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da Silva NS, Lombardi J, Kirchhoff F, Ferreira RS, Barraviera B, de Oliveira ALR, Cartarozzi LP. Effects of local and systemic treatment with human natural killer-1 mimetic peptide (HNK-1) after ventral root avulsion and reimplantation in mice. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2024; 30:e20230065. [PMID: 38770186 PMCID: PMC11105159 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal ventral root injuries generate significant motoneuron degeneration, which hinders full functional recovery. The poor prognosis of functional recovery can be attributed to the use or combination of different therapeutic approaches. Several molecules have been screened as potential treatments in combination with surgical reimplantation of the avulsed roots, the gold standard approach for such injuries. Among the studied molecules, human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) stands out as it is related to the stimulation of motor axon outgrowth. Therefore, we aimed to comparatively investigate the effects of local administration of an HNK-1 mimetic peptide (mp-HNK-1) and systemic treatment with ursolic acid (UA), another HNK-1 mimetic, after ventral root avulsion and reimplantation with heterologous fibrin biopolymer (HFB). Methods Female mice of the isogenic strain C57BL/6JUnib were divided into five experimental groups: Avulsion, Reimplantation, mp-HNK-1 (in situ), and UA (systemic treatment). Mice were evaluated 2 and 12 weeks after surgery. Functional assessment was performed every four days using the Catwalk platform. Neuronal survival was analyzed by cytochemistry, and glial reactions and synaptic coverage were evaluated by immunofluorescence. Results Treatment with UA elicited long-term neuroprotection, accompanied by a decrease in microglial reactions, and reactive astrogliosis. The neuroprotective effects of UA were preceded by increased glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs in the ventral spinal cord two weeks after injury. However, a single application of mp-HNK-1 had no significant effects. Functional analysis showed that UA treatment led to an improvement in motor and sensory recovery. Conclusion Overall, the results indicate that UA is neuroprotective, acting on glial cells and synaptic maintenance, and the combination of these findings led to a better functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Scanavachia da Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia Lombardi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
- Center for Gender-specific Biology and Medicine (CGBM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Politti Cartarozzi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Lima BHM, Cartarozzi LP, Kyrylenko S, Ferreira RS, Barraviera B, Oliveira ALR. Embryonic stem cells overexpressing high molecular weight FGF2 isoform enhance recovery of pre-ganglionic spinal root lesion in combination with fibrin biopolymer mediated root repair. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:63. [PMID: 38438875 PMCID: PMC10913678 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal ventral root avulsion results in massive motoneuron degeneration with poor prognosis and high costs. In this study, we compared different isoforms of basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), overexpressed in stably transfected Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), following motor root avulsion and repair with a heterologous fibrin biopolymer (HFB). METHODS In the present work, hESCs bioengineered to overexpress 18, 23, and 31 kD isoforms of FGF2, were used in combination with reimplantation of the avulsed roots using HFB. Statistical analysis was conducted using GraphPad Prism software with one-way or two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's or Dunnett's multiple comparison tests. Significance was set at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001. RESULTS For the first set of experiments, rats underwent avulsion of the ventral roots with local administration of HFB and engraftment of hESCs expressing the above-mentioned FGF2 isoforms. Analysis of motoneuron survival, glial reaction, and synaptic coverage, two weeks after the lesion, indicated that therapy with hESCs overexpressing 31 kD FGF2 was the most effective. Consequently, the second set of experiments was performed with that isoform, so that ventral root avulsion was followed by direct spinal cord reimplantation. Motoneuron survival, glial reaction, synaptic coverage, and gene expression were analyzed 2 weeks post-lesion; while the functional recovery was evaluated by the walking track test and von Frey test for 12 weeks. We showed that engraftment of hESCs led to significant neuroprotection, coupled with immunomodulation, attenuation of astrogliosis, and preservation of inputs to the rescued motoneurons. Behaviorally, the 31 kD FGF2 - hESC therapy enhanced both motor and sensory recovery. CONCLUSION Transgenic hESCs were an effective delivery platform for neurotrophic factors, rescuing axotomized motoneurons and modulating glial response after proximal spinal cord root injury, while the 31 kD isoform of FGF2 showed superior regenerative properties over other isoforms in addition to the significant functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H M Lima
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - L P Cartarozzi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - S Kyrylenko
- Biomedical Research Center, Medical Institute of Sumy State University, Sumy, 40018, Ukraine
| | - R S Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18610-307, SP, Brazil
| | - B Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18610-307, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L R Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil.
