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Chopy M, Cavallini-Speisser Q, Chambrier P, Morel P, Just J, Hugouvieux V, Rodrigues Bento S, Zubieta C, Vandenbussche M, Monniaux M. Cell layer-specific expression of the homeotic MADS-box transcription factor PhDEF contributes to modular petal morphogenesis in petunia. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:324-345. [PMID: 37804091 PMCID: PMC10827313 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Floral homeotic MADS-box transcription factors ensure the correct morphogenesis of floral organs, which are organized in different cell layers deriving from distinct meristematic layers. How cells from these distinct layers acquire their respective identities and coordinate their growth to ensure normal floral organ morphogenesis is unresolved. Here, we studied petunia (Petunia × hybrida) petals that form a limb and tube through congenital fusion. We identified petunia mutants (periclinal chimeras) expressing the B-class MADS-box gene DEFICIENS in the petal epidermis or in the petal mesophyll, called wico and star, respectively. Strikingly, wico flowers form a strongly reduced tube while their limbs are almost normal, while star flowers form a normal tube but greatly reduced and unpigmented limbs, showing that petunia petal morphogenesis is highly modular. These mutants highlight the layer-specific roles of PhDEF during petal development. We explored the link between PhDEF and petal pigmentation, a well-characterized limb epidermal trait. The anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway was strongly downregulated in star petals, including its major regulator ANTHOCYANIN2 (AN2). We established that PhDEF directly binds to the AN2 terminator in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that PhDEF might regulate AN2 expression and therefore petal epidermis pigmentation. Altogether, we show that cell layer-specific homeotic activity in petunia petals differently impacts tube and limb development, revealing the relative importance of the different cell layers in the modular architecture of petunia petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Chopy
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Quentin Cavallini-Speisser
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Pierre Chambrier
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Patrice Morel
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Jérémy Just
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Véronique Hugouvieux
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Suzanne Rodrigues Bento
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Chloe Zubieta
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Michiel Vandenbussche
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Marie Monniaux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon 69007, France
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Li Z, Gao F, Liu Y, Abou-Elwafa SF, Qi J, Pan H, Hu X, Ren Z, Zeng H, Liu Z, Zhang D, Xi Z, Liu T, Chen Y, Su H, Xiong S, Ku L. ZmGI2 regulates flowering time through multiple flower development pathways in maize. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 332:111701. [PMID: 37030327 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
GIGANTEA (GI) encodes a component of the circadian clock core oscillator and has been identified as a regulatory pathway of the circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering in model plants. However, the regulatory pathway of GI affecting flowering time is unknown in maize. Here, we identified that the zmgi2 mutant flowered earlier than the wild type under long day (LD) conditions, whereas the difference in flowering time was not apparent under short day (SD) conditions. The 24 h optimal expression of the gene in the stem apex meristems (SAM) appeared at 9 h after dawn under LD conditions and at 11 h after dawn under SD conditions. DAP-Seq and RNA-Seq further revealed that ZmGI2 delays flowering by directly binding to the upstream regions of ZmVOZs, ZmZCN8 and ZmFPF1 to repress the expression of these genes and by directly binding to the upstream regions of ZmARR11, ZmDOF and ZmUBC11 to promote the expression of these genes. The genetic and biochemical evidence suggests a model for the potential role of ZmGI2 in regulating the flowering time-dependent photoperiodic pathway. This study provides novel insights into the function of ZmGIs in maize and further demonstrates their potential importance for floral transition. These results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks of GI transcription factors in regulating flowering time in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Li
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Fengran Gao
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | | | - Junlong Qi
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Haibo Pan
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Xiaomeng Hu
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Zhenzhen Ren
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Haixia Zeng
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Zhixue Liu
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Dongling Zhang
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Zhangying Xi
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Tianxue Liu
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Huihui Su
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
| | - Shuping Xiong
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
| | - Lixia Ku
- College of Agronomy, National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and Key Laboratory of Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development Ministry of Education, Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Park, Zhengdong New Area, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
