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Kampen L, Remmo A, Twamley SG, Weller A, Stach A, Turko P, Löwa N, Wiekhorst F, Ludwig A. Rapid cellular uptake of citrate-coated iron oxide nanoparticles unaffected by cell-surface glycosaminoglycans. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3825-3837. [PMID: 39050941 PMCID: PMC11265597 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00277f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Citrate-coated iron oxide nanoparticles, specifically Synomag®-COOH (SynC), are promising tracers in magnetic particle imaging (MPI) due to their high magnetic moments and rapid cellular uptake. The mechanisms driving efficient SynC uptake remain unclear. Previous observations suggest a role of the extracellular glycocalyx during nanoparticle uptake. Here, we ascertain whether the cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) regulate the uptake of SynC. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we visualized SynC uptake by THP-1 cells, a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line. We investigated the interaction of SynC with GAGs in living cells using click-chemistry-based labeling. Upon treating THP-1 cells with chondroitinase or hyaluronidase and with a xylosyltransferase-deficient cell line, we quantified SynC uptake and measured interactions of SynC with cells in real time using magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS). The THP-1 cell membrane engulfed or formed extensions around SynC, indicating uptake through pinocytosis and phagocytosis. We measured an increased MPS signal of SynC within seconds of cell contact, suggesting an interaction with extracellular components like the glycocalyx. Upon adding SynC to THP-1 cells, we could not observe disruption of fluorescently labeled GAGs or an enhanced intracellular fluorescence, implying that SynC does not accelerate the turnover of GAGs by binding. Lack of chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid did not affect the rapid magnetic behavior increase of SynC upon cell contact. Accordingly, we measured no significant differences in SynC uptake between wild type cells and our GAG-deficient models. These findings suggest that GAGs act as a permeable bandpass for SynC nanoparticles with a minor negative surface charge of -13.8 mV. This finding has significant implications for MPI-based cell tracking because it facilitates efficient tracking of cell types that lack a strong repulsion by cell-surface GAGs. It will be crucial to investigate whether the rapid uptake of SynC is cell-type specific and influenced by different extracellular matrix compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kampen
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin Germany
| | - Amani Remmo
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Working Group 8.23 Metrology for Magnetic Nanoparticles Abbestraße 2-12 10587 Berlin Germany
| | - Shailey Gale Twamley
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Functional Anatomy Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Andrea Weller
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Anke Stach
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Paul Turko
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Integrative Neuroanatomy Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Norbert Löwa
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Working Group 8.23 Metrology for Magnetic Nanoparticles Abbestraße 2-12 10587 Berlin Germany
| | - Frank Wiekhorst
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Working Group 8.23 Metrology for Magnetic Nanoparticles Abbestraße 2-12 10587 Berlin Germany
| | - Antje Ludwig
- Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine Charitéplatz 1 10117 Berlin Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin Germany
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Mohn F, Scheffler K, Ackers J, Weimer A, Wegner F, Thieben F, Ahlborg M, Vogel P, Graeser M, Knopp T. Characterization of the clinically approved MRI tracer resotran for magnetic particle imaging in a comparison study. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:135014. [PMID: 38870999 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad5828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Objective.The availability of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with medical approval for human intervention is fundamental to the clinical translation of magnetic particle imaging (MPI). In this work, we thoroughly evaluate and compare the magnetic properties of an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approved tracer to validate its performance for MPI in future human trials.Approach.We analyze whether the recently approved MRI tracer Resotran is suitable for MPI. In addition, we compare Resotran with the previously approved and extensively studied tracer Resovist, with Ferrotran, which is currently in a clinical phase III study, and with the tailored MPI tracer Perimag.Main results.Initial magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS) measurements indicate that Resotran exhibits performance characteristics akin to Resovist, but below Perimag. We provide data on four different tracers using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry measurements, MPS to derive hysteresis, point spread functions, and a serial dilution, as well as system matrix based MPI measurements on a preclinical scanner (Bruker 25/20 FF), including reconstructed images.Significance.Numerous approved MNPs used as tracers in MRI lack the necessary magnetic properties essential for robust signal generation in MPI. The process of obtaining medical approval for dedicated MPI tracers optimized for signal performance is an arduous and costly endeavor, often only justifiable for companies with a well-defined clinical business case. Resotran is an approved tracer that has become available in Europe for MRI. In this work, we study the eligibility of Resotran for MPI in an effort to pave the way for human MPI trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Mohn
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
- Section for Biomedical Imaging, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Scheffler
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
- Section for Biomedical Imaging, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Justin Ackers
- Fraunhofer IMTE, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-based Medical Engineering, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Agnes Weimer
- Fraunhofer IMTE, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-based Medical Engineering, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franz Wegner
- Institute for Interventional Radiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Thieben
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
- Section for Biomedical Imaging, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mandy Ahlborg
- Fraunhofer IMTE, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-based Medical Engineering, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Patrick Vogel
- Department of Experimental Physics 5 (Biophysics), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Graeser
- Fraunhofer IMTE, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-based Medical Engineering, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Medical Engineering, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Knopp
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
