503-512. [PMID: 36842858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years many statisticians and researchers have highlighted that statistical inference would benefit from a better use and understanding of hypothesis testing, p-values, and statistical significance. We highlight three recommendations in the context of biochemical sciences. First recommendation: to improve the biological interpretation of biochemical data, do not use p-values (or similar test statistics) as thresholded values to select biomolecules. Second recommendation: to improve comparison among studies and to achieve robust knowledge, perform complete reporting of data. Third recommendation: statistical analyses should be reported completely with exact numbers (not as asterisks or inequalities). Owing to the high number of variables, a better use of statistics is of special importance in omic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpio Montero
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - David Balgoma
- Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain; Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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7
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Tang D, Kroemer G, Kang R. Ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: from bench to bedside. Hepatology 2023; Publish Ahead of Print:01515467-990000000-00369. [PMID: 37013919 PMCID: PMC10551055 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The most widespread type of liver cancer, HCC, is associated with disabled cellular death pathways. Despite therapeutic advancements, resistance to current systemic treatments (including sorafenib) compromises the prognosis of patients with HCC, driving the search for agents that might target novel cell death pathways. Ferroptosis, a form of iron-mediated nonapoptotic cell death, has gained considerable attention as a potential target for cancer therapy, especially in HCC. The role of ferroptosis in HCC is complex and diverse. On one hand, ferroptosis can contribute to the progression of HCC through its involvement in both acute and chronic liver conditions. In contrast, having ferroptosis affect HCC cells might be desirable. This review examines the role of ferroptosis in HCC from cellular, animal, and human perspectives while examining its mechanisms, regulation, biomarkers, and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; 94800 Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP; 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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8
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Orthogonality in Principal Component Analysis Allows the Discovery of Lipids in the Jejunum That Are Independent of Ad Libitum Feeding. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090866. [PMID: 36144270 PMCID: PMC9506031 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ad libitum feeding of experimental animals is preferred because of medical relevance together with technical and practical considerations. In addition, ethical committees may require ad libitum feeding. However, feeding affects the metabolism so ad libitum feeding may mask the effects of drugs on tissues directly involved in the digestion process (e.g., jejunum and liver). Despite this effect, principal component analysis has the potential of identifying metabolic traits that are statistically independent (orthogonal) to ad libitum feeding. Consequently, we used principal component analysis to discover the metabolic effects of doxorubicin independent of ad libitum feeding. First, we analyzed the lipidome of the jejunum and the liver of rats treated with vehicle or doxorubicin. Subsequently, we performed principal component analysis. We could identify a principal component associated to the hydrolysis of lipids during digestion and a group of lipids that were orthogonal. These lipids in the jejunum increased with the treatment time and presented a polyunsaturated fatty acid as common structural trait. This characteristic suggests that doxorubicin increases polyunsaturated fatty acids. This behavior agrees with our previous in vitro results and suggests that doxorubicin sensitized the jejunum to ferroptosis, which may partially explain the toxicity of doxorubicin in the intestines.
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9
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Gomari DP, Schweickart A, Cerchietti L, Paietta E, Fernandez H, Al-Amin H, Suhre K, Krumsiek J. Variational autoencoders learn transferrable representations of metabolomics data. Commun Biol 2022; 5:645. [PMID: 35773471 PMCID: PMC9246987 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimensionality reduction approaches are commonly used for the deconvolution of high-dimensional metabolomics datasets into underlying core metabolic processes. However, current state-of-the-art methods are widely incapable of detecting nonlinearities in metabolomics data. Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) are a deep learning method designed to learn nonlinear latent representations which generalize to unseen data. Here, we trained a VAE on a large-scale metabolomics population cohort of human blood samples consisting of over 4500 individuals. We analyzed the pathway composition of the latent space using a global feature importance score, which demonstrated that latent dimensions represent distinct cellular processes. To demonstrate model generalizability, we generated latent representations of unseen metabolomics datasets on type 2 diabetes, acute myeloid leukemia, and schizophrenia and found significant correlations with clinical patient groups. Notably, the VAE representations showed stronger effects than latent dimensions derived by linear and non-linear principal component analysis. Taken together, we demonstrate that the VAE is a powerful method that learns biologically meaningful, nonlinear, and transferrable latent representations of metabolomics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Gomari
- grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich—German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany ,grid.6936.a0000000123222966Technical University of Munich—School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Annalise Schweickart
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Leandro Cerchietti
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, 10065 NY USA
| | - Elisabeth Paietta
- grid.251993.50000000121791997Albert Einstein College of Medicine-Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Hugo Fernandez
- grid.489080.d0000 0004 0444 4637Moffitt Malignant Hematology & Cellular Therapy at Memorial Healthcare System, Pembroke Pines, FL USA
| | - Hassen Al-Amin
- grid.416973.e0000 0004 0582 4340Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine—Qatar, Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Karsten Suhre
- grid.416973.e0000 0004 0582 4340Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College—Qatar Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
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10
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Drug Resistance and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040632. [PMID: 35203283 PMCID: PMC8870354 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide. It is usually diagnosed in an advanced stage and is characterized by a high intrinsic drug resistance, leading to limited chemotherapeutic efficacy and relapse after treatment. There is therefore a vast need for understanding underlying mechanisms that contribute to drug resistance and for developing therapeutic strategies that would overcome this. The rapid proliferation of tumor cells, in combination with a highly inflammatory microenvironment, causes a chronic increase of protein synthesis in different hepatic cell populations. This leads to an intensified demand of protein folding, which inevitably causes an accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This process is called ER stress and triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) in order to restore protein synthesis or—in the case of severe or prolonged ER stress—to induce cell death. Interestingly, the three different arms of the ER stress signaling pathways have been shown to drive chemoresistance in several tumors and could therefore form a promising therapeutic target. This review provides an overview of how ER stress and activation of the UPR contributes to drug resistance in HCC.
