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Płachno BJ, Kapusta M. The Localization of Cell Wall Components in the Quadrifids of Whole-Mount Immunolabeled Utricularia dichotoma Traps. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:56. [PMID: 38203227 PMCID: PMC10778831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Utricularia (bladderworts) are carnivorous plants. They produce small hollow vesicles, which function as suction traps that work underwater and capture fine organisms. Inside the traps, there are numerous glandular trichomes (quadrifids), which take part in the secretion of digestive enzymes, the resorption of released nutrients, and likely the pumping out of water. Due to the extreme specialization of quadrifids, they are an interesting model for studying the cell walls. This aim of the study was to fill in the gap in the literature concerning the immunocytochemistry of quadrifids in the major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. To do this, the localization of the cell wall components in the quadrifids was performed using whole-mount immunolabeled Utricularia traps. It was observed that only parts (arms) of the terminal cells had enough discontinuous cuticle to be permeable to antibodies. There were different patterns of the cell wall components in the arms of the terminal cells of the quadrifids. The cell walls of the arms were especially rich in low-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan. Moreover, various arabinogalactan proteins also occurred. Cell walls in glandular cells of quadrifids were rich in low-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan; in contrast, in the aquatic carnivorous plant Aldrovanda vesiculosa, cell walls in the glandular cells of digestive glands were poor in low-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan. Arabinogalactan proteins were found in the cell walls of trap gland cells in all studied carnivorous plants: Utricularia, and members of Droseraceae and Drosophyllaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Laboratory of Bioimaging, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Płachno BJ, Kapusta M, Stolarczyk P, Świątek P, Lichtscheidl I. Differences in the Occurrence of Cell Wall Components between Distinct Cell Types in Glands of Drosophyllum lusitanicum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15045. [PMID: 37894725 PMCID: PMC10606540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnivorous plants are mixotrophs that have developed the ability to lure, trap, and digest small organisms and utilize components of the digested bodies. Leaves of Drosophyllum lusitanicum have two kinds of glands (emergences): stalked mucilage glands and sessile digestive glands. The stalked mucilage glands perform the primary role in prey lure and trapping. Apart from their role in carnivory, they absorb water condensed from oceanic fog; thus, plants can survive in arid conditions. To better understand the function of carnivorous plant emergences, the molecular composition of their cell walls was investigated using immunocytochemical methods. In this research, Drosophyllum lusitanicum was used as a study system to determine whether cell wall immunocytochemistry differs between the mucilage and digestive glands of other carnivorous plant species. Light and electron microscopy were used to observe gland structure. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the localization of carbohydrate epitopes associated with the major cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. The mucilage gland (emergence) consists of a glandular head, a connecting neck zone, and stalk. The gland head is formed by an outer and inner layer of glandular (secretory) cells and supported by a layer of endodermoid (barrier) cells. The endodermoid cells have contact with a core of spongy tracheids with spiral-shaped thickenings. Lateral tracheids are surrounded by epidermal and parenchymal neck cells. Different patterns of cell wall components were found in the various cell types of the glands. Cell walls of glandular cells generally are poor in both low and highly esterified homogalacturonans (HGs) but enriched with hemicelluloses. Cell walls of inner glandular cells are especially rich in arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). The cell wall ingrowths in glandular cells are significantly enriched with hemicelluloses and AGPs. In the case of cell wall components, the glandular cells of Drosophyllum lusitanicum mucilage glands are similar to the glandular cells of the digestive glands of Aldrovanda vesiculosa and Dionaea muscipula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 59 Wita Stwosza St., 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Piotr Stolarczyk
- Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54 Ave., 31-425 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Irene Lichtscheidl
- Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
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Liu J, Meng J, Chen H, Li X, Su Z, Chen C, Ning T, He Z, Dai L, Xu C. Different responses of banana classical AGP genes and cell wall AGP components to low-temperature between chilling sensitive and tolerant cultivars. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1693-1706. [PMID: 35789423 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02885-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen classical MaAGPs and 9 MbAGPs were identified and analyzed. MaAGP1/2/6/9/16/17, the antigens of JIM13 and LM2 antibodies are likely to be involved in banana chilling tolerance. Classical arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) belong to glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, which are proved to be involved in signaling and cell wall metabolism upon stresses. However, rare information is available on the roles of classical AGPs in low temperature (LT) tolerance. Cultivation of banana in tropical and subtropical region is seriously threatened by LT stress. In the present study, 17 classical MaAGPs and nine MbAGPs in banana A and B genome were identified and characterized, respectively. Great diversity was present among different classical MaAGP/MbAGP members while five members (AGP3/6/11/13/14) showed 100% identity between these two gene families. We further investigated different responses of classical AGPs to LT between a chilling sensitive (CS) and tolerant (CT) banana cultivars. In addition, different changes in the temporal and spatial distribution of cell wall AGP components under LTs between these two cultivars were compared using immunofluorescence labeling. Seven classical MbAGPs were upregulated by LT(s) in the CT cultivar. Classical MaAGP4/6 was induced by LT(s) in both cultivars while MaAGP1/2/9/16/17 only in the CT cultivar. Moreover, these genes showed significantly higher transcription abundance in the CT cultivar than the CS one under LT(s) except classical MaAGP4. Similar results were observed with the epitopes of JIM13 and LM2 antibodies. The antigens of these antibodies and classical MaAGP1/2/6/9/16/17 might be related to LT tolerance of banana. These results provide additional information about plant classical AGPs and their involvement in LT tolerance, as well as their potential as candidate genes to be targeted when breeding CT banana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jian Meng