- Section for Biomedical Imaging, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer IMTE, Fraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-based Medical Engineering, Lübeck, Germany
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Remmo A, Kosch O, Kampen L, Ludwig A, Wiekhorst F, Löwa N. Counting cells in motion by quantitative real-time magnetic particle imaging. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4253. [PMID: 38378785 PMCID: PMC10879211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is an advanced and powerful imaging modality for visualization and quantitative real-time detection of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). This opens the possibility of tracking cells in vivo once they have been loaded by MNPs. Imaging modalities such as optical imaging, X-ray computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) face limitations, from depth of penetration and radiation exposure to resolution and quantification accuracy. MPI addresses these challenges, enabling radiation-free tracking of MNP-loaded cells with precise quantification. However, the real-time tracking of MNP-loaded cells with MPI has not been demonstrated yet. This study establishes real-time quantitative tracking of MNP-loaded cells. Therefore, THP-1 monocytes were loaded with three different MNP systems, including the MPI gold standard Resovist and Synomag. The real-time MPI experiments reveal different MPI resolution behaviors of the three MNP systems after cellular uptake. Real-time quantitative imaging was achieved by time-resolved cell number determination and comparison with the number of inserted cells. About 95% of the inserted cells were successfully tracked in a controlled phantom environment. These results underline the potential of MPI for real-time investigation of cell migration and interaction with tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Remmo
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Olaf Kosch
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Kampen
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Ludwig
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Wiekhorst
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Löwa
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
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Everaert K, Sander T, Körber R, Löwa N, Van Waeyenberge B, Leliaert J, Wiekhorst F. Monitoring magnetic nanoparticle clustering and immobilization with thermal noise magnetometry using optically pumped magnetometers. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2341-2351. [PMID: 37056624 PMCID: PMC10089116 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00016h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Thermal noise magnetometry (TNM) is a recently developed magnetic characterization technique where thermally induced fluctuations in magnetization are measured to gain insight into nanomagnetic structures like magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Due to the stochastic nature of the method, its signal amplitude scales with the square of the volume of the individual fluctuators, which makes the method therefore extra attractive to study MNP clustering and aggregation processes. Until now, TNM signals have exclusively been detected by using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) sensor. In contrast, we present here a tabletop setup using optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) in a compact magnetic shield, as a flexible alternative. The agreement between results obtained with both measurement systems is shown for different commercially available MNP samples. We argue that the OPM setup with low complexity complements the SQUID setup with high sensitivity and bandwidth. Furthermore, the OPM tabletop setup is well suited to monitor aggregation processes because of its excellent sensitivity in lower frequencies. As a proof of concept, we show the changes in the noise spectrum for three different MNP immobilization and clustering processes. From our results, we conclude that the tabletop setup offers a flexible and widely adoptable measurement unit to monitor the immobilization, aggregation, and clustering of MNPs for different applications, including interactions of the particles with biological systems and the long-term stability of magnetic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrijn Everaert
- Department of Biosignals, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Abbestraße 2-12 10587 Berlin Germany
- Ghent University, Department of Solid State Sciences Krijgslaan 281/S1 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Tilmann Sander
- Department of Biosignals, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Abbestraße 2-12 10587 Berlin Germany
| | - Rainer Körber
- Department of Biosignals, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Abbestraße 2-12 10587 Berlin Germany
| | - Norbert Löwa
- Department of Biosignals, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Abbestraße 2-12 10587 Berlin Germany
| | - Bartel Van Waeyenberge
- Ghent University, Department of Solid State Sciences Krijgslaan 281/S1 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Jonathan Leliaert
- Ghent University, Department of Solid State Sciences Krijgslaan 281/S1 9000 Gent Belgium
| | - Frank Wiekhorst
- Department of Biosignals, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Abbestraße 2-12 10587 Berlin Germany
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Pradakis N, Maniotis N, Samaras T. Computational Study of Magnetic Particle Motion inside the Nasal Cavity under the Impact of an External Magnetic Field for Biomedical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1816. [PMID: 36363837 PMCID: PMC9692509 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The blood−brain barrier is a highly selective semipermeable border that separates blood circulation from the brain and hinders the accumulation of substances in the central nervous system. Hence, a treatment plan aiming to combat neurodegenerative diseases may be restricted. The exploitation of the nose−brain pathway could be a promising bypass method. However, pharmaceutical uptake through the olfactory epithelium is insignificant in terms of treatment, if relying only on fluid dynamic interactions. The main reasons for this are the highly complicated geometry of the nose and the residence time of the substance. The issue can be tackled by using magnetic particles as drug carriers. With the application of an external magnetic field, further control of the particle motion can be achieved, leading to increased uptake. The present work studies this approach computationally by employing magnetite particles with a radius of 7.5 μm while a magnetic field is applied with a permanent neodymium-iron-boron magnet of 9.5×105 A/m magnetization. Through this investigation, the best drug delivery protocol achieved a 2% delivery efficiency. The most significant advantage of this protocol is its straightforward design, which does not require complex equipment, thus rendering the protocol portable and manageable for frequent dosing or at-home administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Pradakis
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Maniotis
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Balkan Center, 570 01 Thermi, Greece
| | - Theodoros Samaras
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Balkan Center, 570 01 Thermi, Greece
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