Improved Antitumor Efficacy of Combined Vaccine Based on the Induced HUVECs and DC-CT26 Against Colorectal Carcinoma

Peptide-Conjugated Vascular Endothelial Extracellular Vesicles Encapsulating Vinorelbine for Lung Cancer Targeted Therapeutics

Lung cancer is one of the major cancer types and poses challenges in its treatment, including lack of specificity and harm to healthy cells. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs) show promise in overcoming these challenges. While conventional NDDSs have drawbacks, such as immune response and capture by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), extracellular vesicles (EVs) present a potential solution. EVs, which are naturally released from cells, can evade the RES without surface modification and with minimal toxicity to healthy cells. This makes them a promising candidate for developing a lung-cancer-targeting drug delivery system. EVs isolated from vascular endothelial cells, such as human umbilical endothelial-cell-derived EVs (HUVEC-EVs), have shown anti-angiogenic activity in a lung cancer mouse model; therefore, in this study, HUVEC-EVs were chosen as a carrier for drug delivery. To achieve lung-cancer-specific targeting, HUVEC-EVs were engineered to be decorated with GE11 peptides (GE11-HUVEC-EVs) via a postinsertional technique to target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that is overexpressed on the surface of lung cancer cells. The GE11-HUVEC-EVs were loaded with vinorelbine (GE11-HUVEC-EVs-Vin), and then characterized and evaluated in in vitro and in vivo lung cancer models. Further, we examined the binding affinity of ABCB1, encoding P-glycoprotein, which plays a crucial role in chemoresistance via the efflux of the drug. Our results indicate that GE11-HUVEC-EVs-Vin effectively showed tumoricidal effects against cell and mouse models of lung cancer.

Dihydroartemisinin inhibits the development of colorectal cancer by GSK-3β/TCF7/MMP9 pathway and synergies with capecitabine

Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) suffer from poor prognosis and lack effective drugs. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has anti-cancer potential but the mechanism remains unclear. We elucidated the effects and mechanism of DHA on CRC development with the aim of providing an effective, low-toxicity drug and a novel strategy for CRC. Herein, proliferation assay, transwell assay, tube formation assay, metastasis models, PDX model and AOM/DSS model were used to reveal the effects of DHA on CRC. The key pathway and target were identified by RNA-seq, ChIP, molecular docking, pull down and dual-luciferase reporter assays. As a result, DHA showed a strong inhibitory effect on the growth, metastasis and angiogenesis of CRC with no obvious toxicity, and the inhibitory effect was similar to that of the clinical drug Capecitabine (Cap). Indeed, DHA directly targeted GSK-3β to inhibit CRC development through the GSK-3β/TCF7/MMP9 pathway. Meaningfully, DHA in combination with Cap enhanced the anti-cancer effect, and alleviated Cap-induced diarrhoea, immunosuppression and inflammation. In conclusion, DHA has the potential to be an effective and low-toxicity drug for the treatment of CRC. Furthermore, DHA in combination with Cap could be a novel therapeutic strategy for CRC with improved efficacy and reduced side effects.

PHGDH promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via Wnt/β-catenin pathway

PURPOSE

Esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC) with a high incidence in China, lacks effective therapeutic targets. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) is a key enzyme in serine biosynthesis. However, the biological role of PHGDH in ESCC has not been revealed.

METHODS

The expression of PHGDH in ESCC was investigated by UALCAN. The relationship between PHGDH expression and its prognostic value was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier and univariate Cox regression. Further, the potential functions of PHGDH involved in ESCC were explored through DAVID database and GSEA software. In addition, the expression of PHGDH was verified in ESCC. Then, the effects of PHGDH knockdown on ESCC were evaluated in vitro and in vivo by cell proliferation, clone formation, cell cycle, apoptosis, tube formation assays and ESCC cells derived xenograft model. In addition, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway which was associated with PHGDH.

RESULTS

Bioinformatics analysis found that PHGDH was highly expressed in ESCC, and meaningfully, patients with high PHGDH expression had a poor prognosis. Moreover, the overexpression of PHGDH was verified in ESCC. Afterwards, PHGDH knockdown inhibited the cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in ESCC cells, and inhibited the angiogenesis of HUVECs induced by ESCC conditioned medium, as well as inhibited the growth of xenograft tumor. Mechanistically, PHGDH knockdown inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in ESCC.

CONCLUSION

High expression of PHGDH predicts a poor prognosis for ESCC. PHGDH knockdown inhibits ESCC progression by suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, indicating that PHGDH might be a potential target for ESCC therapy.

