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Khalifa A, Guijarro A, Nencioni A. Advances in Diet and Physical Activity in Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Nutrients 2024; 16:2262. [PMID: 39064705 PMCID: PMC11279876 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is currently a growing interest in diets and physical activity patterns that may be beneficial in preventing and treating breast cancer (BC). Mounting evidence indicates that indeed, the so-called Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and regular physical activity likely both help reduce the risk of developing BC. For those who have already received a BC diagnosis, these interventions may decrease the risk of tumor recurrence after treatment and improve quality of life. Studies also show the potential of other dietary interventions, including fasting or modified fasting, calorie restriction, ketogenic diets, and vegan or plant-based diets, to enhance the efficacy of BC therapies. In this review article, we discuss the biological rationale for utilizing these dietary interventions and physical activity in BC prevention and treatment. We highlight published and ongoing clinical studies that have applied these lifestyle interventions to BC patients. This review offers valuable insights into the potential application of these dietary interventions and physical activity as complimentary therapies in BC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Khalifa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Ana Guijarro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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2
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Puig-Saenz C, Pearson JRD, Thomas JE, McArdle SEB. A Holistic Approach to Hard-to-Treat Cancers: The Future of Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma, Triple Negative Breast Cancer, and Advanced Prostate Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2100. [PMID: 37626597 PMCID: PMC10452459 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy represents an attractive avenue for cancer therapy due to its tumour specificity and relatively low frequency of adverse effects compared to other treatment modalities. Despite many advances being made in the field of cancer immunotherapy, very few immunotherapeutic treatments have been approved for difficult-to-treat solid tumours such as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and advanced prostate cancer (PCa). The anatomical location of some of these cancers may also make them more difficult to treat. Many trials focus solely on immunotherapy and have failed to consider or manipulate, prior to the immunotherapeutic intervention, important factors such as the microbiota, which itself is directly linked to lifestyle factors, diet, stress, social support, exercise, sleep, and oral hygiene. This review summarises the most recent treatments for hard-to-treat cancers whilst factoring in the less conventional interventions which could tilt the balance of treatment in favour of success for these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Puig-Saenz
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, College Drive, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (C.P.-S.); (J.R.D.P.); (J.E.T.)
- Centre for Systems Health and Integrated Metabolic Research, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, College Drive, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Joshua R. D. Pearson
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, College Drive, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (C.P.-S.); (J.R.D.P.); (J.E.T.)
- Centre for Systems Health and Integrated Metabolic Research, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, College Drive, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Jubini E. Thomas
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, College Drive, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (C.P.-S.); (J.R.D.P.); (J.E.T.)
- Centre for Systems Health and Integrated Metabolic Research, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, College Drive, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Stéphanie E. B. McArdle
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, College Drive, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK; (C.P.-S.); (J.R.D.P.); (J.E.T.)
- Centre for Systems Health and Integrated Metabolic Research, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, College Drive, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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3
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Akingbesote ND, Owusu D, Liu R, Cartmel B, Ferrucci LM, Zupa M, Lustberg MB, Sanft T, Blenman KRM, Irwin ML, Perry RJ. A review of the impact of energy balance on triple-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2023; 2023:104-124. [PMID: 37139977 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells cannot proliferate without sufficient energy to generate biomass for rapid cell division, as well as to fuel their functions at baseline. For this reason, many recent observational and interventional studies have focused on increasing energy expenditure and/or reducing energy intake during and after cancer treatment. The impact of variance in diet composition and in exercise on cancer outcomes has been detailed extensively elsewhere and is not the primary focus of this review. Instead, in this translational, narrative review we examine studies of how energy balance impacts anticancer immune activation and outcomes in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We discuss preclinical, clinical observational, and the few clinical interventional studies on energy balance in TNBC. We advocate for the implementation of clinical studies to examine how optimizing energy balance-through changes in diet and/or exercise-may optimize the response to immunotherapy in people with TNBC. It is our conviction that by taking a holistic approach that includes energy balance as a key factor to be considered during and after treatment, cancer care may be optimized, and the detrimental effects of cancer treatment and recovery on overall health may be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngozi D Akingbesote
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dennis Owusu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - Ryan Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Cedar Park High School, Cedar Park, TX, USA
