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Calero-Castro FJ, Pereira S, Laga I, Villanueva P, Suárez-Artacho G, Cepeda-Franco C, de la Cruz-Ojeda P, Navarro-Villarán E, Dios-Barbeito S, Serrano MJ, Fresno C, Padillo-Ruiz J. Quantification and Characterization of CTCs and Clusters in Pancreatic Cancer by Means of the Hough Transform Algorithm. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054278. [PMID: 36901704 PMCID: PMC10002258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) are considered a prognostic marker in pancreatic cancer. In this study we present a new approach for counting CTCs and CTC clusters in patients with pancreatic cancer using the IsofluxTM System with the Hough transform algorithm (Hough-IsofluxTM). The Hough-IsofluxTM approach is based on the counting of an array of pixels with a nucleus and cytokeratin expression excluding the CD45 signal. Total CTCs including free and CTC clusters were evaluated in healthy donor samples mixed with pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) and in samples from patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The IsofluxTM System with manual counting was used in a blinded manner by three technicians who used Manual-IsofluxTM as a reference. The accuracy of the Hough-IsofluxTM approach for detecting PCC based on counted events was 91.00% [84.50, 93.50] with a PCC recovery rate of 80.75 ± 16.41%. A high correlation between the Hough-IsofluxTM and Manual-IsofluxTM was observed for both free CTCs and for clusters in experimental PCC (R2 = 0.993 and R2 = 0.902 respectively). However, the correlation rate was better for free CTCs than for clusters in PDAC patient samples (R2 = 0.974 and R2 = 0.790 respectively). In conclusion, the Hough-IsofluxTM approach showed high accuracy for the detection of circulating pancreatic cancer cells. A better correlation rate was observed between Hough-IsofluxTM approach and with the Manual-IsofluxTM for isolated CTCs than for clusters in PDAC patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José Calero-Castro
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital University Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville/IBiS, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Oncology Surgery, Cell Therapy, and Organ Transplantation Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Sheila Pereira
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital University Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville/IBiS, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Oncology Surgery, Cell Therapy, and Organ Transplantation Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Imán Laga
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital University Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville/IBiS, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Oncology Surgery, Cell Therapy, and Organ Transplantation Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Paula Villanueva
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital University Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville/IBiS, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Oncology Surgery, Cell Therapy, and Organ Transplantation Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Suárez-Artacho
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital University Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville/IBiS, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Oncology Surgery, Cell Therapy, and Organ Transplantation Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Cepeda-Franco
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital University Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville/IBiS, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Oncology Surgery, Cell Therapy, and Organ Transplantation Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Patricia de la Cruz-Ojeda
- Oncology Surgery, Cell Therapy, and Organ Transplantation Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Elena Navarro-Villarán
- Oncology Surgery, Cell Therapy, and Organ Transplantation Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Sandra Dios-Barbeito
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital University Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville/IBiS, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Oncology Surgery, Cell Therapy, and Organ Transplantation Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Cristóbal Fresno
- Health and Sciences Research Center, Health and Sciences Faculty, Anahuac University, Huixquilucan 52760, Mexico
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (J.P.-R.)
| | - Javier Padillo-Ruiz
- Department of General Surgery, Hospital University Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville/IBiS, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Oncology Surgery, Cell Therapy, and Organ Transplantation Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (J.P.-R.)