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Shor E, Ravid J, Sharon E, Skaliter O, Masci T, Vainstein A. SCARECROW-like GRAS protein PES positively regulates petunia floral scent production. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:409-425. [PMID: 36760164 PMCID: PMC10152688 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emission of scent volatiles by flowers is important for successful pollination and consequently, reproduction. Petunia (Petunia hybrida) floral scent is formed mainly by volatile products of the phenylpropanoid pathway. We identified and characterized a regulator of petunia scent production: the GRAS protein PHENYLPROPANOID EMISSION-REGULATING SCARECROW-LIKE (PES). Its expression increased in petals during bud development and was highest in open flowers. Overexpression of PES increased the production of floral volatiles, while its suppression resulted in scent reduction. We showed that PES upregulates the expression of genes encoding enzymes of the phenylpropanoid and shikimate pathways in petals, and of the core regulator of volatile biosynthesis ODORANT1 by activating its promoter. PES is an ortholog of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PHYTOCHROME A SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 1, involved in physiological responses to far-red (FR) light. Analyses of the effect of nonphotosynthetic irradiation (low-intensity FR light) on petunia floral volatiles revealed FR light as a scent-activating factor. While PHYTOCHROME A regulated scent-related gene expression and floral scent production under FR light, the influence of PES on volatile production was not limited by FR light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Shor
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jasmin Ravid
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elad Sharon
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Oded Skaliter
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tania Masci
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Vainstein
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Kiseleva AA, Bragina MK, Muterko AF, Salina EA. Functional characterization of genes with daily expression patterns in common wheat. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:135-146. [PMID: 35316425 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our findings suggest most wheat biological processes are under the control of the daily expressed genes. Plant circadian rhythms represent daily changes in the activity of various processes, which are based on changes in the levels of gene expression and protein synthesis. In wheat, some key components of plant circadian clock have been identified, but there is little data on the daily expression and interactions of these genes. To study the common wheat daily transcriptome, RNA sequencing was performed. Using these data, genes expressed in daily pattern and the metabolic pathways controlled by them were identified: responses to stimuli and nutrients, transport, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, synthesis and degradation of different metabolites, and regulation of the processes of RNA synthesis. It was shown that a significant part of the transcriptome can vary greatly daily. Five expression patterns were identified. They were characterized by peaks at different time points and described the genes underlying these patterns. The analysis of the enrichment of gene ontology terms with various patterns allowed us to describe the main metabolic pathways in each group. Wheat homologs of the genes related to circadian clock in Arabidopsis were identified. Most of them were represented by three homoeologous genes expressed uniformly. Comparison of their expression patterns demonstrated a shift in the expression peaks for some core and accessory genes; the majority of wheat circadian genes were expressed in accordance with Arabidopsis homologs. This may indicate a similar functional role of these genes in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina A Kiseleva
- The Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090.
- Kurchatov Genomics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090.
| | - Mariya K Bragina
- The Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
- Kurchatov Genomics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - Aleksandr F Muterko
- The Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
| | - Elena A Salina
- The Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ICG SB RAS), Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
- Kurchatov Genomics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk, Russia, 630090
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5
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Cna'ani A, Dener E, Ben-Zeev E, Günther J, Köllner TG, Tzin V, Seifan M. Phylogeny and abiotic conditions shape the diel floral emission patterns of desert Brassicaceae species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2656-2671. [PMID: 33715174 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A key facet of floral scent is diel fluctuations in emission, often studied in the context of plant-pollinator interactions, while contributions of environment and phylogeny remain overlooked. Here, we ask if these factors are involved in shaping temporal variations in scent emission. To that end, we coupled light/dark floral emission measurements of 17 desert Brassicaceae species with environmental and phylogenetic data to explore the individual/combined impacts of these predictors on diel emission patterns. We further investigated these patterns by conducting high-resolution emission measurements in a subset of genetically distant species with contrasting temporal dynamics. While diel shifts in magnitude and richness of emission were strongly affected by genetic relatedness, they also reflect the environmental conditions under which the species grow. Specifically, light/dark emission ratios were negatively affected by an increase in winter temperatures, known to impact both plant physiology and insect locomotion, and sandy soil fractions, previously shown to exert stress that tempers with diel metabolic rhythms. Additionally, the biosynthetic origins of the compounds were associated with their corresponding production patterns, possibly to maximize emission efficacy. Using a multidisciplinary chemical/ecological approach, we uncover and differentiate the main factors shaping floral scent diel fluctuations, highlighting their consequences under changing global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Cna'ani
- Jacob Blaustein Center for Scientific Cooperation, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Midreshet Ban-Gurion, Israel
| | - Efrat Dener
- The Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Midreshet Ban-Gurion, Israel
| | - Efrat Ben-Zeev
- Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, The Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jan Günther
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Section of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Vered Tzin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Midreshet Ban-Gurion, Israel
| | - Merav Seifan
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer campus, Midreshet Ban-Gurion, Israel