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Houbin Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoquan Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Zuxiang Su
- Institute of Biotechnology, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Chengjie Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tong Ning
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhenting He
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Longyu Dai
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunxiang Xu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Arabinogalactan Proteins: Focus on the Role in Cellulose Synthesis and Deposition during Plant Cell Wall Biogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126578. [PMID: 35743022 PMCID: PMC9223364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) belong to a family of glycoproteins that are widely present in plants. AGPs are mostly composed of a protein backbone decorated with complex carbohydrate side chains and are usually anchored to the plasma membrane or secreted extracellularly. A trickle of compelling biochemical and genetic evidence has demonstrated that AGPs make exciting candidates for a multitude of vital activities related to plant growth and development. However, because of the diversity of AGPs, functional redundancy of AGP family members, and blunt-force research tools, the precise functions of AGPs and their mechanisms of action remain elusive. In this review, we put together the current knowledge about the characteristics, classification, and identification of AGPs and make a summary of the biological functions of AGPs in multiple phases of plant reproduction and developmental processes. In addition, we especially discuss deeply the potential mechanisms for AGP action in different biological processes via their impacts on cellulose synthesis and deposition based on previous studies. Particularly, five hypothetical models that may explain the AGP involvement in cellulose synthesis and deposition during plant cell wall biogenesis are proposed. AGPs open a new avenue for understanding cellulose synthesis and deposition in plants.
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Li WJ, Wu N, Chen C, Zhao YP, Hou YX. Identification and expression analysis of arabinogalactan protein genes in cotton reveal the function of GhAGP15 in Verticillium dahliae resistance. Gene 2022; 822:146336. [PMID: 35182675 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, primarily caused by the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae, is a serious disease in cotton. Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), a class of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, have been widely implicated in plant growth and environmental adaptation. The purpose of this study is to identify and characterize AGP members in cotton plants and explore their roles in responding to environmental stressors. In total, 65 GhAGP members were identified in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), along with 43, 35, and 37 AGP members that were also identified in G. barbadense, G. arboreum, and G. raimondii, respectively. According to gene structure and protein domains analysis, GhAGP genes in upland cotton are highly conserved. Meanwhile, tandem duplication events have occurred frequently throughout cotton's evolutionary history. Expression analysis showed that GhAGP genes were widely expressed during growth and development and in response to abiotic stressors. Many cis-elements related to hormonal responses and environmental stressors were detected in GhAGP promoter regions. GhAGP genes participate in responding to cold, drought, and salt stress, and were sensitive to ET signaling. Furthermore, the expression level of GhAGP15 was elevated during V. dahliae infection and resistance against V. dahliae in upland cotton was significantly weakened by silencing GhAGP15 using a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach. Our results further suggest that the function of GhAGP15 in V. dahliae resistance might be involved in regulation of the JA, SA, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathways. The comprehensive analysis of AGP genes in cotton performed in this study provides a basic framework for further functional research of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Na Wu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Yan-Peng Zhao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Yu-Xia Hou
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Dunand C, Jamet E. Editorial for Special Issue: Research on Plant Cell Wall Biology. Cells 2022; 11:1480. [PMID: 35563786 PMCID: PMC9102368 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by extracellular matrixes [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
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Zheng X, Li Y, Ma C, Chen B, Sun Z, Tian Y, Wang C. A mutation in the promoter of the arabinogalactan protein 7-like gene PcAGP7-1 affects cell morphogenesis and brassinolide content in pear (Pyrus communis L.) stems. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:47-63. [PMID: 34695268 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dwarfing rootstocks and dwarf cultivars are urgently needed for modern pear cultivation. However, germplasm resources for dwarfing pear are limited, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We previously showed that dwarfism in pear is controlled by the single dominant gene PcDw (Dwarf). We report here that the expression of PcAGP7-1 (ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEIN 7-1), a key candidate gene for PcDw, is significantly higher in dwarf-type pear plants because of a mutation in an E-box in the promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transient infiltration showed that the transcription factors PcBZR1 and PcBZR2 could directly bind to the E-box of the PcAGP7-1 promoter and repress transcription. Moreover, transgenic pear lines overexpressing PcAGP7-1 exhibited obvious dwarf phenotypes, whereas RNA interference pear lines for PcAGP7-1 were taller than controls. PcAGP7-1 overexpression also enhanced cell wall thickness, affected cell morphogenesis, and reduced brassinolide (BL) content, which inhibited BR signaling via a negative feedback loop, resulting in further dwarfing. Overall, we identified a dwarfing mechanism in perennial woody plants involving the BL-BZR/BES-AGP-BL regulatory module. Our findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism of plant dwarfism and suggest strategies for the molecular breeding of dwarf pear cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yuchao Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Changqing Ma
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Baoyin Chen
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhijuan Sun
- College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yike Tian
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, Qingdao, 266109, China
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