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Batoon L, Hawse JR, McCauley LK, Weivoda MM, Roca H. Efferocytosis and Bone Dynamics. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024:10.1007/s11914-024-00878-y. [PMID: 38914730 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-024-00878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the recently published scientific evidence regarding the role of efferocytosis in bone dynamics and skeletal health. RECENT FINDINGS Several types of efferocytes have been identified within the skeleton, with macrophages being the most extensively studied. Efferocytosis is not merely a 'clean-up' process vital for maintaining skeletal homeostasis; it also plays a crucial role in promoting resolution pathways and orchestrating bone dynamics, such as osteoblast-osteoclast coupling during bone remodeling. Impaired efferocytosis has been associated with aging-related bone loss and various skeletal pathologies, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and metastatic bone diseases. Accordingly, emerging evidence suggests that targeting efferocytic mechanisms has the potential to alleviate these conditions. While efferocytosis remains underexplored in the skeleton, recent discoveries have shed light on its pivotal role in bone dynamics, with important implications for skeletal health and pathology. However, there are several knowledge gaps and persisting technical limitations that must be addressed to fully unveil the contributions of efferocytosis in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Batoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Laurie K McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1078, USA
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Megan M Weivoda
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hernan Roca
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1078, USA.
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2
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Zweifler LE, Sinder BP, Stephan C, Koh AJ, Do J, Ulrich E, Grewal J, Woo C, Batoon L, Kozloff K, Roca H, Mishina Y, McCauley LK. Parathyroid hormone and trabectedin have differing effects on macrophages and stress fracture repair. Bone 2024; 179:116983. [PMID: 38013019 PMCID: PMC10932746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Stress fractures occur as a result of repeated mechanical stress on bone and are commonly found in the load-bearing lower extremities. Macrophages are key players in the immune system and play an important role in bone remodeling and fracture healing. However, the role of macrophages in stress fractures has not been adequately addressed. We hypothesize that macrophage infiltration into a stress fracture callus site promotes bone healing. To test this, a unilateral stress fracture induction model was employed in which the murine ulna of four-month-old, C57BL/6 J male mice was repeatedly loaded with a pre-determined force until the bone was displaced a distance below the threshold for complete fracture. Mice were treated daily with parathyroid hormone (PTH, 50 μg/kg/day) starting two days before injury and continued until 24 h before euthanasia either four or six days after injury, or treated with trabectedin (0.15 mg/kg) on the day of stress fracture and euthanized three or seven days after injury. These treatments were used due to their established effects on macrophages. While macrophages have been implicated in the anabolic effects of PTH, trabectedin, an FDA approved chemotherapeutic, compromises macrophage function and reduces bone mass. At three- and four-days post injury, callus macrophage numbers were analyzed histologically. There was a significant increase in macrophages with PTH treatment compared to vehicle in the callus site. By one week of healing, treatments differentially affected the bony callus as analyzed by microcomputed tomography. PTH enhanced callus bone volume. Conversely, callus bone volume was decreased with trabectedin treatment. Interestingly, concurrent treatment with PTH and trabectedin rescued the reduction observed in the callus with trabectedin treatment alone. This study reports on the key involvement of macrophages during stress fracture healing. Given these observed outcomes on macrophage physiology and bone healing, these findings may be important for patients actively receiving either of these FDA-approved therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Zweifler
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Benjamin P Sinder
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Chris Stephan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Amy J Koh
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Justin Do
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Emily Ulrich
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Jobanpreet Grewal
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Woo
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Lena Batoon
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Kozloff
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Hernan Roca
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America.