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11
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Ebeling Barbier C, Heindryckx F, Lennernäs H. Limitations and Possibilities of Transarterial Chemotherapeutic Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313051. [PMID: 34884853 PMCID: PMC8658005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Because diagnostic tools for discriminating between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and advanced cirrhosis are poor, HCC is often detected in a stage where transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the best treatment option, even though it provides a poor survival gain. Despite having been used worldwide for several decades, TACE still has many limitations. First, there is a vast heterogeneity in the cellular composition and metabolism of HCCs as well as in the patient population, which renders it difficult to identify patients who would benefit from TACE. Often the delivered drug does not penetrate sufficiently selectively and deeply into the tumour and the drug delivery system is not releasing the drug at an optimal clinical rate. In addition, therapeutic effectiveness is limited by the crosstalk between the tumour cells and components of the cirrhotic tumour microenvironment. To improve this widely used treatment of one of our most common and deadly cancers, we need to better understand the complex interactions between drug delivery, local pharmacology, tumour targeting mechanisms, liver pathophysiology, patient and tumour heterogeneity, and resistance mechanisms. This review provides a novel and important overview of clinical data and discusses the role of the tumour microenvironment and lymphatic system in the cirrhotic liver, its potential response to TACE, and current and possible novel DDSs for locoregional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Femke Heindryckx
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-18-471-4317; Fax: +46-18-471-4223
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12
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Balgoma D, Hedeland M. Etherglycerophospholipids and ferroptosis: structure, regulation, and location. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:960-962. [PMID: 34481732 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two pioneering studies by Zou et al. and Cui et al. have reported that the synthesis of etherglycerophospholipids (etherPLs) sensitizes cells to ferroptosis. The location and regulation of etherPLs suggest that: (i) lipid peroxidation in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane might be of importance in ferroptosis, and (ii) different etherPLs may differently sensitize cells to ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Balgoma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kullenberg F, Degerstedt O, Calitz C, Pavlović N, Balgoma D, Gråsjö J, Sjögren E, Hedeland M, Heindryckx F, Lennernäs H. In Vitro Cell Toxicity and Intracellular Uptake of Doxorubicin Exposed as a Solution or Liposomes: Implications for Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071717. [PMID: 34359887 PMCID: PMC8306283 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytostatic effects of doxorubicin in clinically applied doses are often inadequate and limited by systemic toxicity. The main objective of this in vitro study was to determine the anti-tumoral effect (IC50) and intracellular accumulation of free and liposomal doxorubicin (DOX) in four human cancer cell lines (HepG2, Huh7, SNU449 and MCF7). The results of this study showed a correlation between longer DOX exposure time and lower IC50 values, which can be attributed to an increased cellular uptake and intracellular exposure of DOX, ultimately leading to cell death. We found that the total intracellular concentrations of DOX were a median value of 230 times higher than the exposure concentrations after exposure to free DOX. The intracellular uptake of DOX from solution was at least 10 times higher than from liposomal formulation. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed to translate these novel quantitative findings to a clinical context and to simulate clinically relevant drug concentration-time curves. This showed that a liver tumor resembling the liver cancer cell line SNU449, the most resistant cell line in this study, would not reach therapeutic exposure at a standard clinical parenteral dose of doxorubicin (50 mg/m2), which is serious limitation for this drug. This study emphasizes the importance of in-vitro to in-vivo translations in the assessment of clinical consequence of experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Kullenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.K.); (O.D.); (J.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Oliver Degerstedt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.K.); (O.D.); (J.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Carlemi Calitz
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden; (C.C.); (N.P.); (F.H.)
| | - Nataša Pavlović
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden; (C.C.); (N.P.); (F.H.)
| | - David Balgoma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden; (D.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Johan Gråsjö
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.K.); (O.D.); (J.G.); (E.S.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden; (D.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Erik Sjögren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.K.); (O.D.); (J.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden; (D.B.); (M.H.)
| | - Femke Heindryckx
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden; (C.C.); (N.P.); (F.H.)
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden; (F.K.); (O.D.); (J.G.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence:
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