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Strand D, Nylander E, Höglund A, Lundgren B, Martin JW, Karlsson O. Screening persistent organic pollutants for effects on testosterone and estrogen synthesis at human-relevant concentrations using H295R cells in 96-well plates. Cell Biol Toxicol 2024; 40:69. [PMID: 39136868 PMCID: PMC11322491 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are suspected endocrine disruptors and it is important to investigate their effects at low concentrations relevant to human exposure. Here, the OECD test guideline #456 steroidogenesis assay was downscaled to a 96-well microplate format to screen 24 POPs for their effects on viability, and testosterone and estradiol synthesis using the human adrenocortical cell line H295R. The compounds (six polyfluoroalkyl substances, five organochlorine pesticides, ten polychlorinated biphenyls and three polybrominated diphenyl ethers) were tested at human-relevant levels (1 nM to 10 µM). Increased estradiol synthesis, above the OECD guideline threshold of 1.5-fold solvent control, was shown after exposure to 10 µM PCB-156 (153%) and PCB-180 (196%). Interestingly, the base hormone synthesis varied depending on the cell batch. An alternative data analysis using a linear mixed-effects model that include multiple independent experiments and considers batch-dependent variation was therefore applied. This approach revealed small but statistically significant effects on estradiol or testosterone synthesis for 17 compounds. Increased testosterone levels were demonstrated even at 1 nM for PCB-74 (18%), PCB-99 (29%), PCB-118 (16%), PCB-138 (19%), PCB-180 (22%), and PBDE-153 (21%). The MTT assay revealed significant effects on cell viability after exposure to 1 nM of perfluoroundecanoic acid (12%), 3 nM PBDE-153 (9%), and 10 µM of PCB-156 (6%). This shows that some POPs can interfere with endocrine signaling at concentrations found in human blood, highlighting the need for further investigation into the toxicological mechanisms of POPs and their mixtures at low concentrations relevant to human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Strand
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 18, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Nylander
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 18, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrey Höglund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 18, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Lundgren
- Science for Life Laboratory, Biochemical and Cellular Assay unit, Dept. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 18, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oskar Karlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 114 18, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Gutiérrez-García AK, Torres-García DA, De Leon-Rodriguez A. Diethyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate disrupt sirtuins expression in the HepG2 cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae103. [PMID: 39006882 PMCID: PMC11238114 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Phthalates are additives used as plasticizers among other uses, classified as endocrine disruptors and may contribute to some metabolic disorders. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of the exposure of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) on cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as the regulation of sirloins in HepG2 cells. Methods HepG2 cells were exposed to DEP or DBP at 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/mL, and after 48 or 72 h the gene and protein expression of sirtuins was quantified by qRT-PCR and Western-Blot, respectively. Results Results showed that even at a low concentration of 0.1 μg/mL DEP affected the expression of Sirt3 and Sirt4, whereas DBP at 0.1 μg/mL affected Sirt3 and Sirt5 gene expression. Protein analysis showed a reduction in Sirt1 levels at a DEP concentration of 1 μg/mL and higher, while DBP at higher dose (100 μg/mL) decreased Sirt3 protein levels. Cell viability decreased by 20% only at higher dose (100 μg/mL) and ROS production increased at 10 and 100 μg/mL for both phthalates. Conclusion These findings indicate that exposure to low concentrations (0.1 μg/mL) of DEP or DBP can negatively influence the expression of some sirtuins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K Gutiérrez-García
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, 78216, México
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Daniel A Torres-García
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, 78216, México
| | - Antonio De Leon-Rodriguez
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, 78216, México
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Almamoun R, Pierozan P, Karlsson O. Mechanistic screening of reproductive toxicity in a novel 3D testicular co-culture model shows significant impairments following exposure to low-dibutyl phthalate concentrations. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2695-2709. [PMID: 38769170 PMCID: PMC11272729 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
To improve the mechanistic screening of reproductive toxicants in chemical-risk assessment and drug development, we have developed a three-dimensional (3D) heterogenous testicular co-culture model from neonatal mice. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), an environmental contaminant that can affect reproductive health negatively, was used as a model compound to illustrate the utility of the in vitro model. The cells were treated with DBP (1 nM to 100 µM) for 7 days. Automated high-content imaging confirmed the presence of cell-specific markers of Leydig cells (CYP11A1 +), Sertoli cells (SOX9 +), and germ cells (DAZL +). Steroidogenic activity of Leydig cells was demonstrated by analyzing testosterone levels in the culture medium. DBP induced a concentration-dependent reduction in testosterone levels and decreased the number of Leydig cells compared to vehicle control. The levels of steroidogenic regulator StAR and the steroidogenic enzyme CYP11A1 were decreased already at the lowest DBP concentration (1 nM), demonstrating upstream effects in the testosterone biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, exposure to 10 nM DBP decreased the levels of the germ cell-specific RNA binding protein DAZL, central for the spermatogenesis. The 3D model also captured the development of the Sertoli cell junction proteins, N-cadherin and Zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1), critical for the blood-testis barrier. However, DBP exposure did not significantly alter the cadherin and ZO-1 levels. Altogether, this 3D in vitro system models testicular cellular signaling and function, making it a powerful tool for mechanistic screening of developmental testicular toxicity. This can open a new avenue for high throughput screening of chemically-induced reproductive toxicity during sensitive developmental phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Almamoun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paula Pierozan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oskar Karlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Liu LL, Yue JZ, Lu ZY, Deng RY, Li CC, Yu YN, Zhou WJ, Lin M, Gao HT, Liu J, Xia LZ. Long-term exposure to the mixture of phthalates induced male reproductive toxicity in rats and the alleviative effects of quercetin. