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You Y, Wu W, Du Y, Hu J, Li B. Developmental epileptic encephalopathy caused by homozygosity of a c.172+1G>C variant in the WWOX gene. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2500. [PMID: 39101447 PMCID: PMC11298992 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variations in the WWOX gene have been identified as the leading cause of several central nervous system disorders. However, most previous reports have focused on the description of clinical phenotype, neglecting functional verification. Herein, we presented a case of a patient with developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) caused by WWOX gene variation. CASE PRESENTATION Our patient was a 13-month-old girl with abnormal facial features, including facial hypotonia, arched eyebrows, a broad nose, and a depressed nasal bridge. She also had sparse and yellow hair, a low anterior hairline, and a short neck. Before the age of 8 months, she was suffering from mild seizures. Her developmental delay gradually worsened, and she suffered infantile spasms. After treatment with vigabatrin, seizures subsided. WWOX gene homozygous variation c.172+1G>C was identified using whole exome sequencing. Further minigene assay confirmed that the variation site affected splicing, causing protein truncation and affecting its function. CONCLUSION Clinical phenotype and minigene results suggest that WWOX gene homozygous variation c.172+1G>C can cause severe DEE. We also concluded that vigabatrin can effectively treat seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang You
- Department of ImagingThe Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiP.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Department of NeurologyHebei Medical University, Hebei Children's HospitalShijiazhuangHebeiP.R. China
| | - Yakun Du
- Department of NeurologyHebei Medical University, Hebei Children's HospitalShijiazhuangHebeiP.R. China
| | - Jintong Hu
- Department of NeurologyHebei Medical University, Hebei Children's HospitalShijiazhuangHebeiP.R. China
| | - Baoguang Li
- Department of NeurologyHebei Medical University, Hebei Children's HospitalShijiazhuangHebeiP.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders of Hebei ProvinceShijiazhuangP.R. China
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2
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Rike WA, Stern S. Proteins and Transcriptional Dysregulation of the Brain Extracellular Matrix in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087435. [PMID: 37108598 PMCID: PMC10138539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the brain is a dynamic structure made up of a vast network of bioactive macromolecules that modulate cellular events. Structural, organizational, and functional changes in these macromolecules due to genetic variation or environmental stressors are thought to affect cellular functions and may result in disease. However, most mechanistic studies to date usually focus on the cellular aspects of diseases and pay less attention to the relevance of the processes governing the dynamic nature of the extracellular matrix in disease pathogenesis. Thus, due to the ECM's diversified biological roles, increasing interest in its involvement in disease, and the lack of sufficient compiled evidence regarding its relationship with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology, we aimed to compile the existing evidence to boost the current knowledge on the area and provide refined guidance for the future research. Here, in this review, we gathered postmortem brain tissue and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-related studies from PubMed and Google Scholar to identify, summarize and describe common macromolecular alterations in the expression of brain ECM components in Parkinson's disease (PD). A literature search was conducted up until 10 February 2023. The overall hits from the database and manual search for proteomic and transcriptome studies were 1243 and 1041 articles, respectively. Following a full-text review, 10 articles from proteomic and 24 from transcriptomic studies were found to be eligible for inclusion. According to proteomic studies, proteins such as collagens, fibronectin, annexins, and tenascins were recognized to be differentially expressed in Parkinson's disease. Transcriptomic studies displayed dysregulated pathways including ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and cell adhesion molecules in Parkinson's disease. A limited number of relevant studies were accessed from our search, indicating that much work remains to be carried out to better understand the roles of the ECM in neurodegeneration and Parkinson's disease. However, we believe that our review will elicit focused primary studies and thus support the ongoing efforts of the discovery and development of diagnostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic agents for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wote Amelo Rike
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Shani Stern
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
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Kałuzińska-Kołat Ż, Kośla K, Kołat D, Płuciennik E, Bednarek AK. Antineoplastic Nature of WWOX in Glioblastoma Is Mainly a Consequence of Reduced Cell Viability and Invasion. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030465. [PMID: 36979157 PMCID: PMC10045224 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Following the discovery of WWOX, research has moved in many directions, including the role of this putative tumor suppressor in the central nervous system and related diseases. The task of determining the nature of WWOX in glioblastoma (GBM) is still considered to be at the initial stage; however, the influence of this gene on the GBM malignant phenotype has already been reported. Because most of the available in vitro research does not consider several cellular GBM models or a wide range of investigated biological assays, the present study aimed to determine the main processes by which WWOX exhibits anticancer properties in GBM, while taking into account the phenotypic heterogeneity between cell lines. Ectopic WWOX overexpression was studied in T98G, DBTRG-05MG, U251MG, and U87MG cell lines that were compared with the use of assays investigating cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, clonogenicity, three-dimensional and anchorage-independent growth, and invasiveness. Observations presenting the antineoplastic properties of WWOX were consistent for T98G, U251MG, and U87MG. Increased proliferation and tumor growth were noted in WWOX-overexpressing DBTRG-05MG cells. A possible explanation for this, arrived at via bioinformatics tools, was linked to the TARDBP transcription factor and expression differences of USP25 and CPNE2 that regulate EGFR surface abundance. Collectively, and despite various cell line-specific circumstances, WWOX exhibits its anticancer nature mainly via a reduction of cell viability and invasiveness of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Kośla
