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Ahmad T, Alhammadi BA, Almaazmi SY, Arafa S, Blatch GL, Dutta T, Gestwicki JE, Keyzers RA, Shonhai A, Singh H. Plasmodium falciparum heat shock proteins as antimalarial drug targets: An update. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:326-337. [PMID: 38518861 PMCID: PMC10990865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Global efforts to eradicate malaria are threatened by multiple factors, particularly the emergence of antimalarial drug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Heat shock proteins (HSPs), particularly P. falciparum HSPs (PfHSPs), represent promising drug targets due to their essential roles in parasite survival and virulence across the various life cycle stages. Despite structural similarities between human and malarial HSPs posing challenges, there is substantial evidence for subtle differences that could be exploited for selective drug targeting. This review provides an update on the potential of targeting various PfHSP families (particularly PfHSP40, PfHSP70, and PfHSP90) and their interactions within PfHSP complexes as a strategy to develop new antimalarial drugs. In addition, the need for a deeper understanding of the role of HSP complexes at the host-parasite interface is highlighted, especially heterologous partnerships between human and malarial HSPs, as this opens novel opportunities for targeting protein-protein interactions crucial for malaria parasite survival and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ahmad
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bushra A Alhammadi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shaikha Y Almaazmi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sahar Arafa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gregory L Blatch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
| | - Tanima Dutta
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, Pathwest, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery & School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hans Raj Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
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Orozco MI, Moreno P, Guevara M, Abonia R, Quiroga J, Insuasty B, Barreto M, Burbano ME, Crespo-Ortiz MDP. In silico prediction and in vitro assessment of novel heterocyclics with antimalarial activity. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:75. [PMID: 38155300 PMCID: PMC10754745 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of new antimalarials is paramount to keep the goals on reduction of malaria cases in endemic regions. The search for quality hits has been challenging as many inhibitory molecules may not progress to the next development stage. The aim of this work was to screen an in-house library of heterocyclic compounds (HCUV) for antimalarial activity combining computational predictions and phenotypic techniques to find quality hits. The physicochemical determinants, pharmacokinetic properties (ADME), and drug-likeness of HCUV were evaluated in silico, and compounds were selected for structure-based virtual screening and in vitro analysis. Seven Plasmodium target proteins were selected from the DrugBank Database, and ligands and receptors were processed using UCSF Chimera and Open Babel before being subjected to docking using Autodock Vina and Autodock 4. Growth inhibition of P. falciparum (3D7) cultures was tested by SYBR Green assays, and toxicity was assessed using hemolytic activity tests and the Galleria mellonella in vivo model. From a total of 792 compounds, 341 with good ADME properties, drug-likeness, and no interference structures were subjected to in vitro analysis. Eight compounds showed IC50 ranging from 0.175 to 0.990 µM, and active compounds included pyridyl-diaminopyrimido-diazepines, pyridyl-N-acetyl- and pyridyl-N-phenyl-pyrazoline derivatives. The most potent compound (UV802, IC50 0.178 µM) showed no toxicophoric and was predicted to interact with P. falciparum 1-cysperoxidredoxin (PfPrx1). For the remaining 7 hits (IC50 < 1 μM), 3 showed in silico binding to PfPrx1, one was predicted to bind the haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolase and plasmepsin II, and one interacted with the plasmodial heat shock protein 90.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Moreno
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Miguel Guevara
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Abonia
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Jairo Quiroga
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Mauricio Barreto
- Department of Microbiology, Group of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Universidad del Valle, San Fernando Campus, Calle 4 B #36-00, 760043, Cali, Colombia
| | - Maria Elena Burbano
- Department of Microbiology, Group of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Universidad del Valle, San Fernando Campus, Calle 4 B #36-00, 760043, Cali, Colombia
| | - Maria Del Pilar Crespo-Ortiz
- Department of Microbiology, Group of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Universidad del Valle, San Fernando Campus, Calle 4 B #36-00, 760043, Cali, Colombia.