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Tomiyama ALMR, Cartarozzi LP, de Oliveira Coser L, Chiarotto GB, Oliveira ALR. Neuroprotection by upregulation of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) in SOD1 G93A mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1211486. [PMID: 37711512 PMCID: PMC10498468 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1211486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that progressively affects motoneurons, causing muscle atrophy and evolving to death. Astrocytes inhibit the expression of MHC-I by neurons, contributing to a degenerative outcome. The present study verified the influence of interferon β (IFN β) treatment, a proinflammatory cytokine that upregulates MHC-I expression, in SOD1G93A transgenic mice. For that, 17 days old presymptomatic female mice were subjected to subcutaneous application of IFN β (250, 1,000, and 10,000 IU) every other day for 20 days. Rotarod motor test, clinical score, and body weight assessment were conducted every third day throughout the treatment period. No significant intergroup variations were observed in such parameters during the pre-symptomatic phase. All mice were then euthanized, and the spinal cords collected for comparative analysis of motoneuron survival, reactive gliosis, synapse coverage, microglia morphology classification, cytokine analysis by flow cytometry, and RT-qPCR quantification of gene transcripts. Additionally, mice underwent Rotarod motor assessment, weight monitoring, and neurological scoring. The results show that IFN β treatment led to an increase in the expression of MHC-I, which, even at the lowest dose (250 IU), resulted in a significant increase in neuronal survival in the ALS presymptomatic period which lasted until the onset of the disease. The treatment also influenced synaptic preservation by decreasing excitatory inputs and upregulating the expression of AMPA receptors by astrocytes. Microglial reactivity quantified by the integrated density of pixels did not decrease with treatment but showed a less activated morphology, coupled with polarization to an M1 profile. Disease progression upregulated gene transcripts for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and IFN β treatment significantly decreased mRNA expression for IL4. Overall, the present results demonstrate that a low dosage of IFN β shows therapeutic potential by increasing MHC-I expression, resulting in neuroprotection and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alexandre L. R. Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology—University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Thompson D, Odufuwa AE, Brissette CA, Watt JA. Transcriptome and methylome of the supraoptic nucleus provides insights into the age-dependent loss of neuronal plasticity. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1223273. [PMID: 37711995 PMCID: PMC10498476 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1223273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The age-dependent loss of neuronal plasticity is a well-known phenomenon that is poorly understood. The loss of this capacity for axonal regeneration is emphasized following traumatic brain injury, which is a major cause of disability and death among adults in the US. We have previously shown the intrinsic capacity of magnocellular neurons within the supraoptic nucleus to undergo axonal regeneration following unilateral axotomization in an age-dependent manner. The aim of this research was to determine the age-dependent molecular mechanisms that may underlie this phenomenon. As such, we characterized the transcriptome and DNA methylome of the supraoptic nucleus in uninjured 35-day old rats and 125-day old rats. Our data indicates the downregulation of a large number of axonogenesis related transcripts in 125-day old rats compared to 35-day old rats. Specifically, several semaphorin and ephrin genes were downregulated, as well as growth factors including FGF's, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Differential methylation analysis indicates enrichment of biological processes involved in axonogenesis and axon guidance. Conversely, we observed a robust and specific upregulation of MHCI related transcripts. This may involve the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor complex as motif analysis of differentially methylated regions indicate enrichment of AP-1 binding sites in hypomethylated regions. Together, our data suggests a loss of pro-regenerative capabilities with age which would prevent axonal growth and appropriate innervation following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John A. Watt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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Lazarczyk MJ, Eyford BA, Varghese M, Arora H, Munro L, Warda T, Pfeifer CG, Sowa A, Dickstein DR, Rumbell T, Jefferies WA, Dickstein DL. The intracellular domain of major histocompatibility class-I proteins is essential for maintaining excitatory spine density and synaptic ultrastructure in the brain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6448. [PMID: 37081001 PMCID: PMC10119172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) proteins are expressed in neurons, where they regulate synaptic plasticity. However, the mechanisms by which MHC-I functions in the CNS remains unknown. Here we describe the first structural analysis of a MHC-I protein, to resolve underlying mechanisms that explains its function in the brain. We demonstrate that Y321F mutation of the conserved cytoplasmic tyrosine-based endocytosis motif YXXΦ in MHC-I affects spine density and synaptic structure without affecting neuronal complexity in the hippocampus, a region of the brain intimately involved in learning and memory. Furthermore, the impact of the Y321F substitution phenocopies MHC-I knock-out (null) animals, demonstrating that reverse, outside-in signalling events sensing the external environment is the major mechanism that conveys this information to the neuron and this has a previously undescribed yet essential role in the regulation of synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej J Lazarczyk