| | - Brenda Cartmel
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Leah M Ferrucci
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Maryam B Lustberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tara Sanft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kim R M Blenman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melinda L Irwin
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
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García-Chico C, López-Ortiz S, Peñín-Grandes S, Pinto-Fraga J, Valenzuela PL, Emanuele E, Ceci C, Graziani G, Fiuza-Luces C, Lista S, Lucia A, Santos-Lozano A. Physical Exercise and the Hallmarks of Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:324. [PMID: 36612320 PMCID: PMC9818971 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that, among the different molecular/cellular pathophysiological mechanisms associated with cancer, there are 14 hallmarks that play a major role, including: (i) sustaining proliferative signaling, (ii) evading growth suppressors, (iii) activating invasion and metastasis, (iv) enabling replicative immortality, (v) inducing angiogenesis, (vi) resisting cell death, (vii) reprogramming energy metabolism, (viii) evading immune destruction, (ix) genome instability and mutations, (x) tumor-promoting inflammation, (xi) unlocking phenotypic plasticity, (xii) nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming, (xiii) polymorphic microbiomes, and (xiv) senescent cells. These hallmarks are also associated with the development of breast cancer, which represents the most prevalent tumor type in the world. The present narrative review aims to describe, for the first time, the effects of physical activity/exercise on these hallmarks. In summary, an active lifestyle, and particularly regular physical exercise, provides beneficial effects on all major hallmarks associated with breast cancer, and might therefore help to counteract the progression of the disease or its associated burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia García-Chico
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Susana López-Ortiz
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Saúl Peñín-Grandes
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Pinto-Fraga
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pedro L. Valenzuela
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘Imas12’ [PaHerg Group]), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Claudia Ceci
- Departmental Faculty of Medicine, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Fiuza-Luces
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘Imas12’ [PaHerg Group]), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Simone Lista
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘Imas12’ [PaHerg Group]), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- i+HeALTH, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 27038 Valladolid, Spain
- Research Institute of the Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘Imas12’ [PaHerg Group]), 28041 Madrid, Spain
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Torregrosa C, Chorin F, Beltran EEM, Neuzillet C, Cardot-Ruffino V. Physical Activity as the Best Supportive Care in Cancer: The Clinician's and the Researcher's Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5402. [PMID: 36358820 PMCID: PMC9655932 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidisciplinary supportive care, integrating the dimensions of exercise alongside oncological treatments, is now regarded as a new paradigm to improve patient survival and quality of life. Its impact is important on the factors that control tumor development, such as the immune system, inflammation, tissue perfusion, hypoxia, insulin resistance, metabolism, glucocorticoid levels, and cachexia. An increasing amount of research has been published in the last years on the effects of physical activity within the framework of oncology, marking the appearance of a new medical field, commonly known as "exercise oncology". This emerging research field is trying to determine the biological mechanisms by which, aerobic exercise affects the incidence of cancer, the progression and/or the appearance of metastases. We propose an overview of the current state of the art physical exercise interventions in the management of cancer patients, including a pragmatic perspective with tips for routine practice. We then develop the emerging mechanistic views about physical exercise and their potential clinical applications. Moving toward a more personalized, integrated, patient-centered, and multidisciplinary management, by trying to understand the different interactions between the cancer and the host, as well as the impact of the disease and the treatments on the different organs, this seems to be the most promising method to improve the care of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Torregrosa
- Oncologie Digestive, Département d’Oncologie Médicale Institut Curie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin—Université Paris Saclay, 35, rue Dailly, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France
- Département de Chirurgie Digestive et Oncologique, Hôpital Universitaire Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 9 avenue Charles de Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Frédéric Chorin
- Laboratoire Motricité Humaine, Expertise, Sport, Santé (LAMHESS), HEALTHY Graduate School, Université Côte d’Azur, 06205 Nice, France
- Clinique Gériatrique du Cerveau et du Mouvement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d’Azur, 06205 Nice, France
| | - Eva Ester Molina Beltran
- Oncologie Digestive, Département d’Oncologie Médicale Institut Curie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin—Université Paris Saclay, 35, rue Dailly, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Cindy Neuzillet
- Oncologie Digestive, Département d’Oncologie Médicale Institut Curie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin—Université Paris Saclay, 35, rue Dailly, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France
- GERCOR, 151 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75011 Paris, France
| | - Victoire Cardot-Ruffino