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Onyango OH, Mwenda CM, Gitau G, Muoma J, Okoth P. In-silico analysis of potent Mosquirix vaccine adjuvant leads. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:155. [PMID: 38032502 PMCID: PMC10689608 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND World Health Organization recommend the use of malaria vaccine, Mosquirix, as a malaria prevention strategy. However, Mosquirix has failed to reduce the global burden of malaria because of its inefficacy. The Mosquirix vaccine's modest effectiveness against malaria, 36% among kids aged 5 to 17 months who need at least four doses, fails to aid malaria eradication. Therefore, highly effective and efficacious malaria vaccines are required. The well-characterized P. falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein can be used to discover adjuvants that can increase the efficacy of Mosquirix. Therefore, the study sought to undertake an in-silico discovery of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein inhibitors with pharmacological properties on Mosquirix using hierarchical virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation. RESULTS Monoclonal antibody L9, an anti-Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein molecule, was used to identify Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein inhibitors with pharmacological properties on Mosquirix during a virtual screening process in ZINCPHARMER that yielded 23 hits. After drug-likeness and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity property analysis in the SwissADME web server, only 9 of the 23 hits satisfied the requirements. The 9 compounds were docked with Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein using the PyRx software to understand their interactions. ZINC25374360 (-8.1 kcal/mol), ZINC40144754 (-8.3 kcal/mol), and ZINC71996727 (-8.9 kcal/mol) bound strongly to Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein with binding affinities of less than -8.0 kcal/mol. The stability of these molecularly docked Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein-inhibitor complexes were assessed through molecular dynamics simulation using GROMACS 2022. ZINC25374360 and ZINC71996727 formed stable complexes with Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein. They were subjected to in vitro validation for their inhibitory potential. The IC50 values ranging between 250 and 350 ng/ml suggest inhibition of parasite development. CONCLUSION Therefore, the two Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein inhibitors can be used as vaccine adjuvants to increase the efficacy of the existing Mosquirix vaccine. Nevertheless, additional in vivo tests, structural optimization studies, and homogenization analysis are essential to determine the anti-plasmodial action of these adjuvants in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okello Harrison Onyango
- Department of Biological Sciences (Molecular Biology, Computational Biology, and Bioinformatics Section), School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. BOX 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya.
| | - Cynthia Mugo Mwenda
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Meru University of Science and Technology, P.O. BOX 972-60200, Meru, Kenya
| | - Grace Gitau
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological and Life Sciences, The Technical University of Kenya, P.O. BOX 52428-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Muoma
- Department of Biological Sciences (Molecular Biology, Computational Biology, and Bioinformatics Section), School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. BOX 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Patrick Okoth
- Department of Biological Sciences (Molecular Biology, Computational Biology, and Bioinformatics Section), School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O. BOX 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya
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Ravindar L, Hasbullah SA, Rakesh KP, Hassan NI. Triazole hybrid compounds: A new frontier in malaria treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115694. [PMID: 37556947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Reviewing the advancements in malaria treatment, the emergence of triazole hybrid compounds stands out as a groundbreaking development. Combining the advantages of triazole and other moieties, these hybrid compounds offer a new frontier in the battle against malaria. Their potential as effective antimalarial agents has captured the attention of researchers and holds promise for overcoming the challenges posed by drug-resistant malaria strains. We focused on their broad spectrum of antimalarial activity of diverse hybridized 1,2,3-triazoles and 1,2,4-triazoles, structure-activity relationship (SAR), drug-likeness, bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties reported since 2018 targeting multiple stages of the Plasmodium life cycle. This versatility makes them highly effective against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of P. falciparum, making them invaluable tools in regions where resistance is prevalent. The synergistic effects of combining the triazole moiety with other pharmacophores have resulted in even greater antimalarial potency. This approach has the potential to circumvent existing resistance mechanisms and provide a more sustainable solution to malaria treatment. While triazole hybrid compounds show great promise, further research and clinical trials are warranted to fully evaluate their safety, efficacy and long-term effects. As research progresses, these compounds can potentially revolutionize the field and contribute to global efforts to eradicate malaria, ultimately saving countless lives worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekkala Ravindar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aishah Hasbullah