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Damian Kołat
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Płuciennik
- Department of Functional Genomics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej K Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
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4
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Chong SC, Cao Y, Fung ELW, Kleppe S, Gripp KW, Hertecant J, El-Hattab AW, Suleiman J, Clark G, von Allmen G, Rodziyevska O, Lewis RA, Rosenfeld JA, Dong J, Wang X, Miller MJ, Bi W, Liu P, Scaglia F. Expansion of the clinical and molecular spectrum of WWOX-related epileptic encephalopathy. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:776-785. [PMID: 36537114 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
WWOX biallelic loss-of-function pathogenic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number variants (CNVs) including exonic deletions and duplications cause WWOX-related epileptic encephalopathy (WOREE) syndrome. This disorder is characterized by refractory epilepsy, axial hypotonia, peripheral hypertonia, progressive microcephaly, and premature death. Here we report five patients with WWOX biallelic predicted null variants identified by exome sequencing (ES), genome sequencing (GS), and/or chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA). SNVs and intragenic deletions of one or more exons were commonly reported in WOREE syndrome patients which made the genetic diagnosis challenging and required a combination of different diagnostic technologies. These patients presented with severe, developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE), and other cardinal features consistent with WOREE syndrome. This report expands the clinical phenotype associated with this condition, including failure to thrive in most patients and epilepsy that responded to a ketogenic diet in three patients. Dysmorphic features and abnormal prenatal findings were not commonly observed. Additionally, recurrent pancreatitis and sensorineural hearing loss each were observed in single patients. In summary, these phenotypic features broaden the clinical spectrum of WOREE syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuk Ching Chong
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ye Cao
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eva L W Fung
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Soledad Kleppe
- Unidad de Metabolismo, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karen W Gripp
- Division of Medical Genetics, A. I. du Pont Hospital for Children/Nemours, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Jozef Hertecant
- Division of Genetic and Metabolic Disorders, Departments of Pediatrics, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayman W El-Hattab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jehan Suleiman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gary Clark
- Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Neurology Service, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gretchen von Allmen
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Olga Rodziyevska
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard A Lewis
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jie Dong
- Baylor Genetics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Xia Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Baylor Genetics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marcus J Miller
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Baylor Genetics, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Weimin Bi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Baylor Genetics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Baylor Genetics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fernando Scaglia
- Joint BCM-CUHK Center of Medical Genetics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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Fabbri-Scallet H, Werner R, Guaragna MS, de Andrade JGR, Maciel-Guerra AT, Hornig NC, Hiort O, Guerra-Júnior G, de Mello MP. Can Non-Coding NR5A1 Gene Variants Explain Phenotypes of Disorders of Sex Development? Sex Dev 2023; 16:252-260. [PMID: 35764069 DOI: 10.1159/000524956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NR5A1 is an essential transcription factor that regulates several target genes involved in reproduction and endocrine function. Pathogenic variants in this gene are responsible for a wide spectrum of disorders/differences of sex development (DSD). METHODS The molecular study involved Sanger sequencing, in vitro assays, and whole exome sequencing (WES). RESULTS Four variants were identified within the NR5A1 non-coding region in 3 patients with 46,XY DSD. In vitro analyses showed that promoter activity was affected in all cases. WES revealed variants in SRA1, WWOX, and WDR11 genes. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Evaluation of clinical and phenotypic significance of variants located in a non-coding region of a gene can be complex, and little is known regarding their association with DSD. Nevertheless, based on the important region for interaction with cofactors essential to promote appropriated sex development and on our in vitro results, it is feasible to say that an impact on gene expression can be expected and that this may be correlated with the DSD pathophysiology presented in our patients. Considering the number of cases that remain elusive after screening for the well-known DSD related genes, we emphasize the importance of a careful molecular analysis of NR5A1 non-coding region which is commonly neglected and might explain some idiopathic DSD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Fabbri-Scallet
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering - CBMEG, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation - GIEDDS, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ralf Werner
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Mara S Guaragna
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering - CBMEG, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation - GIEDDS, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana G R de Andrade
- Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation - GIEDDS, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea T Maciel-Guerra
- Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation - GIEDDS, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nadine C Hornig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olaf Hiort
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Gil Guerra-Júnior
- Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation - GIEDDS, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maricilda P de Mello
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering - CBMEG, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation - GIEDDS, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lin YH, Shih YH, Yap YV, Chen YW, Kuo HL, Liu TY, Hsu LJ, Kuo YM, Chang NS. Zfra Inhibits the TRAPPC6AΔ-Initiated Pathway of Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314510. [PMID: 36498839 PMCID: PMC9739312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
When WWOX is downregulated in middle age, aggregation of a protein cascade, including TRAPPC6AΔ (TPC6AΔ), TIAF1, and SH3GLB2, may start to occur, and the event lasts more than 30 years, which results in amyloid precursor protein (APP) degradation, amyloid beta (Aβ) generation, and neurodegeneration, as shown in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, by treating neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells with neurotoxin MPP+, upregulation and aggregation of TPC6AΔ, along with aggregation of TIAF1, SH3GLB2, Aβ, and tau, occurred. MPP+ is an inducer of Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting that TPC6AΔ is a common initiator for AD and PD pathogenesis. Zfra, a 31-amino-acid zinc finger-like WWOX-binding protein, is known to restore memory deficits in 9-month-old triple-transgenic (3xTg) mice by blocking the aggregation of TPC6AΔ, SH3GLB2, tau, and amyloid β, as well as inflammatory NF-κB activation. The Zfra4-10 peptide exerted a strong potency in preventing memory loss during the aging of 3-month-old 3xTg mice up to 9 months, as determined by a novel object recognition task (ORT) and Morris water maize analysis. Compared to age-matched wild type mice, 11-month-old Wwox heterozygous mice exhibited memory loss, and this correlates with pT12-WWOX aggregation in the cortex. Together, aggregation of pT12-WWOX may link to TPC6AΔ aggregation for AD progression, with TPC6AΔ aggregation being a common initiator for AD and PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hao Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsiang Shih
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ye Vone Yap
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Wei Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Lin Kuo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yun Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jin Hsu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Shan Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, NY 10314, USA
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 5268)
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WWOX Controls Cell Survival, Immune Response and Disease Progression by pY33 to pS14 Transition to Alternate Signaling Partners. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142137. [PMID: 35883580 PMCID: PMC9323965 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor WWOX inhibits cancer growth and retards Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression. Supporting evidence shows that the more strongly WWOX binds intracellular protein partners, the weaker is cancer cell growth in vivo. Whether this correlates with retardation of AD progression is unknown. Two functional forms of WWOX exhibit opposite functions. pY33-WWOX is proapoptotic and anticancer, and is essential for maintaining normal physiology. In contrast, pS14-WWOX is accumulated in the lesions of cancers and AD brains, and suppression of WWOX phosphorylation at S14 by a short peptide Zfra abolishes cancer growth and retardation of AD progression. In parallel, synthetic Zfra4-10 or WWOX7-21 peptide strengthens the binding of endogenous WWOX with intracellular protein partners leading to cancer suppression. Indeed, Zfra4-10 is potent in restoring memory loss in triple transgenic mice for AD (3xTg) by blocking the aggregation of amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42), enhancing degradation of aggregated proteins, and inhibiting activation of inflammatory NF-κB. In light of the findings, Zfra4-10-mediated suppression of cancer and AD is due, in part, to an enhanced binding of endogenous WWOX and its binding partners. In this perspective review article, we detail the molecular action of WWOX in the HYAL-2/WWOX/SMAD4 signaling for biological effects, and discuss WWOX phosphorylation forms in interacting with binding partners, leading to suppression of cancer growth and retardation of AD progression.
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Baryła I, Kośla K, Bednarek AK. WWOX and metabolic regulation in normal and pathological conditions. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1691-1702. [PMID: 36271927 PMCID: PMC9691486 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) spans the common fragile site FRA16D. There is evidence that translocations and deletions affecting WWOX accompanied by loss of expression are frequent in many cancers and often correlate with a worse prognosis. Additionally, WWOX germline mutations were also found to be the cause of pathologies of brain development. Because WWOX binds to some transcription factors, it is a modulator of many cellular processes, including metabolic processes. Recently, studies have linked WWOX to familial dyslipidemias, osteopenia, metabolic syndrome, and gestational diabetes, confirming its role as a regulator of steroid, cholesterol, glucose, and normal bone metabolism. The WW domain of WWOX is directly engaged in the control of the activity of transcription factors such as HIF1α and RUNX2; therefore, WWOX gene alterations are associated with some metabolic abnormalities. Presently, most interest is devoted to the associations between WWOX and glucose and basic energy metabolism disturbances. In particular, its involvement in the initiation of the Warburg effect in cancer or gestational diabetes and type II diabetes is of interest. This review is aimed at systematically and comprehensively presenting the current state of knowledge about the participation of WWOX in the metabolism of healthy and diseased organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Baryła
- grid.8267.b0000 0001 2165 3025Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kośla
- grid.8267.b0000 0001 2165 3025Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej K. Bednarek
- grid.8267.b0000 0001 2165 3025Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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