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Weng M, Shi C, Han H, Zhu H, Xiao Y, Guo H, Yu Z, Wu C. Sophocarpine inhibits tumor progression by antagonizing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in castration-resistant prostate cancer. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14042. [PMID: 36132221 PMCID: PMC9484452 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of sophocarpine on the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and the underlying molecular mechanism. Methods DU145 and PC3 cells (two CRPC cell lines), incubated with different concentrations of sophocarpine, were used. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, real-time cellular analysis, and colony formation assay were conducted to evaluate the proliferation of CRPC cells. Cytometry flow analysis was performed to evaluate the apoptosis rate of CRPC cells. Wound healing and Transwell invasion assays were performed and the levels of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins were determined to analyze cell migration and invasion abilities. A xenografted tumor model of nude mice was used to examine the anti-cancer effect of sophocarpine on CRPC. Western blotting was performed to evaluate the activities of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway both in cells and tumor tissues. Results In vitro tests showed that sophocarpine suppressed the proliferation of CRPC cells, reduced the migration and invasion abilities, and increased the apoptosis rate. In vivo, sophocarpine decreased the weight and volume of tumor tissues. Mechanically, sophocarpine exerted its anti-cancer effects by inactivating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Conclusion Sophocarpine inhibited the progression of CRPC by downregulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and showed a potential to be an anti-cancer agent against CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Weng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenghao Shi
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Han
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hengyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanyi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hangcheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhixian Yu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cunzao Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Wang WM, Shen H, Liu ZN, Chen YY, Hou LJ, Ding Y. Interaction between tumor microenvironment, autophagy, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tumor progression. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 32:100592. [PMID: 35728404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) is the ecosystem surrounding a tumor to influence tumor cells' growth, metastasis and immunological battlefield, in which the tumor systems fight against the body system. TME has been considered as the essential link between the tumorigenesis and development of neoplasm. Both nutrients intake and tumor progression to malignancy require the participation of components in TME. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key step in the metastasis of tumor cells. Cells that lost polarity and acquired migration ability are prone to metastasize. Autophagy is an important self-protective mechanism in tumor cells and a necessity for the tumor cells to respond to harmful stress. Protective autophagy benefits tumor cells while abnormal autophagy leads to cell injury or death. EMT and autophagy are directly regulated by TME. To date, there are numerous studies on TME, autophagy and EMT separately, but few on their complex interrelationships. This review aims to comprehensively analyze the existing mechanisms and convincing evidence so far to seek novel therapeutic strategies and research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Hua Shen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Zi-Ning Liu
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China
| | - Li-Jun Hou
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
| | - Yi Ding
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, China.
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Li J, Wu Z, Wang J, Wu T, Shen Z, Zhang L, Lv J, Bai J, Feng Y. Necdin, one of the important pathway proteins in the regulation of osteosarcoma progression by microRNA-200c. Bioengineered 2022; 13:8915-8925. [PMID: 35333696 PMCID: PMC9161937 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2056693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-200c (miR-200c) generally acts as a tumor suppressor in multiple cancer types and a promising therapeutic target in tumorigenesis. However, only a few studies have explained the role of miR-200c in the development of osteosarcoma (OS). In this study, we investigated the role of miR-200c in OS progression and identified the regulatory pathway protein NDN involved in inhibiting the occurrence and development of OS. Firstly, we found that miR-200c is downregulated in OS cells and tissues. As well, in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that upregulating miR-200c inhibits the proliferation, invasion, metastasis of Saos-2 cells, promotes the apoptosis of Saos-2 cells and suppresses tumor growth in mice, indicating miR-200c plays a major role in regulating the OS progression. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis showed that an anti-tumor protein, necdin (NDN), might be a potential target by miR-200c. To verify this hypothesis, we measured the expression level of NDN in OS cells and tissues and found NDN is downregulated, suggesting NDN is functional in OS progression. Moreover, we found that the expression levels of NDN and miR-200c in in vivo and in vitro experiments were positively correlated. However, the results of dual-luciferase reporter gene experiment showed miR-200c does not directly act on the 3ʹ untranslated region (UTR) of NDN gene, indicating that NDN might be an important pathway protein which regulates OS progression in the presence of miR-200c. Therefore, miR-200c/NDN could be potential targets for developing effective treatment against OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, ShanXi, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiani Wang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, ShanXi, China