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Xia J, Zhang S, Zhang R, Wang A, Zhu Y, Dong M, Ma S, Hong C, Liu S, Wang D, Wang J. Targeting therapy and tumor microenvironment remodeling of triple-negative breast cancer by ginsenoside Rg3 based liposomes. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:414. [PMID: 36109762 PMCID: PMC9479350 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemotherapy effect of docetaxel (DTX) against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains mediocre and limited when encapsulated in conventional cholesterol liposomes, mainly ascribed to poor penetration and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) caused by tumor stroma cells, especially cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Many studies have attempted to address these problems but trapped into the common dilemma of excessively complicated formulation strategies at the expense of druggability as well as clinical translational feasibility. To better address the discrepancy, ginsenoside Rg3 was utilized to substitute cholesterol to develop a multifunctional DTX-loaded Rg3 liposome (Rg3-Lp/DTX). The obtained Rg3-Lp/DTX was proved to be preferentially uptake by 4T1 cells and accumulate more at tumor site via the interaction between the glycosyl moiety of Rg3 exposed on liposome surface and glucose transporter1 (Glut1) overexpressed on tumor cells. After reaching tumor site, Rg3 was shown to reverse the activated CAFs to the resting stage and attenuate the dense stroma barrier by suppressing secretion of TGF-β from tumor cells and regulating TGF-β/Smad signaling. Therefore, reduced levels of CAFs and collagens were found in TME after incorporation of Rg3, inducing enhanced penetration of Rg3-Lp/DTX in the tumor and reversed immune system which can detect and neutralize tumor cells. Compared with wooden cholesterol liposomes, the smart and versatile Rg3-Lp/DTX could significantly improve the anti-tumor effect of DTX, providing a promising approach for TNBC therapy with excellent therapeutic efficacy and simple preparation process.
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Vulczak A, Alberici LC. Physical Exercise and Tumor Energy Metabolism. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 32:100600. [PMID: 35811248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence supports the antitumoral effects of physical activity, either in experimental animal models or humans. However, the biological mechanisms by which physical exercise modulates tumoral development are still unclear. An important feature of the tumor cells is the altered energy metabolism, often associated with definitions of tumor aggressiveness. Nevertheless, exercise can cause global metabolic changes in the body, as well as modulate tumor metabolism. Here we specifically discuss the metabolic changes found in tumors and how exercise can contribute to anti-tumoral effects by modulating the mitochondrial function, and tricarboxylic acid cycle-related metabolites of cancer cells. The effect of physical exercise on tumor metabolism is a new possibility for comprehension of cancer biology and developing therapies focused on tumor energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Vulczak
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto - University of Sao Paulo, RibeirãoPreto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Carla Alberici
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences - School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto - University of Sao Paulo, RibeirãoPreto, SP, Brazil.
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Li Y, Xiao X, Zhang Y, Tang W, Zhong D, Liu T, Zhu Y, Li J, Jin R. Effect of Exercise on Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Animal Experiments. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:843810. [PMID: 35733941 PMCID: PMC9208379 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.843810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Exercise is reported to be beneficial for breast cancer. However, the results seem inconsistent. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis of animal experimental studies to fully understand the effect of exercise on breast cancer in animal model. Methods: We searched databases from inception to April 2022 and manually searched related references to retrieve eligible studies. We screened eligible studies and extracted related data. We assessed the risk of bias and reporting quality using the SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation Risk of Bias tool and the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments guidelines 2.0, respectively. We summarized the study characteristics and findings of included studies and conducted meta-analysis with RevMan software. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were also performed. Results: We identified 537 potential literatures and included 47 articles for analysis. According to the results of risk of bias assessment, only selective outcome reporting was in low risk of bias. Items of sequence generation, random outcome assessment, and incomplete outcome data were rated as high risk of bias. Most of other items were rated unclear risk of bias. In reporting quality assessment, all included articles reported grouping method and experimental procedures. However, no study provided information of the study protocol registration. Meta-analysis showed that, compared with sedentary lifestyle, exercise reduced more tumor weight (MD = −0.76, 95%CI −0.88 to −0.63, p = 0.85, I2 = 0%) and tumor number per animal (MD = −0.61, 95%CI −0.91 to −0.31, p = 0.34, I2 = 8%). Exercise decreased more tumor incidence than sedentary lifestyle both in motorized wheel/high-intensity (OR = 0.22, 95%CI 0.11 to 0.46, p = 0.09, I2 = 41%) and free wheel/low-intensity treadmill running (OR = 0.45, 95%CI 0.14 to 1.44, p = 0.04, I2 = 60%). Sensitivity analysis showed that the results were robust. Conclusion: Exercise could reduce tumor weight, number of tumors per animal, and incidence of tumor in breast cancer model of mice and rats. However, the risk of bias items and reporting guidelines in preclinical studies should be concerned. Future research should consider standards of conducting and reporting preclinical studies and choose suitable exercise protocol for higher quality evidence of exercise for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Li
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xili Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongling Zhong