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Laurie K McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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Hakki SS, Batoon L, Koh AJ, Kannan R, Mendoza‐Reinoso V, Rubin J, Mccauley LK, Roca H. The effects of preosteoblast-derived exosomes on macrophages and bone in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18029. [PMID: 37929757 PMCID: PMC10805488 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of preosteoblast-derived exosomes on bone marrow macrophages (BMMΦ) and calvarial osteoblasts (cOB) was evaluated in vitro, and bone formation studies were performed in vivo in mice. Preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 clone 4 (MC4) cell-derived exosomes (MC4exo) were characterized with particle tracking, transmission electron microscopy and western blot analysis to validate size, number, shape and phenotypic exosome markers. Exosomes pre-labelled with PKH67 were incubated with BMMΦ and phagocytosis of exosomes was confirmed. To examine the effect of MC4exo on macrophage polarization, BMMΦ were treated with MC4exo and the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was determined by qPCR. MC4exo treatment upregulated mRNA expression of Cd86, Il1β, Ccl2, Rankl and Nos, and downregulated Cd206, Il10 and Tnfα, suggesting a shift towards pro-inflammatory 'M1-like' macrophage polarization. Combination of RANKL and MC4exo increased osteoclast differentiation of BMMΦ in comparison to RANKL alone as analysed by TRAP staining. MC4exo treatment showed no significant effect on calvarial osteoblast mineralization. For in vivo studies, intratibial inoculation of MC4exo (2 × 109 particles in PBS, n = 12) and vehicle control (PBS only, n = 12) was performed in C57Bl/6 mice (8 weeks, male). Micro-CT analyses of the trabecular and cortical bone compartments were assessed at 4 weeks post-injection. Tibial sections were stained for TRAP activity to determine osteoclast presence and immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect osteocalcin (Ocn), osterix (Osx) and F4/80 expression. Intratibial inoculation of MC4exo increased the diaphyseal bone mineral density and trabecular bone volume fraction due to increased trabecular number. This increase in bone was accompanied by a reduction in bone marrow macrophages and osteoclasts at the experimental endpoint. Together, these findings suggest that preosteoblast-derived exosomes enhanced bone formation by influencing macrophage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema S. Hakki
- School of Dentistry, Periodontics and Oral MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of DentistrySelcuk UniversityKonyaTurkey
| | - Lena Batoon
- School of Dentistry, Periodontics and Oral MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Amy J. Koh
- School of Dentistry, Periodontics and Oral MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Rahasudha Kannan
- School of Dentistry, Periodontics and Oral MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | | | - John Rubin
- School of Dentistry, Periodontics and Oral MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Laurie K. Mccauley
- School of Dentistry, Periodontics and Oral MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Pathology, Medical SchoolUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Hernan Roca
- School of Dentistry, Periodontics and Oral MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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Feng Y, Wang S, Xie J, Ding B, Wang M, Zhang P, Mi P, Wang C, Liu R, Zhang T, Yu X, Yuan D, Zhang C. Spatial transcriptomics reveals heterogeneity of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment of granulomatous slack skin. J Pathol 2023; 261:105-119. [PMID: 37550813 DOI: 10.1002/path.6151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Granulomatous slack skin (GSS) is an extremely rare subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma accompanied by an abundant number of macrophages and is clinically characterized by the development of pendulous skin folds. However, the characteristics of these macrophages in GSS remain unclear. Here, we conducted a spatial transcriptomic study on one frozen GSS sample and drew transcriptomic maps of GSS for the first time. Gene expression analysis revealed the enrichment of three clusters with macrophage transcripts, each exhibiting distinct characteristics suggesting that their primary composition consists of different subpopulations of macrophages. The CD163+ /CD206+ cluster showed a tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) M2-like phenotype and highly expressed ZFP36, CCL2, TNFAIP6, and KLF2, which are known to be involved in T-cell interaction and tumor progression. The APOC1+ /APOE+ cluster presented a non-M1 or -M2 phenotype and may be related to lipid metabolism. The CD11c+ /LYZ+ cluster exhibited an M1-like phenotype. Notably, these cells strongly expressed MMP9, MMP12, CHI3L1, CHIT1, COL1A1, TIMP1, and SPP1, which are responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and tissue remodeling. This may partially explain the symptoms of cutaneous relaxation in GSS. Further immunohistochemistry on four GSS cases demonstrated that CD11c predominantly marked granulomas and multinucleated giant cells, whereas CD163 was mainly expressed on scattered macrophages, appearing as a mutually exclusive pattern. The expression pattern of MMP9 overlapped with that of CD11c, implying that CD11c+ macrophages may be a source of MMP9. Our data shed light on the characteristics of macrophages in the GSS microenvironment and provide a theoretical basis for the application of MMP9 inhibitors to prevent cutaneous relaxation of GSS. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Shiguan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Department of Pathology, Qingdao Chengyang People's Hospital, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Bin Ding
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Ping Mi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Chunxue Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Ruirui Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Tingguo Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Detian Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Cuijuan Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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5
