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Kim WD, Sin DD. Granzyme B May Act as an Effector Molecule to Control the Inflammatory Process in COPD. COPD 2024; 21:1-11. [PMID: 38314671 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2023.2299104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by smoking, but only a small proportion of smokers have disease severe enough to develop COPD. COPD is not always progressive. The question then arises as to what explains the different trajectories of COPD. The role of autoimmunity and regulatory T (Treg) cells in the pathogenesis of COPD is increasingly being recognized. Nine published studies on Treg cells in the lung tissue or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid have shown that smokers with COPD have fewer Treg cells than smokers without COPD or nonsmokers. Three studies showed a positive correlation between Treg cell count and FEV1%, suggesting an important role for Treg cells in COPD progression. Treg cells can regulate immunological responses via the granzyme B (GzmB) pathway. Immunohistochemical staining for GzmB in surgically resected lungs with centrilobular emphysema showed that the relationship between the amount of GzmB+ cells and FEV1% was comparable to that between Treg cell count and FEV1% in the COPD lung, suggesting that GzmB could be a functional marker for Treg cells. The volume fraction of GzmB+ cells in the small airways, the number of alveolar GzmB+ cells, and GzmB expression measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the lung tissue of smokers were significantly correlated with FEV1%. These results suggest that the GzmB content in lung tissue may determine the progression of COPD by acting as an effector molecule to control inflammatory process. Interventions to augment GzmB-producing immunosuppressive cells in the early stages of COPD could help prevent or delay COPD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Dong Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Don D Sin
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Alves LHV, Ito JT, Almeida FM, Oliveira LM, Stelmach R, Tibério LFLC, Sato MN, Lopes FDTQS. Phenotypes of regulatory T cells in different stages of COPD. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 140:112765. [PMID: 39083931 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that failure to control inflammatory processes mediated by regulatory T (Treg) cells contributes to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) development and progression. The activity of Treg cells depends on their phenotypic characteristics: resting Treg (rTreg, CD3+CD4+CD25+FOXP3+CD25++CD45RA+) and activated Treg (aTreg, CD3+CD4+CD25+FOXP3+CD25+++CD45RA-) cells exhibit immunosuppressive activity, while cytokine-secreting T cells (FrIII, CD3+CD4+CD25+FOXP3+CD25++CD45RA-) exhibit proinflammatory activity. Previous findings have shown an increased density of cytokine-secreting T cells in COPD patients experiencing exacerbation. However, the methods for evaluating COPD under stable conditions are lacking. AIM To evaluate Treg cell phenotypes in patients with different stages of COPD under stable conditions. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from non-obstructed smokers and ex-smokers (NOS group, n = 19) and COPD patients at different stages (COPD I-II group, n = 25; COPD III-IV group, n = 25). The phenotypic characteristics of Treg cells and Th17 cells and their respective intracellular cytokines were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Both obstructed groups showed an increase in the proportion of rTregs, while the COPD III-IV group showed additional increases in total Treg and Th17 cells and in IL-10+ cells. There was an increase in proinflammatory mediators (CD3+CD4+IL-17+ cells; CD3+CD4+RORγt+ cells) in the COPD I-II group. In contrast, the NOS group demonstrated high proportions of proinflammatory Treg cells and proinflammatory CD8+ T cells (CD3+CD8+IL-17+). CONCLUSION Despite the increase in both total Treg cells and the rTreg phenotype from the early stages of COPD, there was a decrease in cells expressing IL-10, suggesting a failure in controlling the inflammatory process. These events precede the progression of the inflammatory process mediated by Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan H V Alves
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics - (LIM20), Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana T Ito
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics - (LIM20), Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francine M Almeida
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics - (LIM20), Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana M Oliveira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies - LIM56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Stelmach
- Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor), Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lolanda F L C Tibério
- Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor), Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria N Sato
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies - LIM56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda D T Q S Lopes