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- School of Sports, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University Panzhihua, Panzhihua, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University Panzhihua, Panzhihua, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Li, ; Rongjiang Jin,
| | - Rongjiang Jin
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University Panzhihua, Panzhihua, China
- *Correspondence: Juan Li, ; Rongjiang Jin,
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Kaul K, Misri S, Ramaswamy B, Ganju RK. Contribution of the tumor and obese microenvironment to triple negative breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 509:115-120. [PMID: 33798632 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The growing burden of obesity and incidence of the aggressive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a challenge, especially amongst vulnerable populations with unmet medical needs and higher mortality from breast cancer. While some mechanisms linking obesity and TNBC have been identified, the complex nature of pathogenesis, in both obesity as well as TNBC poses a real challenge in establishing a causative role of obesity in risk of TNBC. In this review article, we discuss pathological mechanisms identified in the tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as the obese microenvironment (OME), such as inflammation, insulin resistance and survival pathways that contribute to the development and progression of TNBC. Insights into the cross-talk between TME and OME, and their contribution to TNBC development and progression, may pave the way for personalized therapies against TNBC progression, relapse and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Kaul
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA; Department of Pathology, USA
| | | | | | - Ramesh K Ganju
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, USA; Department of Pathology, USA.
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Shahid M, Kim J. Exercise May Affect Metabolism in Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment. Metabolites 2020; 10:E377. [PMID: 32962184 PMCID: PMC7570125 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is a significant comorbidity for cancer patients and survivors. Physical activity (PA) has been found to be a strong gene modulator that can induce structural and functional changes in the brain. PA and exercise reduce the risk of cancer development and progression and has been shown to help in overcoming post-treatment syndromes. Exercise plays a role in controlling cancer progression through direct effects on cancer metabolism. In this review, we highlight several priorities for improving studies on CRCI in patients and its underlying potential metabolic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis 5071, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis 5071, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
- Department of Urology, Ga Cheon University College of Medicine, Incheon 461-701, Korea
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11
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Mannelli M, Gamberi T, Magherini F, Fiaschi T. The Adipokines in Cancer Cachexia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144860. [PMID: 32660156 PMCID: PMC7402301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a devastating pathology induced by several kinds of diseases, including cancer. The hallmark of cancer cachexia is an extended weight loss mainly due to skeletal muscle wasting and fat storage depletion from adipose tissue. The latter exerts key functions for the health of the whole organism, also through the secretion of several adipokines. These hormones induce a plethora of effects in target tissues, ranging from metabolic to differentiating ones. Conversely, the decrease of the circulating level of several adipokines positively correlates with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. A lot of findings suggest that cancer cachexia is associated with changed secretion of adipokines by adipose tissue. In agreement, cachectic patients show often altered circulating levels of adipokines. This review reported the findings of adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, apelin, and visfatin) in cancer cachexia, highlighting that to study in-depth the involvement of these hormones in this pathology could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Lee JJ, Beak S, Ahn SH, Moon BS, Kim J, Lee KP. Suppressing breast cancer by exercise: consideration to animal models and exercise protocols. Phys Act Nutr 2020; 24:22-29. [PMID: 32698258 PMCID: PMC7451835 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2020.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise is thought to have a significant effect on chemotherapy, and previous studies have reported that exercise can increase patient survival. Thus, in this review, we aimed to summarize various animal models to analyze the effects of exercise on breast cancer. METHODS We summarized types of breast cancer animal models from various reports and analyzed the effects of exercise on anti-cancer factors in breast cancer animal models. RESULTS This review aimed to systematically investigate if exercise could aid in suppressing breast cancer. Our study includes (a) increase in survival rate through exercise; (b) the intensity of exercise should be consistent and increased; (c) a mechanism for inhibiting carcinogenesis through exercise; (d) effects of exercise on anti-cancer function. CONCLUSION This review suggested the necessity of a variety of animal models for preclinical studies prior to breast cancer clinical trials. It also provides evidence to support the view that exercise plays an important role in the prevention or treatment of breast cancer by influencing anticancer factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jea Jun Lee
- Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, CheongjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Suji Beak
- Research and Development Center, UMUST R&D Corporation, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Ahn
- Department of Anatomy, Semyung University, JecheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Byung Seok Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kang Pa Lee
- Research and Development Center, UMUST R&D Corporation, SeoulRepublic of Korea
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