| | - Taiyong Wu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, ShanXi, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, ShanXi, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jia Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Junjun Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Ma Y, Gu M, Chen L, Shen H, Pan Y, Pang Y, Miao S, Tong R, Huang H, Zhu Y, Sun L. Recent advances in critical nodes of embryo engineering technology. Theranostics 2021; 11:7391-7424. [PMID: 34158857 PMCID: PMC8210615 DOI: 10.7150/thno.58799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The normal development and maturation of oocytes and sperm, the formation of fertilized ova, the implantation of early embryos, and the growth and development of foetuses are the biological basis of mammalian reproduction. Therefore, research on oocytes has always occupied a very important position in the life sciences and reproductive medicine fields. Various embryo engineering technologies for oocytes, early embryo formation and subsequent developmental stages and different target sites, such as gene editing, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technologies, have all been established and widely used in industrialization. However, as research continues to deepen and target species become more advanced, embryo engineering technology has also been developing in a more complex and sophisticated direction. At the same time, the success rate also shows a declining trend, resulting in an extension of the research and development cycle and rising costs. By studying the existing embryo engineering technology process, we discovered three critical nodes that have the greatest impact on the development of oocytes and early embryos, namely, oocyte micromanipulation, oocyte electrical activation/reconstructed embryo electrofusion, and the in vitro culture of early embryos. This article mainly demonstrates the efforts made by researchers in the relevant technologies of these three critical nodes from an engineering perspective, analyses the shortcomings of the current technology, and proposes a plan and prospects for the development of embryo engineering technology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Ma
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mingwei Gu
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liguo Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hao Shen
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yifan Pan
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yan Pang
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sheng Miao
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ruiqing Tong
- Cardiology, Dushuhu Public Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Haibo Huang
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yichen Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lining Sun
- School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics & Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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Gai X, Liu C, Wang G, Qin Y, Fan C, Liu J, Shi Y. A novel method for evaluating the dynamic biocompatibility of degradable biomaterials based on real-time cell analysis. Regen Biomater 2020; 7:321-329. [PMID: 32523733 PMCID: PMC7266667 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbaa017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradable biomaterials have emerged as a promising type of medical materials because of their unique advantages of biocompatibility, biodegradability and biosafety. Owing to their bioabsorbable and biocompatible properties, magnesium-based biomaterials are considered as ideal degradable medical implants. However, the rapid corrosion of magnesium-based materials not only limits their clinical application but also necessitates a more specific biological evaluation system and biosafety standard. In this study, extracts of pure Mg and its calcium alloy were prepared using different media based on ISO 10993:12; the Mg2+ concentration and osmolality of each extract were measured. The biocompatibility was investigated using the MTT assay and xCELLigence real-time cell analysis (RTCA). Cytotoxicity tests were conducted with L929, MG-63 and human umbilical vein endothelial cell lines. The results of the RTCA highly matched with those of the MTT assay and revealed the different dynamic modes of the cytotoxic process, which are related to the differences in the tested cell lines, Mg-based materials and dilution rates of extracts. This study provides an insight on the biocompatibility of biodegradable materials from the perspective of cytotoxic dynamics and suggests the applicability of RTCA for the cytotoxic evaluation of degradable biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Gai
- Department of Biological Evaluation, Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation for Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China.,Department of Biological Evaluation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Chenghu Liu
- Department of Biological Evaluation, Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation for Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China.,Department of Biological Evaluation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Department of Biological Evaluation, Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation for Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China.,Department of Biological Evaluation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Yang Qin
- Department of Biological Evaluation, Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation for Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China.,Department of Biological Evaluation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Chunguang Fan
- Department of Biological Evaluation, Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation for Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China.,Department of Biological Evaluation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Biological Evaluation, Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation for Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China.,Department of Biological Evaluation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Yanping Shi
- Department of Biological Evaluation, Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation for Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China.,Department of Biological Evaluation, NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, NO.15166 Century Avenue, H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan 250101, China
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