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Min WH, Ko CY, Kim H, Kwon HK, Jang HJ, Bach TT, Han LN, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Hwangbo C. Anti‑inflammatory effects of methanol extract from Peperomia dindygulensis Miq. mediated by HO‑1 in LPS‑induced RAW 264.7 cells. Exp Ther Med 2024; 28:317. [PMID: 38939180 PMCID: PMC11208987 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation serves as a multifaceted defense mechanism activated by pathogens, cellular damage and irritants, aiming to eliminate primary causes of injury and promote tissue repair. Peperomia dindygulensis Miq. (P. dindygulensis), prevalent in Vietnam and southern China, has a history of traditional use for treating cough, fever and asthma. Previous studies on its phytochemicals have shown their potential as anti-inflammatory agents, yet underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. The present study investigated the regulatory effects of P. dindygulensis on the anti-inflammatory pathways. The methanol extracts of P. dindygulensis (PDME) were found to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production and induce heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in murine macrophages. While MAPKs inhibitors, such as SP600125, SB203580 and U0126 did not regulate HO-1 expression, the treatment of cycloheximide, a translation inhibitor, reduced HO-1. Furthermore, PDME inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and TNF-α expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. The activity of NOS and the expression of TNF-α, iNOS and COX-2 decreased in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells treated with PDME and this effect was regulated by inhibition of HO-1 activity. These findings suggested that PDME functions as an HO-1 inducer and serves as an effective natural anti-inflammatory agent in LPS-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Hong Min
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four) and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Yeon Ko
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four) and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Kwon Kwon
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four) and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jae Jang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheonju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran The Bach
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi 01211, Vietnam
| | - Le Ngoc Han
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi 01211, Vietnam
| | - Jeong-Hyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry (BK21 Four), College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24414, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four) and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Hwangbo
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four) and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Gyeongsang 52828, Republic of Korea
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Reznik SE, Tiwari AK, Chavda V, Ashby Jr CR. The delivery of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) self-amplifying mRNA via modified lipid nanoparticles as a potential treatment for drug-resistant and metastatic cancers. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2024; 4:235-238. [PMID: 38919399 PMCID: PMC11195423 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2024-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The protein, N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a tumor suppressor, is significantly decreased or absent in many types of cancer. There is a significant negative correlation between the levels of NDRG2 and the development and progression of cancer tumor recurrence and tumor invasion, in different cancers. In contrast, the in vitro and in vivo overexpression of the NDRG2 protein decreases the proliferation, growth, adhesion and migration of many types of cancer cells. The in vitro overexpression of NDRG2 increases the efficacy of certain anticancer drugs in specific types of cancer cells. We hypothesize that the delivery of the mRNA of the NDRG2 protein, encapsulated by lipid nanoparticles, could represent a potential treatment of metastatic and drug-resistant cancers. This would be accomplished using a self-amplifying mRNA that encodes the NDRG2 protein and an RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase, obtained from an in vitrotranscribed (IVT) mRNA. The IVT mRNA would be encapsulated in a lipid nanoformulation. The efficacy of the nanoformulation would be determined in cultured cancer cells and if the results are positive, nude mice transplanted with either drug-resistant or metastatic drug-resistant cancer cells, would be treated with the nano- formulation and monitored for efficacy and adverse effects. If the appropriate preclinical studies indicate this formulation is efficacious and safe, it is possible it could be evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E. Reznik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women’s Health, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, USA
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle Rock, USA
| | - Vivek Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical TechnologyL. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Charles R. Ashby Jr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, USA
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The Function of N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 2 (NDRG2) as a Negative Regulator in Tumor Cell Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169365. [PMID: 36012631 PMCID: PMC9408851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a tumor-suppressor gene that suppresses tumorigenesis and metastasis of tumors and increases sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs. In this review, we summarize information on the clinicopathological characteristics of tumor patients according to NDRG2 expression in various tumor tissues and provide information on the metastasis inhibition-related cell signaling modulation by NDRG2. Loss of NDRG2 expression is a prognostic factor that correlates with TNM grade and tumor metastasis and has an inverse relationship with patient survival in various tumor patients. NDRG2 inhibits cell signaling, such as AKT-, NF-κB-, STAT3-, and TGF-β-mediated signaling, to induce tumor metastasis, and induces activation of GSK-3β which has anti-tumor effects. Although NDRG2 operates as an adaptor protein to mediate the interaction between kinases and phosphatases, which is essential in regulating cell signaling related to tumor metastasis, the molecular mechanism of NDRG2 as an adapter protein does not seem to be fully elucidated. This review aims to assist the research design regarding NDRG2 function as an adaptor protein and suggests NDRG2 as a molecular target to inhibit tumor metastasis and improve the prognosis in tumor patients.