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6
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Perez-Sanz F, Ruiz-Hernández V, Terry MI, Arce-Gallego S, Weiss J, Navarro PJ, Egea-Cortines M. gcProfileMakeR: An R Package for Automatic Classification of Constitutive and Non-Constitutive Metabolites. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11040211. [PMID: 33807334 PMCID: PMC8065537 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11040211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomes comprise constitutive and non-constitutive metabolites produced due to physiological, genetic or environmental effects. However, finding constitutive metabolites and non-constitutive metabolites in large datasets is technically challenging. We developed gcProfileMakeR, an R package using standard Excel output files from an Agilent Chemstation GC-MS for automatic data analysis using CAS numbers. gcProfileMakeR has two filters for data preprocessing removing contaminants and low-quality peaks. The first function NormalizeWithinFiles, samples assigning retention times to CAS. The second function NormalizeBetweenFiles, reaches a consensus between files where compounds in close retention times are grouped together. The third function getGroups, establishes what is considered as Constitutive Profile, Non-constitutive by Frequency i.e., not present in all samples and Non-constitutive by Quality. Results can be plotted with the plotGroup function. We used it to analyse floral scent emissions in four snapdragon genotypes. These included a wild type, Deficiens nicotianoides and compacta affecting floral identity and RNAi:AmLHY targeting a circadian clock gene. We identified differences in scent constitutive and non-constitutive profiles as well as in timing of emission. gcProfileMakeR is a very useful tool to define constitutive and non-constitutive scent profiles. It also allows to analyse genotypes and circadian datasets to identify differing metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Perez-Sanz
- Instituto Murciano de Investigaciones Biomédicas El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain;
| | | | - Marta I. Terry
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (M.I.T.); (J.W.)
| | | | - Julia Weiss
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (M.I.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Pedro J. Navarro
- DSIE Cuartel de Antiguones, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain;
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (M.I.T.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868071078
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Terry MI, Ruiz-Hernández V, Águila DJ, Weiss J, Egea-Cortines M. The Effect of Post-harvest Conditions in Narcissus sp. Cut Flowers Scent Profile. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:540821. [PMID: 33488635 PMCID: PMC7817618 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.540821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Narcissus flowers are used as cut flowers and to obtain high quality essential oils for the perfume industry. As a winter crop in the Mediterranean area, it flowers at temperatures ranging between 10 and 15°C during the day and 3-10°C during the night. Here we tested the impact of different light and temperature conditions on scent quality during post-harvest. These two types of thermoperiod and photoperiod. We also used constant darkness and constant temperatures. We found that under conditions of 12:12 Light Dark and 15-5°C, Narcissus emitted monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids. Increasing the temperature to 20°-10°C in a 12:12 LD cycle caused the loss of cinnamyl acetate and emission of indole. Under constant dark, there was a loss of scent complexity. Constant temperatures of 20°C caused a decrease of scent complexity that was more dramatic at 5°C, when the total number of compounds emitted decreased from thirteen to six. Distance analysis confirmed that 20°C constant temperature causes the most divergent scent profile. We found a set of four volatiles, benzyl acetate, eucalyptol, linalool, and ocimene that display a robust production under differing environmental conditions, while others were consistently dependent on light or thermoperiod. Scent emission changed significantly during the day and between different light and temperature treatments. Under a light:dark cycle and 15-5°C the maximum was detected during the light phase but this peak shifted toward night under 20-10°C. Moreover, under constant darkness the peak occurred at midnight and under constant temperature, at the end of night. Using Machine Learning we found that indole was the volatile with a highest ranking of discrimination followed by D-limonene. Our results indicate that light and temperature regimes play a critical role in scent quality. The richest scent profile is obtained by keeping flowers at 15°-5°C thermoperiod and a 12:12 Light Dark photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta I. Terry
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | | | - Diego J. Águila
- Las Cabezuelas Sociedad Cooperativa, Alhama de Murcia, Spain
| | - Julia Weiss
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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8
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Riffell JA. The neuroecology of insect-plant interactions: the importance of physiological state and sensory integration. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 42:118-124. [PMID: 33127509 PMCID: PMC7749044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural behaviorally important stimuli are combinations of cues that are integrated by the nervous system to elicit behavior. Nonetheless, these cues dynamically change in time and space. In turn, the animal's internal state can cause changes in the encoding and representation of these stimuli. Despite abundant behavioral examples, links between the neural bases of sensory integration and the internal state-dependency of these responses remains an active study area. Recent studies in different insect models have provided new insights into how plasticity and the insect's internal state may influence odor representation. These studies show that complex stimuli are represented in unique percepts that are different from their sensory channels and that the representations may be modulated by physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Riffell
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA 98195-1800, United States.