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Myers Chen KV, de Groot AE, Mendez SA, Mallin MM, Amend SR, Pienta KJ. Targeting MerTK decreases efferocytosis and increases anti-tumor immune infiltrate in prostate cancer. Med Oncol 2023; 40:284. [PMID: 37644281 PMCID: PMC10465384 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The prostate cancer tumor microenvironment (TME) is comprised of many cell types that can contribute to and influence tumor progression. Some of the most abundant prostate cancer TME cells are macrophages, which can be modeled on a continuous spectrum of M1-like (anti-tumor macrophages) to M2-like (pro-tumor macrophages). A function of M2-like macrophages is efferocytosis, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Based on literature from other models and contexts, efferocytosis further supports the M2-like macrophage phenotype. MerTK is a receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates efferocytosis by binding phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells. We hypothesize efferocytosis in the prostate cancer TME is a tumor-promoting function of macrophages and that targeting MerTK-mediated efferocytosis will slow prostate cancer growth and promote an anti-tumor immune infiltrate. The aims of this study are to measure efferocytosis of prostate cancer cells by in vitro human M1/M2 macrophage models and assess changes in the M2-like, pro-tumor macrophage phenotype following prostate cancer efferocytosis. Additionally, this study aims to demonstrate that targeting MerTK decreases prostate cancer efferocytosis and promotes an anti-tumor immune infiltrate. We have developed methodology using flow cytometry to quantify efferocytosis of human prostate cancer cells using the LNCaP cell line. We observed that M2 macrophages efferocytose the LNCaP cell line more than M1 macrophages. Following efferocytosis of LNCaP cells by M2 human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs), we observed an increase in the M2-like, pro-tumor phenotype by flow cytometry cell surface marker analysis. By qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, and Western blot, we detected greater MerTK expression in M2 than M1 macrophages. Targeting MerTK with antibody Mer590 decreased LNCaP efferocytosis by M2 HMDMs, establishing the role of MerTK in prostate cancer efferocytosis. In the prostate cancer mouse model hi-myc, Mertk KO increased anti-tumor immune infiltrate including CD8 T cells. These findings support targeting MerTK-mediated efferocytosis as a novel therapy for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla V Myers Chen
- Cancer Ecology Center, The Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Marburg Building Room 113, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Amber E de Groot
- Cancer Ecology Center, The Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Marburg Building Room 113, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabrina A Mendez
- Cancer Ecology Center, The Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Marburg Building Room 113, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Mikaela M Mallin
- Cancer Ecology Center, The Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Marburg Building Room 113, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Sarah R Amend
- Cancer Ecology Center, The Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Marburg Building Room 113, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth J Pienta
- Cancer Ecology Center, The Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Marburg Building Room 113, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Mendoza-Reinoso V, Schnepp PM, Baek DY, Rubin JR, Schipani E, Keller ET, McCauley LK, Roca H. Bone Marrow Macrophages Induce Inflammation by Efferocytosis of Apoptotic Prostate Cancer Cells via HIF-1α Stabilization. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233712. [PMID: 36496973 PMCID: PMC9737180 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The clearance of apoptotic cancer cells by macrophages, known as efferocytosis, fuels the bone-metastatic growth of prostate cancer cells via pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive processes. However, the exact molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, single-cell transcriptomics of bone marrow (BM) macrophages undergoing efferocytosis of apoptotic prostate cancer cells revealed a significant enrichment in their cellular response to hypoxia. Here, we show that BM macrophage efferocytosis increased hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α) and STAT3 phosphorylation (p-STAT3 at Tyr705) under normoxic conditions, while inhibitors of p-STAT3 reduced HIF-1α. Efferocytosis promoted HIF-1α stabilization, reduced its ubiquitination, and induced HIF-1α and p-STAT3 nuclear translocation. HIF-1α stabilization in efferocytic BM macrophages resulted in enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine MIF, whereas BM macrophages with inactive HIF-1α reduced MIF expression upon efferocytosis. Stabilization of HIF-1α using the HIF-prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor, Roxadustat, enhanced MIF expression in BM macrophages. Furthermore, BM macrophages treated with recombinant MIF protein activated NF-κB (p65) signaling and increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Altogether, these findings suggest that the clearance of apoptotic cancer cells by BM macrophages triggers p-STAT3/HIF-1α/MIF signaling to promote further inflammation in the bone tumor microenvironment where a significant number of apoptotic cancer cells are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mendoza-Reinoso
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Patricia M. Schnepp
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dah Youn Baek
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John R. Rubin
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ernestina Schipani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Evan T. Keller
- Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: (E.T.K.); (L.K.M.); (H.R.)
| | - Laurie K. McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: (E.T.K.); (L.K.M.); (H.R.)
| | - Hernan Roca
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: (E.T.K.); (L.K.M.); (H.R.)