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Medical Direction and Quality, Division of Institutional Measures, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brett A Eyford
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Merina Varghese
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Hitesh Arora
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lonna Munro
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2370 - 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, 1364 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tahia Warda
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Cheryl G Pfeifer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2370 - 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, 1364 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Allison Sowa
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Daniel R Dickstein
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Timothy Rumbell
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Wilfred A Jefferies
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Robert H.N. Ho Research Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 1365 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2370 - 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, 1364 - 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Dara L Dickstein
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA.
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Zhang Q, Yu B, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Yang S, Chen Y, Wu H. Combination of single-cell and bulk RNA seq reveals the immune infiltration landscape and targeted therapeutic drugs in spinal cord injury. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1068359. [PMID: 36742334 PMCID: PMC9894719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1068359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In secondary spinal cord injury (SCI), the immune microenvironment of the injured spinal cord plays an important role in spinal regeneration. Among the immune microenvironment components, macrophages/microglia play a dual role of pro-inflammation and anti-inflammation in the subacute stage of SCI. Therefore, discovering the immune hub genes and targeted therapeutic drugs of macrophages/microglia after SCI has crucial implications in neuroregeneration. This study aimed to identify immune hub genes and targeted therapeutic drugs for the subacute phase of SCI. Methods Bulk RNA sequencing (bulk-RNA seq) datasets (GSE5296 and GSE47681) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) dataset (GSE189070) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. In the bulk RNA-seq, the R package 'limma,' 'WGCNA,' and 'CIBERSORT' were used to jointly screen key immune genes. Subsequently, the R package 'Seurat' and the R package 'celldex' were used to divide and annotate the cell clusters, respectively. After using the Autodock software to dock immune hub genes and drugs that may be combined, the effectiveness of the drug was verified using an in vivo experiment with the T9 SCI mouse model. Results In the bulk-RNA seq, B2m, Itgb5, and Vav1 were identified as immune hub genes. Ten cell clusters were identified in scRNA-seq, and B2m and Itgb5 were mainly located in the microglia, while Vav1 was mainly located in macrophages. Molecular docking results showed that the proteins corresponding to these immune genes could accurately bind to decitabine. In decitabine-treated mice, the pro-inflammatory factor (TNF-α, IL-1β) levels were decreased while anti-inflammatory factor (IL-4, IL-10) levels were increased at 2 weeks post-SCI, and macrophages/microglia transformed from M1 to M2. At 6 weeks post-SCI, the neurological function score and electromyography of the decitabine treatment group were also improved. Conclusion In the subacute phase of SCI, B2m, Itgb5, and Vav1 in macrophages/microglia may be key therapeutic targets to promote nerve regeneration. In addition, low-dose decitabine may promote spinal cord regeneration by regulating the polarization state of macrophages/microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Key laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Beibei Yu
- Department of Neurourgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhang
- Department of Neurourgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunze Tian
- Department of Neurourgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shijie Yang
