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Kzar WA, Abbas RF. Association of Polymorphism with Periodontitis and Salivary Levels of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α. Eur J Dent 2024. [PMID: 38744330 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1785530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This investigation aims to investigate the association between HIF-1α genetic polymorphism and periodontitis and examine and contrast the levels of HIF-1α present in the saliva of subjects afflicted with periodontitis and in the control group. Additionally, this study aims to establish diagnostic proficiency of this biomarker in distinguishing between periodontal health and disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study entailed the collection of venous blood samples and unstimulated saliva samples from a total of 160 participants, encompassing 80 individuals diagnosed with periodontitis and 80 periodontitis-free individuals. The periodontal parameters were evaluated, involving the measurement of clinical attachment loss, the probing pocket depth, and the bleeding on probing percentage. Subsequently, genetic analysis of HIF-1α using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, DNA sequencing, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays was conducted. RESULTS The genetic analysis of 352 bp of the HIF-1α gene revealed the presence of 66 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in control samples, whereas 78 SNPs were found in periodontitis sample. The nucleotide A was replaced with a C nucleotide at position 207 of the amplified PCR fragments. The homozygous AA pattern was predominant in the control group, with significant differences between the two groups. In contrast, the homozygous CC pattern was more dominant in the periodontitis group, with significant differences between the two groups. The analysis of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the comparison between the observed and the expected genotypes showed significant differences between the observed and the expected values in the control and periodontitis groups, as well as the total sample. The highest mean values of the measured periodontal parameters were found in the periodontitis group (clinical attachment loss = 4.759, probing pocket depth = 4.050, and bleeding on probing = 30.950) with statistically significant differences between the groups. The periodontitis group showed significantly higher salivary HIF-1α levels compared to control group (p < 0.001). Besides, HIF-1α is a good biomarker in distinguishing between periodontal health and periodontitis. CONCLUSION rs1951795 SNP of HIF-1α has no significant impact on the progression of periodontitis and the salivary level HIF-1α. Periodontitis results in a notable elevation in HIF-1α salivary levels, with an outstanding diagnostic ability to distinguish between periodontitis and periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Abdulazeez Kzar
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Raghad Fadhil Abbas
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Zhou Z, Wang H, Li J, Jiang X, Li Z, Shen J. Recent progress, perspectives, and issues of engineered PD-L1 regulation nano-system to better cure tumor: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127911. [PMID: 37939766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Currently, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies that target the programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) have been used as revolutionary cancer treatments in the clinic. Apart from restoring the antitumor response of cytotoxic T cells by blocking the interaction between PD-L1 on tumor cells and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) on T cells, PD-L1 proteins were also newly revealed to possess the capacity to accelerate DNA damage repair (DDR) and enhance tumor growth through multiple mechanisms, leading to the impaired efficacy of tumor therapies. Nevertheless, current free anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy still suffered from poor therapeutic outcomes in most solid tumors due to the non-selective tumor accumulation, ineludible severe cytotoxic effects, as well as the common occurrence of immune resistance. Recently, nanoparticles with efficient tumor-targeting capacity, tumor-responsive prosperity, and versatility for combination therapy were identified as new avenues for PD-L1 targeting cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we first summarized the multiple functions of PD-L1 protein in promoting tumor growth, accelerating DDR, as well as depressing immunotherapy efficacy. Following this, the effects and mechanisms of current clinically widespread tumor therapies on tumor PD-L1 expression were discussed. Then, we reviewed the recent advances in nanoparticles for anti-PD-L1 therapy via using PD-L1 antibodies, small interfering RNA (siRNA), microRNA (miRNA), clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), peptide, and small molecular drugs. At last, we discussed the challenges and perspectives to promote the clinical application of nanoparticles-based PD-L1-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaigang Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Haoxiang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhangping Li
- The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, China.