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The Roles of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Prostate Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:8580043. [PMID: 36117852 PMCID: PMC9473905 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8580043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The morbidity of prostate cancer (PCa) is rising year by year, and it has become the primary cause of tumor-related mortality in males. It is widely accepted that macrophages account for 50% of the tumor mass in solid tumors and have emerged as a crucial participator in multiple stages of PCa, with the huge potential for further treatment. Oftentimes, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) behave like M2-like phenotypes that modulate malignant hallmarks of tumor lesions, ranging from tumorigenesis to metastasis. Several clinical studies indicated that mean TAM density was higher in human PCa cores versus benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and increased biopsy TAM density potentially predicts worse clinicopathological characteristics as well. Therefore, TAM represents a promising target for therapeutic intervention either alone or in combination with other strategies to halt the “vicious cycle,” thus improving oncological outcomes. Herein, we mainly focus on the fundamental aspects of TAMs in prostate adenocarcinoma, while reviewing the mechanisms responsible for macrophage recruitment and polarization, which has clinical translational implications for the exploitation of potentially effective therapies against TAMs.
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Liang S, Sun Q, Du Z, Ren X, Xu Q, Sun Z, Duan J. PM 2.5 induce the defective efferocytosis and promote atherosclerosis via HIF-1α activation in macrophage. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:290-309. [PMID: 35653618 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2083995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrate that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) promotes the development of atherosclerosis. However, the mechanism insight of PM2.5-induced atherosclerosis is still lacking. The aim of this study was to explore the biological effects of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) on PM2.5-triggered atherosclerosis. The vascular stiffness, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), lipid and atherosclerotic lesion were increased when von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-null mice were exposed to PM2.5. Yet, knockout of HIF-1α markedly decreased the PM2.5-triggered atherosclerotic lesion. We firstly performed microarray analysis in PM2.5-treated bone morrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), which showed that PM2.5 significantly changed the genes expression patterns and affected biological processes such as phagocytosis, apoptotic cell clearance, cellular response to hypoxia, apoptotic process and inflammatory response. Moreover, the data showed knockout of HIF-1α remarkably relieved PM2.5-induced defective efferocytosis. Mechanistically, PM2.5 inhibited the level of genes and proteins of efferocytosis receptor c-Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK), especially in VHL-null BMDMs. In addition, PM2.5 increased the genes and proteins of a disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain 17 (ADAM17), which caused the MerTK cleavage to form soluble MerTK (sMer) in plasma and cellular supernatant. The sMer was significantly up-regulated in plasma of VHL-null PM2.5-exposed mice. Moreover, PM2.5 could induce defective efferocytosis and activate inflammatory response through MerTK/IFNAR1/STAT1 signaling pathway in macrophages. Our results demonstrate that PM2.5 could induce defective efferocytosis and inflammation by activating HIF-1α in macrophages, ultimately resulting in accelerating atherosclerotic lesion formation and development. Our data suggest HIF-1α in macrophages might be a potential target for PM2.5-related atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qinglin Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Du
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoke Ren
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qing Xu
- Core Facility Centre, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Junchao Duan
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
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9
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Batoon L, McCauley LK. Cross Talk Between Macrophages and Cancer Cells in the Bone Metastatic Environment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:763846. [PMID: 34803925 PMCID: PMC8597897 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.763846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is a common site for cancer metastases with the bone microenvironment providing the appropriate conditions for cancer cell colonization. Once in bone, cancer cells effectively manipulate their microenvironment to support their growth and survival. Despite previous efforts to improve treatment modalities, skeletal metastases remain with poor prognoses. This warrants an improved understanding of the mechanisms leading to bone metastasis that will aid development of effective treatments. Macrophages in the tumor microenvironment are termed tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and their crosstalk with cancer cells is critical in regulating tumorigenicity in multiple cancers. In bone metastases, this crosstalk is also being increasingly implicated but the specific signaling pathways remain incompletely understood. Here, we summarize the reported functions, interactions, and signaling of macrophages with cancer cells during the metastatic cascade to bone. Specifically, we review and discuss how these specific interactions impact macrophages and their profiles to promote tumor development. We also discuss the potential of targeting this crosstalk to inhibit disease progression. Finally, we identify the remaining knowledge gaps that will need to be addressed in order to fully consider therapeutic targeting to improve clinical outcomes in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Batoon