The injuries of spleen and intestinal immune system induced by 2-Gy 60Co -ray whole-body irradiation

PURPOSE

The aim of the present study was to investigate the injuries of spleen and intestinal immune system induced by 2 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ ray in mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 120 Balb/c mice were randomly divided into two groups: blank control (Ctrl) and model (IR). The IR mice were exposed to a single dose of total body irradiation (2 Gy, dose rate: 1 Gy/min) and sacrificed on 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day after irradiation. The indicators including general observations and body weight, the changes in peripheral hemogram, spleen index, histopathology examination and lymphocyte subsets of spleen. As well as the count and subsets of lymphocyte in gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

RESULTS

Compared with the Ctrl group, the body weight, spleen index, peripheral blood cell and splenocyte amounts, intraepithelial lymphocytes number decreased significantly after exposure, accompanied by a notable decreased count of lymphocytes in Peyer's patch and mesenteric lymph nodes. Moreover, ionizing radiation also broke the balance of CD4+/CD8+ and increased the Treg proportion in spleen, which then triggered immune imbalance and immunosuppression. In general, the spleen injuries occurred on 1st day after exposure, worse on 3rd day, and were relieved on 7th day. The intestinal immune injuries were observed on 1st day, and attenuated on 3rd day. On 21st day after exposure, the spleen volume and index have returned to normal, except for the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations. Furthermore, all indicators of gut-associated lymphoid tissue, except for mesenteric lymph nodes lymphocyte count, had returned to normal levels on 21st day.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our data showed the injuries of spleen and intestinal immune system induced by 2 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ ray whole-body irradiation. These findings may provide the bases for further radiation protection in the immunity.

AGT serves as a potential biomarker and drives tumor progression in colorectal carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common aggressive tumors worldwide, and it is necessary to identify candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets in CRC to improve patient outcomes.

METHODS

The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from CRC microarray. Functional enrichment was performed to explore the function of DEGs, and core genes were identified by Cytoscape. Then, the diagnosis and prognosis markers were identified by ROC curve and survival analyses. More importantly, a series of in vitro studies were conducted in CRC cells to explore the function of the selected biomarker. Further, the drug response was performed by Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) and Cancer Therapy Response Portal (CTRP). In addition, the effect of drug on CRC cells was evaluated by functional experiments.

RESULTS

The identified DEGs were mainly associated with the processes relating to tumorigenesis. 25 core genes were selected and angiotensinogen (AGT) was filtered out as a diagnosis and prognosis biomarker. Comprehensive in vitro experiments showed that AGT attributed to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cells, as well as angiogenesis of HUVECs induced by CRC conditional medium. Furthermore, drug response analysis implied that AGT expression was associated with isoliquiritigenins (ISL). Additionally, ISL could suppress the progression of CRC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

AGT is identified as diagnosis and prognosis prediction of CRC. Moreover, AGT attributes to the progression of CRC. Additionally, AGT exhibits fine drug response to ISL, and ISL is also evaluated as potential therapy drug in CRC.

制备人脐静脉内皮细胞和人肺腺癌细胞融合细胞的新方法

Purpose:

Human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) have been proved to be an effective whole-cell vaccine inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. In this study, we fused HUVECs with human lung adenocarcinoma cells A549 s, aiming at preparing lung cancer vaccine to achieve dual effects of anti-tumor angiogenesis and specific immunity to tumor cells.

Methods:

A549 cells were induced by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and 8-azaguanine (8-AG) to get hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) auxotrophic A549 cells. Then Fused HGPRT auxotrophic A549 cells with primary HUVEC cells by combining electrofusion with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Afterward the fusion cells were screened by HAT and HT selective medium and sorted by flow cell sorter to obtain high-purity HUVEC-A549 cells. Finally, HUVEC-A549 cells were identified by karyotype analysis and western blotting.

Results:

The fusion efficiency of HUVEC-A549 cells prepared by combining electrofusion with polyethylene glycol (PEG) was significantly higher than that of electrofusion and PEG (43.0% vs 17.60% vs 2.71%, P < 0.05). After screened by HAT and HT selective medium and sorted by flow cell sorter, the proportion of HUVEC-A549 cells can count for 71.2% ± 3.2%. The mode of chromosomes in HUVEC-A549 cells was 68, and the chromosome was triploid. VE-cadherin and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) were highly expressed in HUVECs and HUVEC-A549 cells, but not in A549 cells.

Conclusions:

These results indicate that HUVEC-A549 cells retain the biological characteristics of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and A549 cells. It can be used in the experimental study of lung cancer cell vaccine.

Tumor RNA-loaded nanoliposomes increases the anti-tumor immune response in colorectal cancer

Purpose

Tumor RNA vaccines can activate dendritic cells to generate systemic anti-tumor immune response. However, due to easily degraded of RNA, direct RNA vaccine is less effective. In this study, we optimized the method for preparing PEGylated liposom-polycationic DNA complex (LPD) nanoliposomes, increased encapsulate amount of total RNA derived from CT-26 colorectal cancer cells. Tumor RNA LPD nanoliposomes vaccines improved anti-tumor immune response ability of tumor RNA and can effectively promote anti-tumor therapeutic effect of oxaliplatin.

Methods

Total tumor-derived RNA was extracted from colorectal cancer cells (CT-26 cells), and loaded to our optimized the LPD complex, resulting in the LPD nanoliposomes. We evaluated the characteristics (size, zeta potential, and stability), cytotoxicity, transfection ability, and tumor-growth inhibitory efficacy of LPD nanoliposomes.