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 483:116816. [PMID: 38218207 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Phthalates (PEs), such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) could cause reproductive and developmental toxicities, while human beings are increasingly exposed to them at low-doses. Phytochemical quercetin (Que) is a flavonoid that has estrogenic effect, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. This study was conducted to assess the alleviative effect of Que. on male reproductive toxicity induced by the mixture of three commonly used PEs (MPEs) at low-dose in rats, and explore the underlying mechanism. Male rats were treated with MPEs (16 mg/kg/day) and/or Que. (50 mg/kg/d) for 91 days. The results showed that MPEs exposure caused male reproductive injuries, such as decreased serum sex hormones levels, abnormal testicular pathological structure, increased abnormal sperm rate and changed expressions of PIWIL1 and PIWIL2. Furthermore, MPEs also changed the expression of steroidogenic proteins in steroid hormone metabolism, including StAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, 17β-HSD, CYP19A1. However, the alterations of these parameters were reversed by Que. MPEs caused male reproductive injuries in rats; Que. inhibited MPEs' male reproductive toxicity, which might relate to the improvement of testosterone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Lan Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jun-Zhe Yue
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ru-Ya Deng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Can-Can Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ye-Na Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wen-Jin Zhou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hai-Tao Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Ling-Zi Xia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Watershed Science and Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Pötzl B, Kürzinger L, Stopper H, Fassnacht M, Kurlbaum M, Dischinger U. Endocrine Disruptors: Focus on the Adrenal Cortex. Horm Metab Res 2024; 56:78-90. [PMID: 37884032 PMCID: PMC10764154 DOI: 10.1055/a-2198-9307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances known to interfere with endocrine homeostasis and promote adverse health outcomes. Their impact on the adrenal cortex, corticosteroids and their physiological role in the organism has not yet been sufficiently elucidated. In this review, we collect experimental and epidemiological evidence on adrenal disruption by relevant endocrine disruptors. In vitro data suggest significant alterations of gene expression, cell signalling, steroid production, steroid distribution, and action. Additionally, morphological studies revealed disturbances in tissue organization and development, local inflammation, and zone-specific hyperplasia. Finally, endocrine circuits, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, might be affected by EDCs. Many questions regarding the detection of steroidogenesis disruption and the effects of combined toxicity remain unanswered. Not only due to the diverse mode of action of adrenal steroids and their implication in many common diseases, there is no doubt that further research on endocrine disruption of the adrenocortical system is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Pötzl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and
Diabetes, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - Lydia Kürzinger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and
Diabetes, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of
Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and
Diabetes, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg,
Germany
| | - Max Kurlbaum
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and
Diabetes, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg,
Germany
- Central Laboratory, Core Unit Clinical Mass Spectrometry, University
Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dischinger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and
Diabetes, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg,
Germany
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Almamoun R, Pierozan P, Manoharan L, Karlsson O. Altered gut microbiota community structure and correlated immune system changes in dibutyl phthalate exposed mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115321. [PMID: 37549549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant linked with various adverse health effects, including immune system dysfunction. Gut microbial dysbiosis can contribute to a wide range of pathogenesis, particularly immune disease. Here, we investigated the impact of DBP on the gut microbiome and examined correlations with immune system changes after five weeks oral exposure (10 or 100 mg/kg/day) in adult male mice. The fecal microbiome composition was characterized using 16S rRNA sequencing. DBP-treated mice displayed a significantly distinct microbial community composition, indicated by Bray-Curtis distance. Numerous amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) at the genus level were altered. Compared to the vehicle control group, the 10 mg/kg/day DBP group had 63 more abundant and 65 less abundant ASVs, while 60 ASVs were increased and 76 ASVs were decreased in the 100 mg/kg/day DBP group. Both DBP treatment groups showed higher abundances of ASVs assigned to Desulfovibrio (Proteobacteria phylum) and Enterorhabdus genera, while ASVs belonging to Parabacteroides, Lachnospiraceae UCG-006 and Lachnoclostridium were less common compared to the control group. Interestingly, an ASV belonging to Rumniniclostridium 6, which was less abundant in DBP-treated mice, demonstrated a negative correlation with the increased number of non-classical monocytes observed in the blood of DBP-treated animals. In addition, an ASV from Lachnospiraceae UCG-001, which was more abundant in the DBP-treated animals, showed a positive correlation with the non-classical monocyte increase. This study shows that DBP exposure greatly modifies the gut bacterial microbiome and indicates a potential contribution of microbial dysbiosis to DBP-induced immune system impairment, illustrating the importance of investigating how interactions between exposome components can affect health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Almamoun