- Department of Neurourgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haining Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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The Time Course of MHC-I Expression in C57BL/6J and A/J Mice Correlates with the Degree of Retrograde Gliosis in the Spinal Cord following Sciatic Nerve Crush. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233710. [PMID: 36496969 PMCID: PMC9740909 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic role of the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) reflects the close association between the nervous and immune systems. In turn, MHC-I upregulation postinjury is associated with a better regenerative outcome in isogenic mice following peripheral nerve damage. In the present work, we compared the time course of neuronal, glial, and sensorimotor recovery (1, 3, 5, 7, and 28 days after lesion—dal) following unilateral sciatic nerve crush in A/J and C57BL/6J mice. The A/J strain showed higher expression of MHC-I (7 dal, ** p < 0.01), Iba-1 (microglial reaction, 7 dal, *** p < 0.001), and GFAP (astrogliosis, 5 dal, * p < 0.05) than the C57BL/6J counterpart. Synaptic coverage (synaptophysin) was equivalent in both strains over time. In addition, mRNA expression of microdissected spinal motoneurons revealed an increase in cytoskeleton-associated molecules (cofilin, shp2, and crmp2, * p < 0.05), but not trkB, in C57BL/6J mice. Gait recovery, studied by the sciatic functional index, was faster in the A/J strain, despite the equivalent results of C57BL/6J at 28 days after injury. A similar recovery was also seen for the nociceptive threshold (von Frey test). Interestingly, when evaluating proprioceptive recovery, C57BL/6J animals showed an enlarged base of support, indicating abnormal ambulation postinjury. Overall, the present results reinforce the role of MHC-I expression in the plasticity of the nervous system following axotomy, which in turn correlates with the variable recovery capacity among strains of mice.
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Interferon-beta induces major histocompatibility complex of class I (MHC-I) expression and a proinflammatory phenotype in cultivated human astrocytes. Differentiation 2022; 128:43-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cartarozzi LP, Perez M, Fernandes GG, Chiarotto GB, Luzo ÂCM, Campos AC, Kirchhoff F, de Oliveira ALR. Neuroprotection and gliosis attenuation by intravenous application of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) following ventral root crush in mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 118:103694. [PMID: 34954382 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rupture and stretching of spinal roots are common incidents that take place in high-energy accidents. The proximal axotomy of motoneurons by crushing of ventral roots is directly related to the degeneration of half of the lesioned population within the first two weeks. Moreover, only a small percentage of surviving motoneurons can successfully achieve regeneration after such a proximal lesion, and new treatments are necessary to improve this scenario. In this sense, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are of great interest once they secrete a broad spectrum of bioactive molecules that are immunomodulatory and can restore the environment after a lesion. The present work aimed at studying the effects of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) therapy after ventral root crush (VRC) in mice. We evaluated motoneuron survival, glial reaction, and synapse preservation at the ventral horn. For this purpose, C57BL/6 J were submitted to a crush procedure of L4 to L6 ventral roots and treated with a single intravenous injection of adipose-derived hMSC. Evaluation of the results was carried out at 7, 14, and 28 days after injury. Analysis of motoneuron survival and astrogliosis showed that hMSC treatment resulted in higher motoneuron preservation (motoneuron survival ipsi/contralateral ratio: VRC group = 53%, VRC + hMSC group = 66%; p < 0.01), combined with reduction of astrogliosis (ipsi/contralateral GFAP immunolabeling: VRC group = 470%, VRC + hMSC group = 250%; p < 0.001). The morphological classification and Sholl analysis of microglial activation revealed that hMSC treatment reduced type V and increased type II profiles, indicating an enhancement of surveying over activated microglial cells. The glial reactivity modulation directly influenced synaptic inputs in apposition to axotomized motoneurons. In the hMSC-treated group, synaptic maintenance was increased (ipsi/contralateral synaptophysin immunolabeling: VRC group = 53%, VRC + hMSC group = 64%; p < 0.05). Overall, the present data show that intravenous injection of hMSC has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, decreasing reactive astrogliosis, and microglial reaction. Also, such cell therapy results in motoneuron preservation, combined with significant maintenance of spinal cord circuits, in particular those related to the ventral horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Politti Cartarozzi
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Cidade Universitaria "Zeferino Vaz", Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus Perez
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-907 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Gripp Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-907 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Bortolança Chiarotto
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Cidade Universitaria "Zeferino Vaz", Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ângela Cristina Malgeiros Luzo
