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Liu G, He Y, Yin Z, Feng Z. An anoikis-related gene signature predicts prognosis, drug sensitivity, and immune microenvironment in cholangiocarcinoma. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32337. [PMID: 38947446 PMCID: PMC11214491 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant invasive biliary tract carcinoma with a poor prognosis. Anoikis-related genes are prognostic features of a variety of cancers. However, the value of prognostication and therapeutic effect of anoikis-related genes in cholangiocarcinoma have not been reported. The aim of this research was developing an ARGs signature associated with cholangiocarcinoma patients. Methods We introduced transcriptome data to discover genes that were differentially expressed in cholangiocarcinoma. Subsequently, WGCNA was utilized to screen critical module genes in reference to anoikis. The univariate Cox, Lasso regression and Kaplan-Meier survival were executed to build a prognostic signature. We further performed gene functional enrichment, immune microenvironment and immunotherapy analysis between two risk subgroups. Finally, the pRRophetic algorithm was applied to compare the half inhibitory concentration value of several drugs. Results A grand total of 1844 genes with differential expression related to the cholangiocarcinoma patients were identified. Furthermore, we obtained 2678 key module genes related to anoikis. Then, a prognostic signature was developed using the 6 prognostic genes (FXYD2, PCBD1, C1RL, GMNN, LAMA4 and HACL1). Independent prognostic analysis showed that risk score and alcohol could function as separate prognostic variables. We found cetain distinction in the immune microenvironment between the two risk subgroups. Moreover, immunotherapy evaluation showed that the anoikis-related gene signature could be applied as a therapy predictor. Finally, Chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity results showed that the low-risk group responded better to bosutinib, gefitinib, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel, while the high-risk group responded better to axitinib, cisplatin, and imatinib. Conclusion The prognostic signature comprised of FXYD2, PCBD1, C1RL, GMNN, LAMA4 and HACL1 based on anoikis-related genes was established, which provided theoretical basis and reference value for the research and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochao Liu
- Department of Minimally Invasive and Biliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yujian He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Yin
- Department of Minimally Invasive and Biliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhijie Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, China
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Jiang X, Otterdal K, Chung BK, Maucourant C, Rønneberg JD, Zimmer CL, Øgaard J, Boichuk Y, Holm S, Geanon D, Schneditz G, Bergquist A, Björkström NK, Melum E. Cholangiocytes Modulate CD100 Expression in the Liver and Facilitate Pathogenic T-Helper 17 Cell Differentiation. Gastroenterology 2024; 166:667-679. [PMID: 37995866 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.11.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic inflammation surrounding bile ducts contributes to the disease pathogenesis of most cholangiopathies. Poor efficacy of immunosuppression in these conditions suggests biliary-specific pathologic principles. Here we performed biliary niche specific functional interpretation of a causal mutation (CD100 K849T) of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) to understand related pathogenic mechanisms. METHODS Biopsy specimens of explanted livers and endoscopy-guided sampling were used to assess the CD100 expression by spatial transcriptomics, immune imaging, and high-dimensional flow cytometry. To model pathogenic cholangiocyte-immune cell interaction, splenocytes from mutation-specific mice were cocultured with cholangiocytes. Pathogenic pathways were pinpointed by RNA sequencing analysis of cocultured cells and cross-validated in patient materials. RESULTS CD100 is mainly expressed by immune cells in the liver and shows a unique pattern around PSC bile ducts with RNA-level colocalization but poor detection at the protein level. This appears to be due to CD100 cleavage as soluble CD100 is increased. Immunophenotyping suggests biliary-infiltrating T cells as the major source of soluble CD100, which is further supported by reduced surface CD100 on T cells and increased metalloproteinases in cholangiocytes after coculturing. Pathogenic T cells that adhered to cholangiocytes up-regulated genes in the T-helper 17 cell differentiation pathway, and the CD100 mutation boosted this process. Consistently, T-helper 17 cells dominate biliary-resident CD4 T cells in patients. CONCLUSIONS CD100 exerts its functional impact through cholangiocyte-immune cell cross talk and underscores an active, proinflammatory role of cholangiocytes that can be relevant to novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Jiang
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Otterdal
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Brian K Chung
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christopher Maucourant
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jørgen D Rønneberg
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine L Zimmer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Øgaard
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yuliia Boichuk
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Geanon
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georg Schneditz
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika Bergquist
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Espen Melum