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9
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Plant Volatile Organic Compounds Evolution: Transcriptional Regulation, Epigenetics and Polyploidy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238956. [PMID: 33255749 PMCID: PMC7728353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted by plants as a consequence of their interaction with biotic and abiotic factors, and have a very important role in plant evolution. Floral VOCs are often involved in defense and pollinator attraction. These interactions often change rapidly over time, so a quick response to those changes is required. Epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, which regulate both genes and transcription factors, might trigger adaptive responses to these evolutionary pressures as well as regulating the rhythmic emission of VOCs through circadian clock regulation. In addition, transgenerational epigenetic effects and whole genome polyploidy could modify the generation of VOCs’ profiles of offspring, contributing to long-term evolutionary shifts. In this article, we review the available knowledge about the mechanisms that may act as epigenetic regulators of the main VOC biosynthetic pathways, and their importance in plant evolution.
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10
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Brandoli C, Petri C, Egea-Cortines M, Weiss J. Gigantea: Uncovering New Functions in Flower Development. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101142. [PMID: 32998354 PMCID: PMC7600796 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GIGANTEA (GI) is a gene involved in multiple biological functions, which have been analysed and are partially conserved in a series of mono- and dicotyledonous plant species. The identified biological functions include control over the circadian rhythm, light signalling, cold tolerance, hormone signalling and photoperiodic flowering. The latter function is a central role of GI, as it involves a multitude of pathways, both dependent and independent of the gene CONSTANS(CO), as well as on the basis of interaction with miRNA. The complexity of the gene function of GI increases due to the existence of paralogs showing changes in genome structure as well as incidences of sub- and neofunctionalization. We present an updated report of the biological function of GI, integrating late insights into its role in floral initiation, flower development and volatile flower production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Brandoli
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (C.B.); (M.E.-C.)
| | - Cesar Petri
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea-UMA-CSIC, Departamento de Fruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, 29750 Algarrobo-costa, Málaga, Spain;
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (C.B.); (M.E.-C.)
| | - Julia Weiss
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (C.B.); (M.E.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868-071-078
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11
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Borghi M, Fernie AR. Outstanding questions in flower metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1275-1288. [PMID: 32410253 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The great diversity of flowers, their color, odor, taste, and shape, is mostly a result of the metabolic processes that occur in this reproductive organ when the flower and its tissues develop, grow, and finally die. Some of these metabolites serve to advertise flowers to animal pollinators, other confer protection towards abiotic stresses, and a large proportion of the molecules of the central metabolic pathways have bioenergetic and signaling functions that support growth and the transition to fruits and seeds. Although recent studies have advanced our general understanding of flower metabolism, several questions still await an answer. Here, we have compiled a list of open questions on flower metabolism encompassing molecular aspects, as well as topics of relevance for agriculture and the ecosystem. These questions include the study of flower metabolism through development, the biochemistry of nectar and its relevance to promoting plant-pollinator interaction, recycling of metabolic resources after flowers whiter and die, as well as the manipulation of flower metabolism by pathogens. We hope with this review to stimulate discussion on the topic of flower metabolism and set a reference point to return to in the future when assessing progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borghi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
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12
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Brandoli C, Petri C, Egea-Cortines M, Weiss J. The clock gene Gigantea 1 from Petunia hybrida coordinates vegetative growth and inflorescence architecture. Sci Rep 2020; 10:275. [PMID: 31937847 PMCID: PMC6959227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene GIGANTEA (GI) appeared early in land plants. It is a single copy gene in most plants and is found in two to three copies in Solanaceae. We analyzed the silencing of one GI copy, Petunia hybrida GI1 (PhGI1), by hairpin RNAs in Petunia in order to gain knowledge about its range of functions. Decreased transcript levels of PhGI1 were accompanied also by a reduction of PhGI2. They were further associated with increased time period between two consecutive peaks for PhGI1 and CHANEL (PhCHL), the orthologue of the blue light receptor gene ZEITLUPE (ZTL), confirming its role in maintaining circadian rhythmicity. Silenced plants were bigger with modified internode length and increased leaf size while flowering time was not altered. We uncovered a new function for PhGI1 as silenced plants showed reduction of flower bud number and the appearance of two flower buds in the bifurcation point, were normally one flower bud and the inflorescence meristem separate. Furthermore, one of the flower buds consistently showed premature flower abortion. Flowers that developed fully were significantly smaller as a result of decreased cell size. Even so the circadian pattern of volatile emission was unchanged in the silenced lines, flowers emitted 20% less volatiles on fresh weight basis over 24 hours and showed changes in the scent profile. Our results indicate a novel role of PhGI1 in the development of reproductive organs in Petunia. PhGI1 therefore represses growth in vegetative plant parts, maintains the typical cymose inflorescence structure, and inhibits premature flower abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Brandoli
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202, Cartagena, Spain
| | - César Petri
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea-UMA-CSIC, Departamento de Fruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, 29750, Algarrobo-costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Julia Weiss
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202, Cartagena, Spain.