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas/Hemocentro-Unicamp, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alline Cristina Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-907 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Building 48, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Cidade Universitaria "Zeferino Vaz", Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Perez Gomez AA, Karmakar M, Carroll RJ, Lawley KS, Amstalden K, Young CR, Threadgill DW, Welsh CJ, Brinkmeyer-Langford C. Genetic and immunological contributors to virus-induced paralysis. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100395. [PMID: 34917987 PMCID: PMC8645428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by a single virus can evoke diverse immune responses, resulting in different neurological outcomes, depending on the host's genetic background. To study heterogenous viral response, we use Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) to model virally induced neurological phenotypes and immune responses in Collaborative Cross (CC) mice. The CC resource consists of genetically distinct and reproducible mouse lines, thus providing a population model with genetic heterogeneity similar to humans. We examined different CC strains for the effect of chronic stage TMEV-induced immune responses on neurological outcomes throughout 90 days post infection (dpi), with a particular focus on limb paralysis, by measuring serum levels of 23 different cytokines and chemokines. Each CC strain demonstrated a unique set of immune responses, regardless of presence or absence of TMEV RNA. Using stepwise regression, significant associations were identified between IL-1α, RANTES, and paralysis frequency scores. To better understand these interactions, we evaluated multiple aspects of the different CC genetic backgrounds, including haplotypes of genomic regions previously linked with TMEV pathogenesis and viral clearance or persistence, individual cytokine levels, and TMEV-relevant gene expression. These results demonstrate how loci previously associated with TMEV outcomes provide incomplete information regarding TMEV-induced paralysis in the CC strains. Overall, these findings provide insight into the complex roles of immune response in the pathogenesis of virus-associated neurological diseases influenced by host genetic background.
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Key Words
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, (ALS)
- Chromosome, (Chr)
- Chronic infection
- Collaborative Cross, (CC)
- Collaborative cross
- Cytokine
- Epstein-Barr Virus, (EBV)
- Host response
- IL-1 α
- Multiple Sclerosis, (MS)
- Paralysis
- Parkinson's disease, (PD)
- RANTES
- TMEV
- Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, (TMEV)
- Viral infection
- blood brain barrier, (BBB)
- central nervous system, (CNS)
- days post infection, (dpi)
- experimental autoimmune encephalitis, (EAE)
- intraperitoneal, (IP)
- phosphate buffered saline, (PBS)
- plaque-forming units, (PFU)
- receptor for IL-1 α, (Il1r1)
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Affiliation(s)
- Aracely A. Perez Gomez
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Corresponding author. Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Moumita Karmakar
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Raymond J. Carroll
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Koedi S. Lawley
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Katia Amstalden
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Colin R. Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - David W. Threadgill
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - C. Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Candice Brinkmeyer-Langford
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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11
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Gaja-Capdevila N, Hernández N, Zamanillo D, Vela JM, Merlos M, Navarro X, Herrando-Grabulosa M. Neuroprotective Effects of Sigma 1 Receptor Ligands on Motoneuron Death after Spinal Root Injury in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6956. [PMID: 34203381 PMCID: PMC8269081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of motor neurons (MNs) after spinal root injury is a drawback limiting the recovery after palliative surgery by nerve or muscle transfers. Research based on preventing MN death is a hallmark to improve the perspectives of recovery following severe nerve injuries. Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) is a protein highly expressed in MNs, proposed as neuroprotective target for ameliorating MN degenerative conditions. Here, we used a model of L4-L5 rhizotomy in adult mice to induce MN degeneration and to evaluate the neuroprotective role of Sig-1R ligands (PRE-084, SA4503 and BD1063). Lumbar spinal cord was collected at 7, 14, 28 and 42 days post-injury (dpi) for immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. This proximal axotomy at the immediate postganglionic level resulted in significant death, up to 40% of spinal MNs at 42 days after injury and showed markedly increased glial reactivity. Sig-1R ligands PRE-084, SA4503 and BD1063 reduced MN loss by about 20%, associated to modulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers IRE1α and XBP1. These pathways are Sig-1R specific since they were not produced in Sig-1R knockout mice. These findings suggest that Sig-1R is a promising target for the treatment of MN cell death after neural injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Gaja-Capdevila
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 01893 Bellaterra, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (N.H.); (X.N.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Neus Hernández
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 01893 Bellaterra, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (N.H.); (X.N.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Zamanillo
- Welab, Parc Científic Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (D.Z.); (J.M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Jose Miguel Vela