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics - (LIM20), Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratory (LIM61). Division of Thoracic Surgery. Instituto do Coracao do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Pang X, Liu X. Immune Dysregulation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Immunol Invest 2024; 53:652-694. [PMID: 38573590 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2334296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease whose incidence increase with age and is characterised by chronic inflammation and significant immune dysregulation. Inhalation of toxic substances cause oxidative stress in the lung tissue as well as airway inflammation, under the recruitment of chemokines, immune cells gathered and are activated to play a defensive role. However, persistent inflammation damages the immune system and leads to immune dysregulation, which is mainly manifested in the reduction of the body's immune response to antigens, and immune cells function are impaired, further destroy the respiratory defensive system, leading to recurrent lower respiratory infections and progressive exacerbation of the disease, thus immune dysregulation play an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD. This review summarizes the changes of innate and adaptive immune-related cells during the pathogenesis of COPD, aiming to control COPD airway inflammation and improve lung tissue remodelling by regulating immune dysregulation, for further reducing the risk of COPD progression and opening new avenues of therapeutic intervention in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Pang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoju Liu
- Department of Gerontal Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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4
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Duan R, Huang K, Yu T, Chang C, Chu X, Huang Y, Zheng Z, Ma L, Li B, Yang T. Interleukin-2/anti-interleukin-2 complex attenuates inflammation in a mouse COPD model by expanding CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + regulatory T cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111849. [PMID: 38503017 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic, nonspecific inflammation of the alveoli and airways is an important pathological feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), while sustained inflammatory reactions can cause alveolar damage. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) inhibit inflammation, whereas the interleukin-2/anti-interleukin-2 complex (IL-2C) increases the number of Tregs; however, whether the IL-2C has a therapeutic role in COPD remains unknown. Therefore, this study investigated whether IL-2C alleviates lung inflammation in COPD by increasing the number of Tregs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A mouse COPD model was created by exposing mice to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and cigarette smoke (CS), and the effects of IL-2C treatment on COPD were evaluated. The number of Tregs in the spleen and lung, pulmonary pathological changes, and inflammatory damage were examined through flow cytometry, histopathology, and immunofluorescence, respectively. KEY RESULTS IL-2C increased the number of Treg cells in the spleen and lungs after exposure to CS and LPS, reduced the number of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in lung tissue, and improved the Th17/Treg balance. IL-2C decreased the number of inflammatory cells and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL5, KC, and MCP-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum. IL-2C significantly reduced the pathological scores for lung inflammation, as well as decreased airway mucus secretion and infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in the lungs. The depletion of Tregs using anti-CD25 antibodies eliminated the beneficial effects of IL-2C. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS IL-2C is a potential therapeutic agent for alleviating excessive inflammation in the lungs of patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Duan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenli Chang
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Chu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, China
| | - Yuhang Huang
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhoude Zheng
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Linxi Ma
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Baicun Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, China.
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, China.
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5
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Li Y, Shen D, Wang K, Xue Y, Liu J, Li S, Li X, Li C. Mogroside V ameliorates broiler pulmonary inflammation via modulating lung microbiota and rectifying Th17/Treg dysregulation in lipopolysaccharides-induced lung injury. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103138. [PMID: 37862871 PMCID: PMC10590742 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysbiosis of lung microbiota and inflammatory factors play a crucial role in the occurrence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced lung injury. Recently, mogroside V (MGV) has received increasing attention due to its potential health benefits in pneumonia, but its complex mechanism needs further experimental elucidation. In this study, we established an LPS-induced chicken lung injury model to investigate the protective effect of MGV on LPS-induced acute lung injury in broiler and its related mechanisms. A total of 192 one-day-old white-finned broilers were randomly assigned into 4 groups with 6 replicates: 1) control group: basal diet (d 1-44), saline (d 43); 2) LPS group: basal diet (d 1-44), LPS (d 43); 3) MGV group: basal diet + 0.2% MGV (d 1-44), saline (d 43); 4) MGV-LPS group: basal diet + 0.2% MGV (d 1-44), LPS (d 43). The results showed that pathological examination showed that lung tissue inflammation infiltration was reduced after MGV treatment. In addition, MGV can promote the balance of Th17 and Treg cell cytokines, significantly inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β (P < 0.01), IL-6 (P < 0.001), IL-17F (P < 0.05)), and decrease immunosuppressive target expression (PD-L1 (P < 0.01), PD-1 (P < 0.001), RORα (P < 0.001)), activating the immune system. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing analysis showed that MGV treatment could increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the lung and reduce the abundance of bacteria associated with inflammation. Generally, MGV intervention has a preventive effect on the pathological damage induced by lipopolysaccharides. Its mechanism is related to inhibiting the inflammatory response, regulating the Th17/Treg balance, and maintaining the stability of lung microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Research Centre for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Research Centre for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Research Centre for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yufan Xue
- Research Centre for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junze Liu
- Research Centre for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Research Centre for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Research Centre for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Research Centre for Livestock Environmental Control and Smart Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Ma R, Su H, Jiao K, Liu J. Role of Th17 cells, Treg cells, and Th17/Treg imbalance in immune homeostasis disorders in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e784. [PMID: 36840492 PMCID: PMC9950879 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide, following strokes and cardiovascular diseases. Chronic lung inflammation is believed to play a role in the development of COPD. In addition, accumulating evidence shows that the immune system plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of COPD. Significant advancements have been made in research on the pathogenesis of immune diseases and chronic inflammation in recent years, and T helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells have been found to play a crucial role in the autoimmune response. Th17 cells are a proinflammatory subpopulation that causes autoimmune disease and tissue damage. Treg cells, on the other hand, have a negative effect but can contribute to the occurrence of the same disease when their antagonism fails. This review mainly summarizes the biological characteristics of Th17 cells and Treg cells, their roles in chronic inflammatory diseases of COPD, and the role of the Th17/Treg ratio in the onset, development, and outcome of inflammatory disorders, as well as recent advancements in immunomodulatory treatment targeting Th17/Treg cells in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Ma
- Department of The First Clinical School of MedicineLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina,Department of Gansu Provincial People's HospitalLanzhouChina
| | - Hongling Su
- Department of The First Clinical School of MedicineLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina,Department of Gansu Provincial People's HospitalLanzhouChina
| | - Keping Jiao
- Department of The First Clinical School of MedicineLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina,Department of Gansu Provincial People's HospitalLanzhouChina
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of The First Clinical School of MedicineLanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina
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7
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Lopes FDTQS, Tibério IDFLC, Leme A, Fairclough L. Editorial: The importance of Th17/Treg imbalance in asthma and COPD development and progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1025215. [PMID: 36211425 PMCID: PMC9541619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adriana Leme
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lucy Fairclough
- Department of Immunology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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8
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Shen J, Zhu X, Chen Y, Li W, Liu H, Chu C, Zhang Y, Xu C, Tong P, Yu X, Yang G, Deng Y. Bufei Decoction Improves Lung-Qi Deficiency Syndrome of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Rats by Regulating the Balance of Th17/Treg Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:1459232. [PMID: 36034952 PMCID: PMC9402293 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1459232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bufei decoction (BFD) has been applied to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for centuries as a recognized traditional Chinese herbal formula. However, mechanisms of BFD on COPD are unclear. This study conducts an inquiry into the underlying mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of BFD on COPD. A COPD rat model with qi deficiency in lungs was established through induction using cigarette and sawdust smoking combined with intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide following BFD treatment for 28 days. Changes in Th17/Treg cells of COPD rats with the syndrome of lung qi deficiency after BFD administration were verified using pulmonary function, ELISA, flow cytometry, histopathology, and Western blotting assays. The findings showed that BFD protected COPD rats from decreased lung function and lung injury. BFD administration reduced proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17 secretion, promoted inhibitory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β secretion, decreased Th17/Treg cell ratio, markedly downregulated the Th17 cell transcription factor ROR-γt expression, and upregulated transcription factor Foxp3 expression in Treg cells. We speculate that lung tonic soup improved pulmonary qi deficiency in rats with COPD by regulating the balance of Th17/Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxi Shen