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A Proposed Methodology to Analyze Plant Growth and Movement from Phenomics Data. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11232839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Image analysis of developmental processes in plants reveals both growth and organ movement. This study proposes a methodology to study growth and movement. It includes the standard acquisition of internal and external reference points and coordinates, coordinates transformation, curve fitting and the corresponding statistical analysis. Several species with different growth habits were used including Antirrhinum majus, A. linkianum, Petunia x hybrida and Fragaria x ananassa. Complex growth patterns, including gated growth, could be identified using a generalized additive model. Movement, and in some cases, growth, could not be adjusted to curves due to drastic changes in position. The area under the curve was useful in order to identify the initial stage of growth of an organ, and its growth rate. Organs displayed either continuous movements during the day with gated day/night periods of maxima, or sharp changes in position coinciding with day/night shifts. The movement was dependent on light in petunia and independent in F. ananassa. Petunia showed organ movement in both growing and fully-grown organs, while A. majus and F. ananassa showed both leaf and flower movement patterns linked to growth. The results indicate that different mathematical fits may help quantify growth rate, growth duration and gating. While organ movement may complicate image and data analysis, it may be a surrogate method to determine organ growth potential.
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Transcriptional Structure of Petunia Clock in Leaves and Petals. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110860. [PMID: 31671570 PMCID: PMC6895785 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant circadian clock coordinates environmental signals with internal processes including secondary metabolism, growth, flowering, and volatile emission. Plant tissues are specialized in different functions, and petals conceal the sexual organs while attracting pollinators. Here we analyzed the transcriptional structure of the petunia (Petunia x hybrida) circadian clock in leaves and petals. We recorded the expression of 13 clock genes in petunia under light:dark (LD) and constant darkness (DD). Under light:dark conditions, clock genes reached maximum expression during the light phase in leaves and the dark period in petals. Under free running conditions of constant darkness, maximum expression was delayed, especially in petals. Interestingly, the rhythmic expression pattern of PhLHY persisted in leaves and petals in LD and DD. Gene expression variability differed among leaves and petals, time of day and photoperiod. The transcriptional noise was higher especially in leaves under constant darkness. We found that PhPRR7, PhPRR5, and PhGI paralogs showed changes in gene structure including exon number and deletions of CCT domain of the PRR family. Our results revealed that petunia petals presented a specialized clock.
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Terry MI, Pérez-Sanz F, Navarro PJ, Weiss J, Egea-Cortines M. The Snapdragon LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL Plays A Dual Role in Activating Floral Growth and Scent Emission. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080920. [PMID: 31426490 PMCID: PMC6721690 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant circadian clock controls a large number of internal processes, including growth and metabolism. Scent emission displays a circadian pattern in many species such as the snapdragon. Here we show that knocking down LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL in Antirrhinum majus affects growth and scent emission. In order to gain an understanding of the growth kinetics, we took a phenomic approach using in-house artificial vision systems, obtaining time-lapse videos. Wild type flowers showed a higher growth speed than knockdown plants. The maximal growth rate was decreased by 22% in plants with lower LHY expression. Floral volatiles were differentially affected as RNAi plants showed advanced emission of compounds synthesized from cinnamic acid and delayed emission of metabolites of benzoic acid. The monoterpenes myrcene and ocimene were delayed, whereas the sesquiterpene farnesene was advanced. Overall, transgenic lines showed an altered volatile emission pattern and displayed a modified scent profile. Our results show that AmLHY plays an important role in the quantitative and qualitative control of floral growth and scent emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta I Terry
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Fernando Pérez-Sanz
- Biomedical Informatic and Bioinformatic Platform, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, University Clinical Hospital 'Virgen de la Arrixaca', University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro J Navarro
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Telecomunicación (DSIE), Campus Muralla del Mar, s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Julia Weiss
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Genética Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Edificio I+D+I, Plaza del Hospital s/n, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain.
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