- Welab, Parc Científic Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (D.Z.); (J.M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuel Merlos
- Welab, Parc Científic Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (D.Z.); (J.M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 01893 Bellaterra, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (N.H.); (X.N.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Institut Guttmann Hospital de Neurorehabilitació, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Mireia Herrando-Grabulosa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 01893 Bellaterra, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (N.H.); (X.N.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Rodríguez-Sánchez DN, Pinto GBA, Cartarozzi LP, de Oliveira ALR, Bovolato ALC, de Carvalho M, da Silva JVL, Dernowsek JDA, Golim M, Barraviera B, Ferreira RS, Deffune E, Bertanha M, Amorim RM. 3D-printed nerve guidance conduits multi-functionalized with canine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells promote neuroregeneration after sciatic nerve injury in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:303. [PMID: 34051869 PMCID: PMC8164252 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nerve injuries are debilitating, leading to long-term motor deficits. Remyelination and axonal growth are supported and enhanced by growth factor and cytokines. Combination of nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) with adipose-tissue-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (AdMSCs) has been performing promising strategy for nerve regeneration. Methods 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL)-NGCs were fabricated. Wistar rats subjected to critical sciatic nerve damage (12-mm gap) were divided into sham, autograft, PCL (empty NGC), and PCL + MSCs (NGC multi-functionalized with 106 canine AdMSCs embedded in heterologous fibrin biopolymer) groups. In vitro, the cells were characterized and directly stimulated with interferon-gamma to evaluate their neuroregeneration potential. In vivo, the sciatic and tibial functional indices were evaluated for 12 weeks. Gait analysis and nerve conduction velocity were analyzed after 8 and 12 weeks. Morphometric analysis was performed after 8 and 12 weeks following lesion development. Real-time PCR was performed to evaluate the neurotrophic factors BDNF, GDNF, and HGF, and the cytokine and IL-10. Immunohistochemical analysis for the p75NTR neurotrophic receptor, S100, and neurofilament was performed with the sciatic nerve. Results The inflammatory environment in vitro have increased the expression of neurotrophins BDNF, GDNF, HGF, and IL-10 in canine AdMSCs. Nerve guidance conduits multi-functionalized with canine AdMSCs embedded in HFB improved functional motor and electrophysiological recovery compared with PCL group after 12 weeks. However, the results were not significantly different than those obtained using autografts. These findings were associated with a shift in the regeneration process towards the formation of myelinated fibers. Increased immunostaining of BDNF, GDNF, and growth factor receptor p75NTR was associated with the upregulation of BDNF, GDNF, and HGF in the spinal cord of the PCL + MSCs group. A trend demonstrating higher reactivity of Schwann cells and axonal branching in the sciatic nerve was observed, and canine AdMSCs were engrafted at 30 days following repair. Conclusions 3D-printed NGCs multi-functionalized with canine AdMSCs embedded in heterologous fibrin biopolymer as cell scaffold exerted neuroregenerative effects. Our multimodal approach supports the trophic microenvironment, resulting in a pro-regenerative state after critical sciatic nerve injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Noé Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana Boff Araujo Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Politti Cartarozzi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Livia Carvalho Bovolato
- Blood Transfusion Center, Cell Engineering Laboratory, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcio de Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Vicente Lopes da Silva
- Renato Archer Information Technology Center (CTI), Three-dimensional Technologies Research Group, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Janaina de Andréa Dernowsek
- Renato Archer Information Technology Center (CTI), Three-dimensional Technologies Research Group, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marjorie Golim
- Hemocenter division of Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Elenice Deffune
- Blood Transfusion Center, Cell Engineering Laboratory, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Mathues Bertanha
- Blood Transfusion Center, Cell Engineering Laboratory, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rogério Martins Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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13