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - K P Rakesh
- Department of Radiology, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nurul Izzaty Hassan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Guhe V, Ingale P, Tambekar A, Singh S. Systems biology of autophagy in leishmanial infection and its diverse role in precision medicine. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1113249. [PMID: 37152895 PMCID: PMC10160387 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1113249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a contentious issue in leishmaniasis and is emerging as a promising therapeutic regimen. Published research on the impact of autophagic regulation on Leishmania survival is inconclusive, despite numerous pieces of evidence that Leishmania spp. triggers autophagy in a variety of cell types. The mechanistic approach is poorly understood in the Leishmania parasite as autophagy is significant in both Leishmania and the host. Herein, this review discusses the autophagy proteins that are being investigated as potential therapeutic targets, the connection between autophagy and lipid metabolism, and microRNAs that regulate autophagy and lipid metabolism. It also highlights the use of systems biology to develop novel autophagy-dependent therapeutics for leishmaniasis by utilizing artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), mathematical modeling, network analysis, and other computational methods. Additionally, we have shown many databases for autophagy and metabolism in Leishmania parasites that suggest potential therapeutic targets for intricate signaling in the autophagy system. In a nutshell, the detailed understanding of the dynamics of autophagy in conjunction with lipids and miRNAs unfolds larger dimensions for future research.
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Aguoru NA, Kirk RS, Walker AJ. Molecular insights into the heat shock proteins of the human parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:365. [PMID: 36229862 PMCID: PMC9559072 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are evolutionarily conserved proteins, produced by cells in response to hostile environmental conditions, that are vital to organism homeostasis. Here, we undertook the first detailed molecular bioinformatic analysis of these important proteins and mapped their tissue expression in the human parasitic blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni, one of the causative agents of the neglected tropical disease human schistosomiasis. Methods Using bioinformatic tools we classified and phylogenetically analysed HSP family members in schistosomes, and performed transcriptomic, phosphoproteomic, and interactomic analysis of the S. mansoni HSPs. In addition, S. mansoni HSP protein expression was mapped in intact parasites using immunofluorescence. Results Fifty-five HSPs were identified in S. mansoni across five HSP families; high conservation of HSP sequences were apparent across S. mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma japonicum, with S. haematobium HSPs showing greater similarity to S. mansoni than those of S. japonicum. For S. mansoni, differential HSP gene expression was evident across the various parasite life stages, supporting varying roles for the HSPs in the different stages, and suggesting that they might confer some degree of protection during life stage transitions. Protein expression patterns of HSPs were visualised in intact S. mansoni cercariae, 3 h and 24 h somules, and adult male and female worms, revealing HSPs in the tegument, cephalic ganglia, tubercles, testes, ovaries as well as other important organs. Analysis of putative HSP protein-protein associations highlighted proteins that are involved in transcription, modification, stability, and ubiquitination; functional enrichment analysis revealed functions for HSP networks in S. mansoni including protein export for HSP 40/70, and FOXO/mTOR signalling for HSP90 networks. Finally, a total of 76 phosphorylation sites were discovered within 17 of the 55 HSPs, with 30 phosphorylation sites being conserved with those of human HSPs, highlighting their likely core functional significance. Conclusions This analysis highlights the fascinating biology of S. mansoni HSPs and their likely importance to schistosome function, offering a valuable and novel framework for future physiological investigations into the roles of HSPs in schistosomes, particularly in the context of survival in the host and with the aim of developing novel anti-schistosome therapeutics. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05500-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Aguoru
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, Surrey, UK
| | - Ruth S Kirk
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, Surrey, UK
| | - Anthony J Walker
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, Surrey, UK.
