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Mulero F, Oteo M, Garaulet G, Magro N, Rebollo L, Medrano G, Santiveri C, Romero E, Sellek RE, Margolles Y, Campos-Olivas R, Arroyo AG, Fernández LA, Morcillo MA, Martínez-Torrecuadrada JL. Development of anti-membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase nanobodies as immunoPET probes for triple negative breast cancer imaging. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1058455. [PMID: 36507540 PMCID: PMC9729729 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1058455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by aggressiveness and high rates of metastasis. The identification of relevant biomarkers is crucial to improve outcomes for TNBC patients. Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) could be a good candidate because its expression has been reported to correlate with tumor malignancy, progression and metastasis. Moreover, single-domain variable regions (VHHs or Nanobodies) derived from camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies have demonstrated improvements in tissue penetration and blood clearance, important characteristics for cancer imaging. Here, we have developed a nanobody-based PET imaging strategy for TNBC detection that targets MT1-MMP. A llama-derived library was screened against the catalytic domain of MT1-MMP and a panel of specific nanobodies were identified. After a deep characterization, two nanobodies were selected to be labeled with gallium-68 (68Ga). ImmunoPET imaging with both ([68Ga]Ga-NOTA-3TPA14 and [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-3CMP75) in a TNBC mouse model showed precise tumor-targeting capacity in vivo with high signal-to-background ratios. (68Ga)Ga-NOTA-3CMP75 exhibited higher tumor uptake compared to (68Ga)Ga-NOTA-3TPA14. Furthermore, imaging data correlated perfectly with the immunohistochemistry staining results. In conclusion, we found a promising candidate for nanobody-based PET imaging to be further investigated as a diagnostic tool in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Mulero
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Oteo
- Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiations Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Garaulet
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Magro
- Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiations Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluvia Rebollo
- Protein Production Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Medrano
- Molecular Imaging Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Santiveri
- Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Romero
- Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiations Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricela E. Sellek
- Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiations Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yago Margolles
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Campos-Olivas
- Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia G. Arroyo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Angel Fernández
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Morcillo
- Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiations Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Miguel Angel Morcillo,
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Vanadium Modulates Proteolytic Activities and MMP-14-Like Levels during Paracentrotus lividus Embryogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214238. [PMID: 36430713 PMCID: PMC9697301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing industrial use of vanadium (V), as well as its recent medical use in various pathologies has intensified its environmental release, making it an emerging pollutant. The sea urchin embryo has long been used to study the effects induced by metals, including V. In this study we used an integrated approach that correlates the biological effects on embryo development with proteolytic activities of gelatinases that could better reflect any metal-induced imbalances. V-exposure caused morphological/morphometric aberrations, mainly concerning the correct distribution of embryonic cells, the development of the skeleton, and the embryo volume. Moreover, V induced a concentration change in all the gelatinases expressed during embryo development and a reduction in their total proteolytic activity. The presence of three MMP-like gelatinases (MMP-2, -9, and -14) was also demonstrated and their levels depended on V-concentration. In particular, the MMP-14-like protein modified its expression level during embryo development in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This enzyme also showed a specific localization on filopodia, suggesting that primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) could be responsible for its synthesis. In conclusion, these results indicate that an integrated study among morphology/morphometry, proteolytic activity, and MMP-14 expression constitutes an important response profile to V-action.
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Qin XJ, Xu MM, Ye JJ, Niu YW, Wu YR, Xu R, Li F, Fu QH, Chen S, Sun K, Xu YJ. De novo disruptive heterozygous MMP21 variants are potential predisposing genetic risk factors in Chinese Han heterotaxy children. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:41. [PMID: 36123719 PMCID: PMC9484203 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00409-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heterotaxy syndrome (HTX) is caused by aberrant left–right patterning early in embryonic development, which results in abnormal positioning and morphology of the thoracic and abdominal organs. Currently, genetic testing discerns the underlying genetic cause in less than 20% of sporadic HTX cases, indicating that genetic pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In this study, we aim to garner a deeper understanding of the genetic factors of this disease by documenting the effect of different matrix metalloproteinase 21 (MMP21) variants on disease occurrence and pathogenesis. Methods Eighty-one HTX patients with complex congenital heart defects and 89 healthy children were enrolled, and we investigated the pathogenetic variants related to patients with HTX by exome sequencing. Zebrafish splice-blocking Morpholino oligo-mediated transient suppression assays were performed to confirm the potential pathogenicity of missense variants found in these patients with HTX. Results Three MMP21 heterozygous non-synonymous variants (c.731G > A (p.G244E), c.829C > T (p.L277F), and c.1459A > G (p.K487E)) were identified in three unrelated Chinese Han patients with HTX and complex congenital heart defects. Sanger sequencing confirmed that all variants were de novo. Cell transfection assay showed that none of the variants affect mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP21. Knockdown expression of mmp21 by splice-blocking Morpholino oligo in zebrafish embryos revealed a heart looping disorder, and mutant human MMP21 mRNA (c.731G > A, c.1459A > G, heterozygous mRNA (wild-type&c.731G > A), as well as heterozygous mRNA (wild-type& c.1459A > G) could not effectively rescue the heart looping defects. A patient with the MMP21 p.G244E variant was identified with other potential HTX-causing missense mutations, whereas the patient with the MMP21 p.K487E variant had no genetic mutations in other causative genes related to HTX. Conclusion Our study highlights the role of the disruptive heterozygous MMP21 variant (p.K487E) in the etiology of HTX with complex cardiac malformations and expands the current mutation spectrum of MMP21 in HTX. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40246-022-00409-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ji Qin
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Meng-Meng Xu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jia-Jun Ye
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yi-Wei Niu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yu-Rong Wu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Rang Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Qi-Hua Fu
- Medical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Sun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yue-Juan Xu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Room 505, Scientific Building, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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