| | - Jianliang Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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Yong J, Gröger S, VON Bremen J, Martins Marques M, Braun A, Chen X, Ruf S, Chen Q. Photobiomodulation therapy assisted orthodontic tooth movement: potential implications, challenges, and new perspectives. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2023; 24:957-973. [PMID: 37961799 PMCID: PMC10646401 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, dramatic progress has been made in dental research areas involving laser therapy. The photobiomodulatory effect of laser light regulates the behavior of periodontal tissues and promotes damaged tissues to heal faster. Additionally, photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), a non-invasive treatment, when applied in orthodontics, contributes to alleviating pain and reducing inflammation induced by orthodontic forces, along with improving tissue healing processes. Moreover, PBMT is attracting more attention as a possible approach to prevent the incidence of orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) during orthodontic treatment (OT) due to its capacity to modulate inflammatory, apoptotic, and anti-antioxidant responses. However, a systematic review revealed that PBMT has only a moderate grade of evidence-based effectiveness during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in relation to OIIRR, casting doubt on its beneficial effects. In PBMT-assisted orthodontics, delivering sufficient energy to the tooth root to achieve optimal stimulation is challenging due to the exponential attenuation of light penetration in periodontal tissues. The penetration of light to the root surface is another crucial unknown factor. Both the penetration depth and distribution of light in periodontal tissues are unknown. Thus, advanced approaches specific to orthodontic application of PBMT need to be established to overcome these limitations. This review explores possibilities for improving the application and effectiveness of PBMT during OTM. The aim was to investigate the current evidence related to the underlying mechanisms of action of PBMT on various periodontal tissues and cells, with a special focus on immunomodulatory effects during OTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yong
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Sabine Gröger
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Julia VON Bremen
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Braun
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Qianming Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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Ji J, Pang W, Song J, Wang X, Tang H, Liu Y, Yi H, Wang Y, Gu Q, Li L. Retrospective Analysis of the Predictive Value of 18F-FDG PET/CT Metabolic Parameters for PD-L1 Expression in Cervical Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13061015. [PMID: 36980323 PMCID: PMC10047020 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 has been proven to be effective for cervical cancer treatment. To explore non-invasive examinations for assessing the PD-L1 status in cervical cancer, we performed a retrospective study to investigate the predictive value of 18F-FDG PET/CT. METHODS The correlations between PD-L1 expression, clinicopathological characteristics and 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters were evaluated in 74 cervical cancer patients. The clinicopathological characteristics included age, histologic type, tumor differentiation, FIGO stage and tumor size. The metabolic parameters included maximum standard uptake (SUVmax), mean standard uptake (SUVmean), total lesion glycolysis (TLG) and tumor metabolic volume (MTV). RESULTS In univariate analysis, SUVmax, SUVmean, TLG, tumor size and tumor differentiation were obviously associated with PD-L1 status. SUVmax (rs = 0.42) and SUVmean (rs = 0.40) were moderately positively correlated with the combined positive score (CPS) for PD-L1 in Spearman correlation analysis. The results of multivariable analysis showed that the higher SUVmax (odds ratio = 2.849) and the lower degree of differentiation (Odds Ratio = 0.168), the greater probability of being PD-L1 positive. The ROC curve analysis demonstrated that when the cut-off values of SUVmax, SUVmean and TLG were 10.45, 6.75 and 143.4, respectively, the highest accuracy for predicting PD-L1 expression was 77.0%, 71.6% and 62.2%, respectively. The comprehensive predictive ability of PD-L1 expression, assessed by combining SUVmax with tumor differentiation, showed that the PD-L1-negative rate was 100% in the low probability group, whereas the PD-L1-positive rate was 84.6% in the high probability group. In addition, we also found that the H-score of HIF-1α was moderately positively correlated with PD-L1 CPS (rs = 0.51). CONCLUSIONS The SUVmax and differentiation of the primary lesion were the optimum predictors for PD-L1 expression in cervical cancer. There was a great potential for 18F-FDG PET/CT in predicting PD-L1 status and selecting cervical cancer candidates for PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Ji
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Weiqiang Pang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Jinling Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Xiawan Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Huarong Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Yunying Liu
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Heqing Yi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Linfa Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, China