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Tassone G, Mazzorana M, Mangani S, Petricci E, Cini E, Giannini G, Pozzi C, Maramai S. Structural Characterization of Human Heat Shock Protein 90 N-Terminal Domain and Its Variants K112R and K112A in Complex with a Potent 1,2,3-Triazole-Based Inhibitor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169458. [PMID: 36012721 PMCID: PMC9409116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a ubiquitous molecular chaperone that stabilizes client proteins in a folded and functional state. It is composed of two identical and symmetrical subunits and each monomer consists of three domains, the N-terminal (NTD), the middle (MD), and the C-terminal domain (CTD). Since the chaperone activity requires ATP hydrolysis, molecules able to occupy the ATP-binding pocket in the NTD act as Hsp90 inhibitors, leading to client protein degradation and cell death. Therefore, human Hsp90 represents a validated target for developing new anticancer drugs. Since protozoan parasites use their Hsp90 to trigger important transitions between different stages of their life cycle, this protein also represents a profitable target in anti-parasite drug discovery. Nevertheless, the development of molecules able to selectively target the ATP-binding site of protozoan Hsp90 is challenging due to the high homology with the human Hsp90 NTD (hHsp90-NTD). In a previous work, a series of potent Hsp90 inhibitors based on a 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazole scaffold was developed. The most promising inhibitor of the series, JMC31, showed potent Hsp90 binding and antiproliferative activity in NCI-H460 cells in the low-nanomolar range. In this work, we present the structural characterization of hHsp90-NTD in complex with JMC31 through X-ray crystallography. In addition, to elucidate the role of residue 112 on the ligand binding and its exploitability for the development of selective inhibitors, we investigated the crystal structures of hHsp90-NTD variants (K112R and K112A) in complex with JMC31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Tassone
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Mazzorana
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (C.P.); Tel.: +44-01235-778643 (M.M.); +39-0577-232132 (C.P.)
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Petricci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Cini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Pozzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (C.P.); Tel.: +44-01235-778643 (M.M.); +39-0577-232132 (C.P.)
| | - Samuele Maramai
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Department of Excellence 2018–2022, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
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Chan AHY, Fathoni I, Ho TCS, Saliba KJ, Leeper FJ. Thiamine analogues as inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase and discovery of a thiamine analogue with non-thiamine related antiplasmodial activity. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:817-821. [PMID: 35919337 PMCID: PMC9298186 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00085g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of derivatives of a triazole analogue of thiamine has been synthesised. When tested as inhibitors of porcine pyruvate dehydrogenase, the benzoyl ester derivatives proved to be potent thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) competitive inhibitors, with the affinity of the most potent analogue (K i = 54 nM) almost matching the affinity of TPP itself. When tested as antiplasmodials, most of the derivatives showed modest activity (IC50 value >60 μM), except for a 4'-N-benzyl derivative, which has an IC50 value in the low micromolar range. This activity was not affected by increasing the extracellular concentration of thiamine in the culture medium for any of the compounds (except a modest increase in the IC50 for the unfunctionalized benzoyl ester), nor by overexpressing thiamine pyrophosphokinase in the parasite, making it unlikely to be due to an effect on thiamine transport or metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex H. Y. Chan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridge CB2 1EWUK
| | - Imam Fathoni
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Terence C. S. Ho
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridge CB2 1EWUK,Norwich Medical School, University of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwich NR4 7TJUK
| | - Kevin J. Saliba
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Finian J. Leeper
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridge CB2 1EWUK
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Poje G, Pessanha de Carvalho L, Held J, Moita D, Prudêncio M, Perković I, Tandarić T, Vianello R, Rajić Z. Design and synthesis of harmiquins, harmine and chloroquine hybrids as potent antiplasmodial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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