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Fischer S, Deindl E. State of the Art of Innate Immunity—An Overview. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172705. [PMID: 36078113 PMCID: PMC9454720 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against bacterial and viral infections and sterile inflammation through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs), and produces proinflammatory and antiviral cytokines and chemokines [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-9947440
| | - Elisabeth Deindl
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152 Munich, Germany
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Liu B, Ma Y, Huang Y, Liu Z, Ruan Q, Qi Y. Inhibition of Human Cytomegalovirus Particle Maturation by Activation of Liver X Receptor. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:846386. [PMID: 35330771 PMCID: PMC8940258 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.846386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a herpesvirus family member, is a large, complex enveloped virus. The activation of liver X receptor (LXR) can significantly inhibit the replication of HCMV and weaken the virulence of progeny virus (unpublished data). Our results showed activated LXR affected some important viral protein expression and reduced cholesterol content in HCMV infected cells and virus particles. To further clarify the influence of activated LXR on HCMV replication, HCMV assembly and maturation processes were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in HCMV infected foreskin fibroblasts treated with LXR agonist GW3965. Results showed that activated LXR could reduce the envelope integrity of maturating virions. The functional stage of activated LXR on viral envelope integrity was mainly at virus assembly compartment (VAC) mediated envelopment but not structurally complete virus nucleocapsid formation and the egress of nucleocapsid from the nucleus to the cytoplasm mediated by nuclear egress complex. Reduced cholesterol synthesis and viral protein expression might interfere with the VAC-mediated envelopment. The nucleocapsid and tegument proteins enter the VAC area for the secondary envelope, which was interfered with and resulted in the defective particle, thereby affecting the amount and infectivity of the mature virus. The results indicate that inhibition of HCMV maturation is one mechanism of activated LXR inhibiting virus replication in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingnan Liu
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yujing Huang
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongyang Liu
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Ruan
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Qi
- Virology Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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