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Wang J, Xiang D, Dai Z, Zhu J, Du Y, Fu G, Chu X. Unveiling the immunogenomic landscape of cholangiocarcinoma: Identifying new prognostic markers and therapeutic targets based on CCL5 expression. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3630. [PMID: 37985959 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) stands as an aggressive malignancy of the biliary tract. The interplay between the tumor and immune system plays a pivotal role in disease progression and treatment outcomes. Hence, the present study aimed to extensively explore the immunogenomic landscape of CCA, with the objective of unveiling unique molecular and immunological signatures that could guide personalized therapeutic approaches. METHODS The study collected data from The Cancer Genome Atlas databases, performed gene set variation analysis for the chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) high/low expression group, conducted principal component analysis, gene set enrichment analysis enrichment and mutation pattern analysis, generated a heatmap, and performed cox regression analysis. RESULTS The two discrete subpopulations were found to exhibit contrasting mutational and immunogenomic characteristics, emphasizing the heterogeneity of CCA. These subsets also showed pronounced discrepancies in the infiltration of immune cells, indicating diverse interactions with the tumor immune microenvironment. Furthermore, the dissimilarities in mutational patterns were observed within the two CCA subgroups, with PBRM1 and BAP1 emerging as the most frequently mutated genes. In addition, a prognostic framework was formulated and validated utilizing the expression profiles of COX16 and RSAD2 genes, effectively segregating patients into high-risk and low-risk cohorts. Furthermore, the connections between immune-related parameters and these risk groups were identified, underscoring the potential significance of the immune microenvironment in patient prognosis. In vitro experiments have shown that COX16 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of CCA cells, whereas RSAD2 inhibits it. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides an intricate depiction of the immunogenomic landscape of CCA based on CCL5 expression, thereby paving the way for novel immunotherapy strategies and prognostic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Xiang
- Department of Oncology, Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Dai
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyang Du
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gongbo Fu
- Department of Oncology, Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oncology, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chu
- Department of Oncology, Jinling Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oncology, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oncology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Ng WR, Lau NS, Fadia M, Gananadha S. IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis mimicking cholangiocarcinoma. J Surg Case Rep 2023; 2023:rjad621. [PMID: 38034909 PMCID: PMC10684043 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjad621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A man in his 70s presented to the emergency department with painless obstructive jaundice. Initial blood test results show a predominantly cholestatic picture with elevated tumour markers, and imaging findings are concerning for a pancreatic head neoplasm or cholangiocarcinoma with involvement of the entire common bile duct. The patient underwent staging laparoscopy and biopsies including peritoneal washing, but did not identify any features of malignancy. Immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin G4 testing were subsequently tested and shown to be elevated. The provisional diagnosis of immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis was made, and steroid treatment was empirically started. Treatment with steroids was successful, with complete resolution of symptoms and abnormal imaging findings and near complete resolution of liver function test results after 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei R Ng
- Department of General Surgery, North Canberra Hospital, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Ngee-Soon Lau
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Unit, Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT 2605, Australia
| | - Mitali Fadia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT 2605, Australia
| | - Sivakumar Gananadha
- Department of General Surgery, North Canberra Hospital, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
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Chen J, Zhang S. The Role of Inflammation in Cholestatic Liver Injury. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4527-4540. [PMID: 37854312 PMCID: PMC10581020 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s430730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholestasis is a common clinical event in which bile formation and excretion are blocked, leading to retention of bile acids or bile salts; whether it occurs intra- or extrahepatically, primary or secondary, its pathogenesis is still unclear and is influenced by a combination of factors. In a variety of inflammatory and immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages (intrahepatic macrophages are also known as Kupffer cells), mast cells, NK cells, and even T cells in humoral immunity and B cells in cellular immunity, inflammation can be a "second strike" against cholestatic liver injury. These cells, stimulated by a variety of factors such as bile acids, inflammatory chemokines, and complement, can be activated and accumulate in the cholestatic liver, and with the involvement of inflammatory mediators and modulation by cytokines, can lead to destruction of hepatocytes and bile duct epithelial cells and exacerbate (and occasionally retard) the progression of cholestatic liver disease. In this paper, we summarized the new research advances proposed so far regarding the relationship between inflammation and cholestasis, aiming to provide reference for researchers and clinicians in the field of cholestatic liver injury research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Wang Z, Wu S, Wang G, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Zhu C, Qin X. ARHGAP21 Is Involved in the Carcinogenic Mechanism of Cholangiocarcinoma: A Study Based on Bioinformatic Analyses and Experimental Validation. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59010139. [PMID: 36676763 PMCID: PMC9867224 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Rho GTPase-activating protein (RhoGAP) is a negative regulatory element of Rho GTPases and participates in tumorigenesis. Rho GTPase-activating protein 21 (ARHGAP21) is one of the RhoGAPs and its role in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has never been disclosed in any publications. Materials and Methods: The bioinformatics public datasets were utilized to investigate the expression patterns and mutations of ARHGAP21 as well as its prognostic significance in CCA. The biological functions of ARHGAP21 in CCA cells (RBE and Hccc9810 cell) were evaluated by scratch assay, cell counting kit-8 assay (CCK8) assay, and transwell migration assay. In addition, the underlying mechanism of ARHGAP21 involved in CCA was investigated by the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, and the most significant signaling pathway was identified through gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and the Western blot method. The ssGSEA algorithm was further used to explore the immune-related mechanism of ARHGAP21 in CCA. Results: The ARHGAP21 expression in CCA tissue was higher than it was in normal tissue, and missense mutation was the main alteration of ARHGAP21 in CCA. Moreover, the expression of ARHGAP21 had obvious differences in patients with different clinical characteristics and it had great prognostic significance. Based on cell experiments, we further observed that the proliferation ability and migration ability of the ARHGAP21-knockdown group was reduced in CCA cells. Several pathological signaling pathways correlated with proliferation and migration were determined by GO and KEGG analysis. Furthermore, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was the most significant one. GSEA analysis further verified that ARHGAP21 was highly enriched in PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and the results of Western blot suggested that the phosphorylated PI3K and Akt were decreased in the ARHGAP21-knockdown group. The drug susceptibility of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway targeted drugs were positively correlated with ARHGAP21 expression. Moreover, we also discovered that ARHGAP21 was correlated with neutrophil, pDC, and mast cell infiltration as well as immune-related genes in CCA. Conclusions: ARHGAP21 could promote the proliferation and migration of CCA cells by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and ARHGAP21 may participate in the immune modulating function of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihuai Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
- Graduate School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Siyuan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
- Graduate School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Gaochao Wang
- Graduate School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Graduate School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yinjie Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
- Graduate School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chunfu Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
- Graduate School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (X.Q.)
| | - Xihu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
- Graduate School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (X.Q.)
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Huang S, Wu H, Luo F, Zhang B, Li T, Yang Z, Ren B, Yin W, Wu D, Tai S. Exploring the role of mast cells in the progression of liver disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:964887. [PMID: 36176778 PMCID: PMC9513450 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.964887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to being associated with allergic diseases, parasites, bacteria, and venoms, a growing body of research indicates that mast cells and their mediators can regulate liver disease progression. When mast cells are activated, they degranulate and release many mediators, such as histamine, tryptase, chymase, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor–α(TNF-α), interleukins cytokines, and other substances that mediate the progression of liver disease. This article reviews the role of mast cells and their secretory mediators in developing hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their essential role in immunotherapy. Targeting MC infiltration may be a novel therapeutic option for improving liver disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dehai Wu
- *Correspondence: Sheng Tai, ; Dehai Wu,
| | - Sheng Tai
- *Correspondence: Sheng Tai, ; Dehai Wu,
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Krajewska NM, Fiancette R, Oo YH. Interplay between Mast Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Immune-Mediated Cholangiopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5872. [PMID: 35682552 PMCID: PMC9180565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated cholangiopathies are characterised by the destruction of small and large bile ducts causing bile acid stasis, which leads to subsequent inflammation, fibrosis, and eventual cirrhosis of the liver tissue. A breakdown of peripheral hepatic immune tolerance is a key feature of these diseases. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a major anti-inflammatory immune cell subset, and their quantities and functional capacity are impaired in autoimmune liver diseases. Tregs can undergo phenotypic reprogramming towards pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 profiles. The inflamed hepatic microenvironment influences and can impede normal Treg suppressive functions. Mast cell (MC) infiltration increases during liver inflammation, and active MCs have been shown to be an important source of pro-inflammatory mediators, thus driving pathogenesis. By influencing the microenvironment, MCs can indirectly manipulate Treg functions and inhibit their suppressive and proliferative activity. In addition, direct cell-to-cell interactions have been identified between MCs and Tregs. It is critical to consider the effects of MCs on the inflammatory milieu of the liver and their influence on Treg functions. This review will focus on the roles and crosstalk of Tregs and MCs during autoimmune cholangiopathy pathogenesis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M. Krajewska
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research & NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
- Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network Rare Liver Centre, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Rémi Fiancette
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research & NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
- Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network Rare Liver Centre, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Ye H. Oo
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research & NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
- Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network Rare Liver Centre, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Facility, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
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