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paula Pierozan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lokeshwaran Manoharan
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), SciLifeLab, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Karlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Özel F, Stratmann M, Lindh C, Gennings C, Bornehag CG, Rüegg J. Prenatal exposure to phthalates and gender-specific play behavior at seven years of age in the SELMA study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108029. [PMID: 37331180 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence shows that prenatal exposure to phthalates affects child development. Since many phthalates have been shown to alter endocrine signaling, they may influence reproductive development, neurodevelopment, and child behavior. Indeed, a few studies reported associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and gender-specific play behavior. However, evidence for this relationship is limited, and previous findings are based on single phthalates, while human exposure entails mixtures of chemicals. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the associations between prenatal exposure to single phthalates, as well as a phthalate mixture, and gender-specific play behavior. METHODS A total of 715 mother-child pairs from the Swedish Environmental Longitudinal, Mother and Child, Asthma and Allergy (SELMA) study were included. In the median week 10 of pregnancy, phthalate metabolites were measured in urine. Gender-specific play behavior was measured with Preschool Activities Inventory at the age of seven years. Linear and weighted quantile sum regressions were used; data was stratified by sex. Models were adjusted for child and maternal age, maternal education, parental attitudes toward play behavior, and urinary creatinine concentration. RESULTS For boys, single compound analyses revealed negative associations of prenatal exposure to di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) concentrations with masculine (β = -1.44; 95% CI = -2.72, -0.16) and composite (β = -1.43; 95% CI = -2.72, -0.13) scores. Suggestive associations were also observed with a mixture approach identifying DINP as the main contributor of the association of decreased masculine play. Among girls, higher urinary concentrations of 2,4-methyl-7-oxyooctyl-oxycarbonyl-cyclohexane carboxylic acid (MOiNCH) was associated with decreased feminine (β = -1.59; 95% CI = -2.62, -0.57) and masculine scores (β = -1.22; 95% CI = -2.14, -0.29), whereas the mixture analyses did not yield conclusive results for girls. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest associations of prenatal exposure to DINP with decreased masculine play behavior in boys while the results for girls were not fully conclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Özel
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Centre for Women's Mental Health during the Reproductive Lifespan - Womher, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden.
| | - Marlene Stratmann
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Christian Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden; Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joëlle Rüegg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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Li Y, Xiao N, Liu M, Liu Y, He A, Wang L, Luo H, Yao Y, Sun H. Dysregulation of steroid metabolome in follicular fluid links phthalate exposure to diminished ovarian reserve of childbearing-age women. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121730. [PMID: 37116568 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of phthalates (PAEs) has drawn increasing attention due to their endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity, while the steroid metabolome is essential for follicular development. However, the mechanism by which PAE exposure affects ovarian reserve through the steroid metabolome remains unclear. This study recruited 264 childbearing-age women in Tianjin (China) from April 2019 to August 2020 in a cross-sectional design. Target metabolome analysis of 16 steroids was performed in follicular fluid (FF) to compare diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) against normal ovarian reserve (NOR) women and differential steroids were identified using binary logistic analyses. Further analysis of eleven PAE metabolites (mPAEs) in FF was conducted, and the retrieved oocyte number (RON) representing ovarian reserve was counted. Multiple linear regression and quantile-based g-computation (qgcomp) models were used to associate individual mPAEs and mPAE mixture with the DOR-related differential steroids in FF. Mediation analysis was used to discuss the mediating effect of DOR-related steroids on the association between mPAEs and RON. Androstenedione (A4), corticosterone (CORT), cortisol (COR) and cortisone were significantly down-regulated in FF from women with DOR. Nine mPAEs with detection frequencies greater than 60% and median concentrations of 0.02-4.86 ng/mL were incorporated into statistical models. Negative associations with COR and CORT were found for mono-ethyl phthalate (mEP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (mEOHP), and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (mEHP). A positive association with cortisone was found for mEOHP, mEHP, monobutyl phthalate (mBP), and mono (2-isobutyl) phthalate (miBP). The qgcomp and mediation analyses revealed that mEP and mEOHP not only significantly contributed to the decline of COR and CORT in the mixed exposure but also indirectly reduced RON through the mediating effects of COR and CORT. In conclusion, PAE exposure may decrease ovarian reserve by downregulating COR and CORT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcheng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nan Xiao
- Department of Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Nankai University Affiliated Maternity Hospital/ Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Capital Medical University Affiliated Shijitan Hospital, No. 10, Tieyi Road, Yangfangdian Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yarui Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ana He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haining Luo
- Department of Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tianjin Central Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Nankai University Affiliated Maternity Hospital/ Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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