Results

The improved LPD nanoliposomes exhibited a spherical shape, RNA loading efficiency of 9.07%, the average size of 120.37 ± 2.949 nm and zeta potential was 3.34 ± 0.056 mV. Also, the improved LPD nanoliposomes showed high stability at 4 °C, with a low toxicity and high cell transfection efficacy toward CT-26 colorectal cancer cells. Notably, the improved LPD nanoliposomes showed tumor growth inhibition by activating anti-tumor immune response in CT-26 colorectal cancer bearing mice, with mini side effects toward the normal organs of mice. Furthermore, the effect of the improved LPD nanoliposomes in combination with oxaliplatin can be better than that of oxaliplatin alone.

Conclusion

The improved LPD nanoliposomes may serve as an effective vaccine to induce antitumor immunity, presenting a new treatment option for colorectal cancer.

Allogenic mouse cell vaccine inhibits lung cancer progression by inhibiting angiogenesis

Aim: This research investigated the therapeutic effect of an allogeneic mouse brain microvascular endothelial cell vaccine on lung cancer and further elucidated its potential anti-angiogenic mechanism. Materials & methods: The immune effect of the allogeneic bEnd.3 vaccine and DC vaccine loaded with bEnd.3 antigen on the subcutaneous transplantation of Lewis lung cancer (LLC) was assessed by ELISA, the CCK test and the CTL killing test. The mechanism was preliminarily revealed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis. Results: This study revealed that tumor volume was decreased (p < .01) and the survival was prolonged significantly (p < .05) by the bEnd.3 vaccine in subcutaneous LLC transplantation in the vaccine prevention group. In contrast, both tumor volume in the serum therapeutic group and survival of bEnd.3 vaccine were not significantly different from those of the control group (p > .05). Importantly, tumor volume and survival of the T lymphocyte therapeutic group were decreased and prolonged (p < .05). In addition, both tumor volume and survival of DC vaccine loaded with bEnd.3 in the vaccine prevention group were decreased and prolonged significantly (p < .01). Furthermore, bEnd.3 vaccine and DC vaccine loaded with bEnd.3 both produced the activity of killing bEnd.3 target cells in vitro.The reason may induce the immune mice to produce anti-VEGFR-II, anti-endoglin and anti-integrin αν antibodies to have an anti-angiogenesis function. Conclusion: The allogeneic mouse bEnd.3 cell vaccine can block angiogenesis and prevent the development of lung cancer transplantation tumors.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Hydrolyzed Seawater Pearl Tablet (HSPT) on Th1/Th2 Functionality in a Mice Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Induced by Cigarette Smoke

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is predicted to become the third leading cause of death around the world. The present study is designed to investigate whether hydrolyzed seawater pearl tablet (HSPT) has immunoregulatory effects on the Th1/Th2 functionality in cigarette smoke-induced COPD model mice. The determination of the amino acid composition of HSPT was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with precolumn phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) derivatization. COPD model mice were constructed by cigarette smoking (CS) treatment and HSPT was administered. HSPT inhibited the infiltration of inflammation in the airway of the lung, reduced influx of eosinophils (EOSs), lymphocytes (LYMs), neutrophils (NEUs), and macrophages (MACs) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), decreased the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in the serum and lung, and decreased the expression of aforementioned cytokines in the spleen and lung in CS-treated mice. Besides, HSPT also had the ability to reduce the amount of CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells and modulate the Th1/Th2 balance. Taken together, this study supports the consensus that CS is a critical factor to induce and aggravate COPD. HSPT could regulate the balance of Th1/Th2 in CS-induced COPD model mice, indicating its effects on inhibiting the development of COPD.

Basics to advances in nanotherapy of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer existing across the globe. It begins with the formation of polyps leading to the development of metastasis, especially in advanced stage patients, who necessitate intensive chemotherapy that usually results in a poor response and high morbidity owing to multidrug resistance and severe untoward effects to the non-cancerous cells. Advancements in the targeted drug delivery permit the targeting of tumor cells without affecting the non-tumor cells. Various nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, micelles, and nanogels, etc. are being developed and explored for effective delivery of cytotoxic drugs to the target site thereby enhancing the drug distribution and bioavailability, simultaneously subduing the side effects. Moreover, immunotherapy for CRC is being explored for last few decades. Few clinical trials have even potentially benefited patients suffering from CRC, still immunotherapy persists merely an experimental alternative. Assessment of the ongoing and completed trials is to be warranted for effective treatment of CRC. Scientists are paying efforts to develop novel carrier systems that may enhance the targeting potential of low therapeutic index chemo- and immune-therapeutics. Several preclinical studies have revealed the superior efficacy of nanotherapy in CRC as compared to conventional approaches. Clinical trials are being recruited to ascertain the safety and efficacy of CRC therapies. The present review discourses in a nutshell the molecular interventions including the genetics, signaling pathways involved in CRC, and advances in various strategies explored for the treatment of CRC with a special emphasis on nanocarriers based drug targeting.