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Bones and Immunology Group, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Laurie K. McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Chen CJ, Liu YP. MERTK Inhibition: Potential as a Treatment Strategy in EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020130. [PMID: 33562150 PMCID: PMC7915726 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are currently the most effective treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, who carry primary EGFR mutations. However, the patients eventually develop drug resistance to EGFR-TKIs after approximately one year. In addition to the acquisition of the EGFR T790M mutation, the activation of alternative receptor-mediated signaling pathways is a common mechanism for conferring the insensitivity of EGFR-TKI in NSCLC. Upregulation of the Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (MERTK), which is a member of the Tyro3-Axl-MERTK (TAM) family, is associated with a poor prognosis of many cancers. The binding of specific ligands, such as Gas6 and PROS1, to MERTK activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, which are the signaling pathways shared by EGFR. Therefore, the inhibition of MERTK can be considered a new therapeutic strategy for overcoming the resistance of NSCLC to EGFR-targeted agents. Although several small molecules and monoclonal antibodies targeting the TAM family are being developed and have been described to enhance the chemosensitivity and converse the resistance of EGFR-TKI, few have specifically been developed as MERTK inhibitors. The further development and investigation of biomarkers which can accurately predict MERTK activity and the response to MERTK inhibitors and MERTK-specific drugs are vitally important for obtaining appropriate patient stratification and increased benefits in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ju Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3121101
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Chen X, Wu Y, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Wang S. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Reduces β-conglycinin-Allergy-Induced Apoptotic Cells by Regulating Bacteroides and Bile Secretion Pathway in Intestinal Contents of BALB/c Mice. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010055. [PMID: 33375432 PMCID: PMC7823992 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergy can cause intestinal damage, including through cell apoptosis. In this study, intestinal cell apoptosis was first observed in the β-conglycinin (β-CG) allergy model, and the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on reducing apoptosis of cells in the intestine and its underlying mechanisms were further investigated. Allergic mice received oral LGG daily, and intestinal tissue apoptotic cells, gut microbiota, and metabolites were evaluated six and nine days after intervention. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) analysis revealed that LGG intervention could reduce the incidence of cell apoptosis more effectively than natural recovery (NR). The results of 16S rRNA analysis indicated that LGG intervention led to an increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroides. Metabolite analysis of intestinal contents indicated that histamine, N-acetylhistamine, N(α)-γ-glutamylhistamine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, arachidonic acid malate, and xanthine were significantly decreased, and deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid were significantly increased after the LGG intervention on β-CG allergy; the decreases in histamine and N(α)-γ-glutamylhistamine were significant compared with those of NR. In conclusion, LGG reduces apoptosis of cells induced by β-CG allergy, which may be related to regulation of Bacteroides and the bile secretion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China;
| | - Yuekun Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Yaozhong Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-22-85358445
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (S.W.)
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12
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Qu D, Qin Y, Liu Y, Liu T, Liu C, Han T, Chen Y, Ma C, Li X. Fever-Inducible Lipid Nanocomposite for Boosting Cancer Therapy through Synergistic Engineering of a Tumor Microenvironment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:32301-32311. [PMID: 32575984 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A fever-mimic response capable of recruiting reprogrammed macrophages holds great potential in the engineering of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Low-temperature photothermal therapy (LT-PTT) can maintain tumors at a fever-like temperature (<45 °C) temporarily; however, it still faces several challenges in efficient regulation of TME because of reciprocal cross-talk between the bypass pathways. Here, we report a synergistic engineering of TME through an enhanced activation of a fever-mimic response based on both LT-PTT and tumor vascular normalization. Such engineering is achieved by a fever-inducible lipid nanocomposite (GNR-T/CM-L), which produces mild heat (∼43 °C) and sequentially releases multicomponents to cooperatively upregulate interferon-gamma under NIR irradiation, forming a bidirectionally closed loop for downstream M1 tumor-associated macrophage polarization and promoting the inhibition of the tumor growth. In proof-of-concept studies, GNR-T/CM-L demonstrated efficient tumor ablation in breast tumor xenograft-bearing mice and significantly prolonged their survival period. It paves an avenue to precisely reprogram TME for efficient cancer therapy through synergistic pathways of creating fever-like responses in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Qu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Yue Qin
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yuping Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Congyan Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Tao Han
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Chengyao Ma
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
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13
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Mendoza-Reinoso V, McCauley LK, Fournier PG. Contribution of Macrophages and T Cells in Skeletal Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1014. [PMID: 32326073 PMCID: PMC7226332 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12041014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a common site for metastases with a local microenvironment that is highly conducive for tumor establishment and growth. The bone marrow is replete with myeloid and lymphoid linage cells that provide a fertile niche for metastatic cancer cells promoting their survival and growth. Here, we discuss the role of macrophages and T cells in pro- and anti-tumoral mechanisms, their interaction to support cancer cell growth, and their contribution to the development of skeletal metastases. Importantly, immunotherapeutic strategies targeting macrophages and T cells in cancer are also discussed in this review as they represent a great promise for patients suffering from incurable bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mendoza-Reinoso
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (V.M.-R.); (L.K.M.)
| | - Laurie K. McCauley
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (V.M.-R.); (L.K.M.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Pierrick G.J. Fournier
- Biomedical Innovation Department, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, BC 22860, Mexico
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