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Gao X, Deng B, Ran S, Li S. The effect of GSK-3β in arsenic-induced apoptosis of malignant tumor cells: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:477-487. [PMID: 35272572 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2051654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Arsenic has been reported to induce apoptosis in malignant tumor cells. Therefore, it may be regarded as a treatment for cancers. The mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, mediated by GSK-3β, plays an important role in tumor cell apoptosis. Nonetheless, the regulation of GSK-3β by arsenic remains controversial. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included 19 articles, which conducts the role of GSK-3β in the process of arsenic-induced tumor cell apoptosis by the meta-analysis. RESULTS Compared with that of control group, the expression of GSK-3β (SMD= -0.92, 95% CI (-1.78, -0.06)), p-Akt (SMD= -5.46,95% CI (-8.67, -2.24)) were increased in the arsenic intervention group. Meanwhile, the combined treatment of arsenic and Akt agonists can inhibit p-GSK-3β. Using the dose and time subgroup analysis, it was shown that the low-dose (<5 μmol/L) and sub-chronic (>24 h) arsenic exposure could inhibit the expression of p-Akt (P < 0.05). In the subgroup analysis of GSK-3β sites, arsenic could inhibit p-Akt and GSK-3β (Ser9) (SMD = -0.95, 95% CI (-1.56, -0.33)). There was a positive dose-response relationship between arsenic and p-GSK-3β when the dose of arsenic was less than 8 μmol/L. The expression of Mcl-1 and pro-caspase-3 were decreased, while the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cleaved-caspase-3 increased significantly when arsenic stimulated GSK-3β (Ser9) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The study revealed that arsenic could induce tumor cell apoptosis, by inhibiting p-Akt/GSK-3β, and triggering the Mcl-1-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shanshan Ran
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shugang Li
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China.,School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 2 (NDRG2) Function as a Positive Regulator of Apoptosis: A New Insight into NDRG2 as a Tumor Suppressor. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102649. [PMID: 34685629 PMCID: PMC8534062 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is a tumor suppressor gene that increases tumor sensitivity to anticancer drugs, slows tumor progression, and inhibits metastasis. NDRG2 is suppressed in various aggressive tumor positions, whereas NDRG2 expression is associated with patient prognosis, such as an improved survival rate. In this review, we summarize the tumor suppressor mechanism of NDRG2 and provide information on the function of NDRG2 concerning the susceptibility of cells to apoptosis. NDRG2 increases the susceptibility to apoptosis in various physiological environments of cells, such as development, hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and cancer drug treatment. Although the molecular and cell biological mechanisms of NDRG2 have not been fully elucidated, we provide information on the mechanisms of NDRG2 in relation to apoptosis in various environments. This review can assist the design of research regarding NDRG2 function and suggests the potential of NDRG2 as a molecular target for cancer patients.
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Martelli AM, Evangelisti C, Paganelli F, Chiarini F, McCubrey JA. GSK-3: a multifaceted player in acute leukemias. Leukemia 2021; 35:1829-1842. [PMID: 33811246 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) consists of two isoforms (α and β) that were originally linked to glucose metabolism regulation. However, GSK-3 is also involved in several signaling pathways controlling many different key functions in healthy cells. GSK-3 is a unique kinase in that its isoforms are constitutively active, while they are inactivated mainly through phosphorylation at Ser residues by a variety of upstream kinases. In the early 1990s, GSK-3 emerged as a key player in cancer cell pathophysiology. Since active GSK-3 promotes destruction of multiple oncogenic proteins (e.g., β-catenin, c-Myc, Mcl-1) it was considered to be a tumor suppressor. Accordingly, GSK-3 is frequently inactivated in human cancer via aberrant regulation of upstream signaling pathways. More recently, however, it has emerged that GSK-3 isoforms display also oncogenic properties, as they up-regulate pathways critical for neoplastic cell proliferation, survival, and drug-resistance. The regulatory roles of GSK-3 isoforms in cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair, tumor metabolism, invasion, and metastasis reflect the therapeutic relevance of these kinases and provide the rationale for combining GSK-3 inhibitors with other targeted drugs. Here, we discuss the multiple and often conflicting roles of GSK-3 isoforms in acute leukemias. We also review the current status of GSK-3 inhibitor development for innovative leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Paganelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Chiarini
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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Patel S, Werstuck GH. Macrophage Function and the Role of GSK3. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042206. [PMID: 33672232 PMCID: PMC7926541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are present in nearly all vertebrate tissues, where they respond to a complex variety of regulatory signals to coordinate immune functions involved in tissue development, metabolism, homeostasis, and repair. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that plays important roles in multiple pathways involved in cell metabolism. Dysregulation of GSK3 has been implicated in several prevalent metabolic disorders, and recent findings have highlighted the importance of GSK3 activity in the regulation of macrophages, especially with respect to the initiation of specific pathologies. This makes GSK3 a potential therapeutic target for the development of novel drugs to modulate immunometabolic responses. Here, we summarize recent findings that have contributed to our understanding of how GSK3 regulates macrophage function, and we discuss the role of GSK3 in the development of metabolic disorders and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvatit Patel
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton Street E, Hamilton, ON L9L 2X2, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Geoff H. Werstuck
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, 237 Barton Street E, Hamilton, ON L9L 2X2, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-521-2100 (ext. 40747)
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