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Liu X, Yang L, Tan X. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: A double-edged sword in periodontitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114215. [PMID: 36630848 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a disease caused by infection and immunological imbalance, which often leads to the destruction of periodontal tissue. Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand: programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) are important "immune checkpoint" proteins that have a negative regulatory effect on T cells and are targets of immunotherapy. Studies have shown that the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in patients with periodontitis is higher than that in healthy individuals. The keystone pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is believed to be the main factor driving the upregulation of PD-1/PD-L1. High expression of PD-1/PD-L1 can inhibit the inflammatory response and reduce the destruction of periodontal supporting tissues, but conversely, it can promote the "immune escape" of P. gingivalis, thus magnifying infections. In addition, the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is also associated with various diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss the influence and mechanism of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway as a "double-edged sword" affecting the occurrence and development of periodontitis, as well as its function in periodontitis-related systemic disorders. The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway could be a new avenue for periodontal and its related systemic disorders therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuelian Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Yong J, Gröger S, von Bremen J, Meyle J, Ruf S. PD-L1, a Potential Immunomodulator Linking Immunology and Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption (OIIRR): Friend or Foe? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911405. [PMID: 36232704 PMCID: PMC9570182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) is considered an undesired and inevitable complication induced by orthodontic forces. This inflammatory mechanism is regulated by immune cells that precede orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) and can influence the severity of OIIRR. The process of OIIRR is based on an immune response. On some occasions, the immune system attacks the dentition by inflammatory processes during orthodontic treatment. Studies on the involvement of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint have demonstrated its role in evading immune responses, aiming to identify possible novel therapeutic approaches for periodontitis. In the field of orthodontics, the important question arises of whether PD-L1 has a role in the development of OIIRR to amplify the amount of resorption. We hypothesize that blocking of the PD-L1 immune checkpoint could be a suitable procedure to reduce the process of OIIRR during orthodontic tooth movement. This review attempts to shed light on the regulation of immune mechanisms and inflammatory responses that could influence the pathogenesis of OIIRR and to acquire knowledge about the role of PD-L1 in the immunomodulation involved in OIIRR. Possible clinical outcomes will be discussed in relation to PD-L1 expression and immunologic changes throughout the resorption process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yong
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +49-641-99-46131
| | - Sabine Gröger
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Julia von Bremen
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Yong J, Gröger S, von Bremen J, Ruf S. Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) Inhibits In Vitro Cementoblast Mineralization and Induces Autophagy, in Part by STAT3/ERK Commitment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169311. [PMID: 36012576 PMCID: PMC9408951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal models, the administration of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was demonstrated to reduce bone mass and to participate in bone remodeling. Cementoblasts, a cell type embedded in the cementum, are the main cells to produce and mineralize the extracellular matrix. The effect of CNTF on cementoblasts has not yet been addressed. Thus, the goal of this in vitro study was to investigate possible influences of exogenous CNTF on cementogenesis, as well as autophagy regulation and subsequent mechanisms in cementoblasts. Cementoblasts (OCCM-30) were stimulated with exogenous CNTF. Alizarin Red staining was performed to analyze the functional differentiation (mineralization) of OCCM-30 cells. The release of OPG was quantified by ELISA. The expression of cementogenesis markers (RUNX-2, OCN, BMP-7, BSP, and SPON-2) was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Western blotting (WB) was performed for the protein expression of STAT3, COX-2, SHP-2, cPLAα, cPLAβ; ERK1/2, P38, and JNK. The autophagic flux was assessed using WB and RT-qPCR analysis of LC3A/B, Beclin-1, and Atg-5, and the autophagosome was investigated by immunofluorescence staining (IF). The ERK1/2 (FR180204) or STAT3 (sc-202818) antagonist was added, and the cellular response was analyzed using flow cytometry. Exogenous CNTF significantly attenuated mineralized nodule formation, impaired OPG release, and downregulated the mRNA levels of RUNX-2, OCN, BMP-7, and BSP. Moreover, CNTF induced the phosphorylation of STAT3 and activated a transient activation of SHP-2, cPLAβ, ERK1/2, P38, and JNK protein. CNTF also induced autophagosome formation and promoted autophagy-associated gene and protein expressions. Additionally, the inhibition of ERK1/2 or STAT3 reversed a CNTF-induced mineralization impairment and had regulatory effects on CNTF-induced autophagosome formation. Our data revealed that CNTF acts as a potent inhibitor of cementogenesis, and it can trigger autophagy, in part by ERK1/2 and STAT3 commitment in the cementoblasts. Thus, it may play an important role in inducing or facilitating inflammatory root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yong
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +49-641-99-46131
| | - Sabine Gröger
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Julia von Bremen
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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