- School of Basic Medical, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xing Zhu
- School of Basic Medical, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yunzhi Chen
- School of Basic Medical, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Basic Medical, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Huaiquan Liu
- School of Basic Medical, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Cancan Chu
- School of Basic Medical, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Changjun Xu
- School of Basic Medical, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Pingzhen Tong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Xinran Yu
- School of Basic Medical, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guangyong Yang
- School of Basic Medical, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ying Deng
- School of Basic Medical, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
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9
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The role of Th17 cells: explanation of relationship between periodontitis and COPD? Inflamm Res 2022; 71:1011-1024. [PMID: 35781342 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are chronic inflammatory diseases with common risk factors, such as long-term smoking, age, and social deprivation. Many observational studies have shown that periodontitis and COPD are correlated. Moreover, they share a common pathophysiological process involving local accumulation of inflammatory cells and cytokines and damage of soft tissues. The T helper 17 (Th17) cells and the related cytokines, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-22, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, play a crucial regulatory role during the pathophysiological process. This paper reviewed the essential roles of Th17 lineage in the occurrence of periodontitis and COPD. The gaps in the study of their common pathological mechanism were also evaluated to explore future research directions. Therefore, this review can provide study direction for the association between periodontitis and COPD and new ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of the two diseases.
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10
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Lourenço JD, Ito JT, Martins MDA, Tibério IDFLC, Lopes FDTQDS. Th17/Treg Imbalance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Clinical and Experimental Evidence. Front Immunol 2021; 12:804919. [PMID: 34956243 PMCID: PMC8695876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.804919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses mediated by Th17 and Treg cells is deeply involved in the development and progression of inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Several clinical and experimental studies have described the Th17/Treg imbalance in COPD progression. Due to its importance, many studies have also evaluated the effect of different treatments targeting Th17/Treg cells. However, discrepant results have been observed among different lung compartments, different COPD stages or local and systemic markers. Thus, the data must be carefully examined. In this context, this review explores and summarizes the recent outcomes of Th17/Treg imbalance in COPD development and progression in clinical, experimental and in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Dias Lourenço
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Tiyaki Ito
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton de Arruda Martins
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics (LIM-20), Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Evaluation of selected IL6/STAT3 pathway molecules and miRNA expression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22756. [PMID: 34815425 PMCID: PMC8610981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COPD has been regarded as a global epidemic due to an increase in pollution and tobacco exposure. Therefore, the study of molecular mechanism as the basis for modern therapy is important. The aim of the study was the assessment of gene expression levels, IL-6, IL-6ST, PIAS3, STAT3, and miRNAs, miRNA-1, miRNA-106b, miRNA-155, in patients with COPD. Induced sputum as well as PBMC were collected from 40 patients clinically verified according to the GOLD 2021 (A-D) classification and from the control group (n = 20). The levels of gene and miRNA expression were analysed by qPCR. In induced sputum IL6 was significantly down-regulated in COPD group compared with control (p = 0.0008), while IL6ST were up-regulated (p = 0.05). The results were also statistically significant for STAT3 (p = 0.04) and miRNA-155 (p = 0.03) with higher expression in the current smokers compared to ex-smokers. Higher expression levels for IL6ST (p = 0.03) in COPD patients with the exacerbation history compared to COPD patients without the exacerbation history were noted. Compared induced sputum and PB lymphocytes we observed higher expression of IL6 (p = 0.0003), STAT3 (p = 0.000001) miRNA-106b (p = 0.000069 and miRNA-155 (p = 0.000016) in induced sputum with lower expression of PIAS3 (p = 0.006), IL6ST (p = 0.002) and miRNA-1 (p = 0.001). Differences in gene expression levels of the IL-6/IL6ST/STAT3 pathway and miRNA depending on the smoking status and classification of patients according to GOLD suggest the importance of these genes in the pathogenesis of COPD and may indicate their potential utility in monitoring the course of the disease.
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