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Zhu L, Wang Q, Guo M, Fang H, Li T, Zhu Y, Jiang H, Xiao P, Hu M. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Various Chronic Liver Diseases: Hype or Hope? J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:171-189. [PMID: 38223423 PMCID: PMC10788055 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s439974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver conditions are associated with high mortality rates and have a large adverse effect on human well-being as well as a significant financial burden. Currently, the only effective treatment available for the effects of liver failure and cirrhosis resulting from the progression of several chronic liver diseases is liver transplantation carried out at the original location. This implies that developing novel and effective treatments is imperative. Regenerative medicine has long been associated with stem cell therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a type of cell with great differentiation potential, have become the preferred source for stem cell therapy. According to recent studies, MSCs' paracrine products-rather than their capacity for differentiation-play a significant therapeutic effect. MSC exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle (MSC-EV), came into view as the paracrine substances of MSCs. According to research, MSC exosomes can maintain tissue homeostasis, which is necessary for healthy tissue function. All tissues contain them, and they take part in a variety of biological activities that support cellular activity and tissue regeneration in order to preserve tissue homeostasis. The outcomes support the use of MSCs and the exosomes they produce as a therapeutic option for a range of diseases. This review provides a brief overview of the source of MSC-EVs and outlines their physiological roles and biochemical capabilities. The elucidation of the role of MSC-EVs in the recovery and repair of hepatic tissues, as well as their contribution to maintaining tissue homeostasis, is discussed in relation to different chronic liver diseases. This review aims to provide new insights into the unique roles that MSC-EVs play in the treatment of chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujian Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maodong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Traumatology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group), Enze Hospital, Taizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huimian Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiguang Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minli Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, People’s Republic of China
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Ellman DG, Slaiman IM, Mathiesen SB, Andersen KS, Hofmeister W, Ober EA, Andersen DC. Apex Resection in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) as a Model of Heart Regeneration: A Video-Assisted Guide. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5865. [PMID: 34070781 PMCID: PMC8199168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide. A major hindrance to resolving this challenge lies in the mammalian hearts inability to regenerate after injury. In contrast, zebrafish retain a regenerative capacity of the heart throughout their lifetimes. Apex resection (AR) is a popular zebrafish model for studying heart regeneration, and entails resecting 10-20% of the heart in the apex region, whereafter the regeneration process is monitored until the heart is fully regenerated within 60 days. Despite this popularity, video tutorials describing this technique in detail are lacking. In this paper we visualize and describe the entire AR procedure including anaesthesia, surgery, and recovery. In addition, we show that the concentration and duration of anaesthesia are important parameters to consider, to balance sufficient levels of sedation and minimizing mortality. Moreover, we provide examples of how zebrafish heart regeneration can be assessed both in 2D (immunohistochemistry of heart sections) and 3D (analyses of whole, tissue cleared hearts using multiphoton imaging). In summary, this paper aims to aid beginners in establishing and conducting the AR model in their laboratory, but also to spur further interest in improving the model and its evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Gry Ellman
- DCA-Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløwsvej 25, 1. Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (I.M.S.); (S.B.M.); (K.S.A.); (W.H.)
- DCA-Lab, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Ibrahim Mohamad Slaiman
- DCA-Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløwsvej 25, 1. Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (I.M.S.); (S.B.M.); (K.S.A.); (W.H.)
- DCA-Lab, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Bech Mathiesen
- DCA-Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløwsvej 25, 1. Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (I.M.S.); (S.B.M.); (K.S.A.); (W.H.)
- DCA-Lab, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Kristian Skriver Andersen
- DCA-Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløwsvej 25, 1. Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (I.M.S.); (S.B.M.); (K.S.A.); (W.H.)
- DCA-Lab, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Hofmeister
- DCA-Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløwsvej 25, 1. Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (I.M.S.); (S.B.M.); (K.S.A.); (W.H.)
- DCA-Lab, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, DanStem (Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology), Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 København H, Denmark;
| | - Elke Annette Ober
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, DanStem (Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology), Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 København H, Denmark;
| | - Ditte Caroline Andersen
- DCA-Lab, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, J. B. Winsløwsvej 25, 1. Floor, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; (D.G.E.); (I.M.S.); (S.B.M.); (K.S.A.); (W.H.)
- DCA-Lab, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsløwsvej 19, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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Dittrich A, Hansen K, Simonsen MIT, Busk M, Alstrup AKO, Lauridsen H. Intrinsic Heart Regeneration in Adult Vertebrates May be Strictly Limited to Low-Metabolic Ectotherms. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000054. [PMID: 32914411 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The heart has a high-metabolic rate, and its "around-the-clock" vital role to sustain life sets it apart in a regenerative setting from other organs and appendages. The landscape of vertebrate species known to perform intrinsic heart regeneration is strongly biased toward ectotherms-for example, fish, salamanders, and embryonic/neonatal ectothermic mammals. It is hypothesized that intrinsic heart regeneration is exclusively limited to the low-metabolic hearts of ectotherms. The biomedical field of regenerative medicine seeks to devise biologically inspired regenerative therapies to diseased human hearts. Falsification of the ectothermy dependency for heart regeneration hypothesis may be a crucial prerequisite to meaningfully seek inspiration in established ectothermic regenerative animal models. Otherwise, engineering approaches to construct artificial heart components may constitute a more viable path toward regenerative therapies. A more strict definition of regenerative phenomena is generated and several testable sub-hypotheses and experimental avenues are put forward to elucidate the link between heart regeneration and metabolism. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/fZcanaOT5z8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Dittrich
- Department of Clinical Medicine (Comparative Medicine Lab), Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Kasper Hansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine (Comparative Medicine Lab), Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.,Department of Biology (Zoophysiology), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.,Leicester Royal Infirmary (East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit), University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | | | - Morten Busk
- Department of Oncology (Experimental Clinical Oncology), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.,Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Lauridsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine (Comparative Medicine Lab), Aarhus University, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
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