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Carvalho NZM, Chiarotto GB, Bernardes D, Kempe PRG, Oliveira ALR. Neuroprotection by dimethyl fumarate following ventral root crush in C57BL/6J mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:184-197. [PMID: 32866558 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CNS lesions usually result in permanent loss of function and are an important problem in the medical field. In order to investigate neuroprotection/degeneration mechanisms and the synaptic plasticity of motoneurons, in addition to the potential for a variety of treatments, different experimental models of axonal injury have been proposed. Recent studies have tested the immunomodulatory drug dimethyl fumarate (DMF) for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and have shown promising outcomes. Therefore, in this work, we investigated the effects of DMF with regard to neuroprotection and its influence on the glial response in C57BL/6J animals subjected to crushing of the motor roots in the lumbar intumescence of the spinal cord. The animals were divided into a vehicle-treated injury group (0.08 % methylcellulose solution control group, n = 7) and injured groups treated with DMF at different doses (15, 30, 45, 90 and 180 mg/kg; n = 6-7 per dose). The 90 mg/kg dose showed the best neuroprotective results, so it was used for treatment over a period of eight weeks. Neuronal survival was assessed through Nissl staining, and functional recovery was evaluated with the CatWalk system (walking track test) and the von Frey test (mechanoreception). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess synaptic coverage and astroglial and microglial reactivity using the primary antibodies anti-synaptophysin (pre-synaptic terminal pan marker), GAD65 (GABAergic pre-synaptic terminations - inhibitory), and VGLUT1 (glutamatergic pre-synaptic terminations - excitatory). Glial reactions were evaluated with anti-IBA1 (microglia) and GFAP (astrocytes). Gene transcript levels of IL-3, IL-4, TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, iNOS-M1, and arginase-M2 were quantified by RT-qPCR. The results indicated that treatment with DMF, at a dose of 90 mg/kg, promoted neuroprotection and immunomodulation towards an anti-inflammatory response. It also resulted in greater preservation of inhibitory synapses and reduced astroglial reactivity, providing a more favorable environment for sensorimotor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Bortolança Chiarotto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation, Post Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Bernardes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation, Post Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Brazil.
| | - Paula Regina Gelinski Kempe
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Leite Rodrigues Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP. 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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14
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Alvarez FJ, Rotterman TM, Akhter ET, Lane AR, English AW, Cope TC. Synaptic Plasticity on Motoneurons After Axotomy: A Necessary Change in Paradigm. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:68. [PMID: 32425754 PMCID: PMC7203341 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motoneurons axotomized by peripheral nerve injuries experience profound changes in their synaptic inputs that are associated with a neuroinflammatory response that includes local microglia and astrocytes. This reaction is conserved across different types of motoneurons, injuries, and species, but also displays many unique features in each particular case. These reactions have been amply studied, but there is still a lack of knowledge on their functional significance and mechanisms. In this review article, we compiled data from many different fields to generate a comprehensive conceptual framework to best interpret past data and spawn new hypotheses and research. We propose that synaptic plasticity around axotomized motoneurons should be divided into two distinct processes. First, a rapid cell-autonomous, microglia-independent shedding of synapses from motoneuron cell bodies and proximal dendrites that is reversible after muscle reinnervation. Second, a slower mechanism that is microglia-dependent and permanently alters spinal cord circuitry by fully eliminating from the ventral horn the axon collaterals of peripherally injured and regenerating sensory Ia afferent proprioceptors. This removes this input from cell bodies and throughout the dendritic tree of axotomized motoneurons as well as from many other spinal neurons, thus reconfiguring ventral horn motor circuitries to function after regeneration without direct sensory feedback from muscle. This process is modulated by injury severity, suggesting a correlation with poor regeneration specificity due to sensory and motor axons targeting errors in the periphery that likely render Ia afferent connectivity in the ventral horn nonadaptive. In contrast, reversible synaptic changes on the cell bodies occur only while motoneurons are regenerating. This cell-autonomous process displays unique features according to motoneuron type and modulation by local microglia and astrocytes and generally results in a transient reduction of fast synaptic activity that is probably replaced by embryonic-like slow GABA depolarizations, proposed to relate to regenerative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Alvarez
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Travis M Rotterman
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Erica T Akhter
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alicia R Lane
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Arthur W English
- Department of Cellular Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Timothy C Cope
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
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15
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Genomic Diversity of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in Health and Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101270. [PMID: 31627481 PMCID: PMC6830316 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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