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Perry EK, Tan MW. Bacterial biofilms in the human body: prevalence and impacts on health and disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1237164. [PMID: 37712058 PMCID: PMC10499362 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1237164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms can be found in most environments on our planet, and the human body is no exception. Consisting of microbial cells encased in a matrix of extracellular polymers, biofilms enable bacteria to sequester themselves in favorable niches, while also increasing their ability to resist numerous stresses and survive under hostile circumstances. In recent decades, biofilms have increasingly been recognized as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of chronic infections. However, biofilms also occur in or on certain tissues in healthy individuals, and their constituent species are not restricted to canonical pathogens. In this review, we discuss the evidence for where, when, and what types of biofilms occur in the human body, as well as the diverse ways in which they can impact host health under homeostatic and dysbiotic states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Man-Wah Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
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2
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Cao S, Chang J, Yue X, Li J, Liu X. Potential virulence factors of Nocardia seriolae AHLQ20-01 based on whole-genome analysis and its pathogenicity to largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:333-345. [PMID: 36579505 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nocardia seriolae is a major causative agent of fish nocardiosis that results in serious economic losses in the aquaculture industry. However, the virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms of the bacterium are poorly understood. Here, a new N. seriolae strain AHLQ20-01 was isolated from the diseased Micropterus salmoides and identified by phenotypic examination combined with 16S rRNA sequencing. Subsequently, the potential virulence factors of the strain were analysed at genome level by whole-genome sequencing. The results showed that the whole-genome sequence derived from N. seriolae AHLQ20-01 circular chromosome contains 8,129,380 bp DNA with G + C content of 68.14%, and encompasses 7650 protein-coding genes, 114 pseudo-genes, 3 rRNAs, 66 tRNAs and 36 non-coding RNAs. More importantly, a total of 139 genes, which mainly involved in adhesion, invasion, resistance to oxidative and nitrosative stress, phagosome arresting, iron acquisition system, toxin production and bacterial secretion systems, were identified as core virulence-associated genes. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of N. seriolae AHLQ20-01 to M. salmoides was further investigated through experimental infection. It was found that the LD50 value of the strain to M. salmoides was 9.3 × 106 colony forming unit/fish. Histopathological examination demonstrated typical granuloma with varying sizes in the liver, head kidney, spleen and heart of the experimentally infected fish. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling assay and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining showed that there were distinctly more apoptotic cells in all the tested tissues in the infection group, but not in the control group. Together, these findings provide the foundation to further explore the pathogenic mechanism of N. seriolae, which might contribute to the prevention and treatment of fish nocardiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoulin Cao
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Chang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhen Yue
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Jinnian Li
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Xuelan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, P.R. China
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Lim JS, Kim HJ, Park I, Woo S, Kim JH, Park JW. Force Mapping Reveals the Spatial Distribution of Individual Proteins in a Neuron. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3865-3871. [PMID: 35549313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional methods for studying the spatial distribution and expression level of proteins within neurons have primarily relied on immunolabeling and/or signal amplification. Here, we present an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanoscale force mapping method, where Anti-LIMK1-tethered AFM probes were used to visualize individual LIMK1 proteins in cultured neurons directly through force measurements. We observed that the number density of LIMK1 decreased in neuronal somas after the cells were depolarized. We also elucidated the spatial distribution of LIMK1 in single spine areas and found that the protein predominantly locates at heads of spines rather than dendritic shafts. The study demonstrates that our method enables unveiling of the abundance and spatial distribution of a protein of interest in neurons without signal amplification or labeling. We expected that this approach should facilitate the studies of protein expression phenomena in depth in a wide range of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Seon Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikbum Park
- Analysis and Assessment Research Center, Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 67 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwook Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Hun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Won Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Mycobacterial Adhesion: From Hydrophobic to Receptor-Ligand Interactions. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020454. [PMID: 35208908 PMCID: PMC8875947 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion is crucial for the infective lifestyles of bacterial pathogens. Adhesion to non-living surfaces, other microbial cells, and components of the biofilm extracellular matrix are crucial for biofilm formation and integrity, plus adherence to host factors constitutes a first step leading to an infection. Adhesion is, therefore, at the core of pathogens’ ability to contaminate, transmit, establish residency within a host, and cause an infection. Several mycobacterial species cause diseases in humans and animals with diverse clinical manifestations. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which enters through the respiratory tract, first adheres to alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells leading up to transmigration across the alveolar epithelium and containment within granulomas. Later, when dissemination occurs, the bacilli need to adhere to extracellular matrix components to infect extrapulmonary sites. Mycobacteria causing zoonotic infections and emerging nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogens follow divergent routes of infection that probably require adapted adhesion mechanisms. New evidence also points to the occurrence of mycobacterial biofilms during infection, emphasizing a need to better understand the adhesive factors required for their formation. Herein, we review the literature on tuberculous and nontuberculous mycobacterial adhesion to living and non-living surfaces, to themselves, to host cells, and to components of the extracellular matrix.
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Gong W, Pan C, Cheng P, Wang J, Zhao G, Wu X. Peptide-Based Vaccines for Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830497. [PMID: 35173740 PMCID: PMC8841753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the global TB mortality rate in 2020 is rising, making TB prevention and control more challenging. Vaccination has been considered the best approach to reduce the TB burden. Unfortunately, BCG, the only TB vaccine currently approved for use, offers some protection against childhood TB but is less effective in adults. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new TB vaccines that are more effective than BCG. Accumulating data indicated that peptides or epitopes play essential roles in bridging innate and adaptive immunity and triggering adaptive immunity. Furthermore, innovations in bioinformatics, immunoinformatics, synthetic technologies, new materials, and transgenic animal models have put wings on the research of peptide-based vaccines for TB. Hence, this review seeks to give an overview of current tools that can be used to design a peptide-based vaccine, the research status of peptide-based vaccines for TB, protein-based bacterial vaccine delivery systems, and animal models for the peptide-based vaccines. These explorations will provide approaches and strategies for developing safer and more effective peptide-based vaccines and contribute to achieving the WHO’s End TB Strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou City, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xueqiong Wu, ; Guangyu Zhao,
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xueqiong Wu, ; Guangyu Zhao,
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Addison W, Frederickson M, Coyne AG, Abell C. Potential therapeutic targets from Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab): Recently reported efforts towards the discovery of novel antibacterial agents to treat Mab infections. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:392-404. [PMID: 35647542 PMCID: PMC9020770 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00359c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (Mab) are rapidly growing mycobacteria that cause severe and persistent infections in both skin and lung tissues. Treatment regimens involve the extended usage of complex combinations of drugs, often leading to severe adverse side effects, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Current macrolide therapies are gradually proving to be less effective, largely due to emergence of antibiotic resistance; there is therefore an increasing need for the discovery of new antibacterials that are active against Mab. This review highlights recent research centred upon a number of potential therapeutic targets from Mab (Ag85C, ClpC1, GyrB, MmpL3 and TrmD), and discusses the various approaches used to discover small molecule inhibitors, in the search for future antibiotics for the treatment of Mab infections. Recently reported inhibitors developed against targets from Mycobacterium absecessus (Mab).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- William Addison
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Martyn Frederickson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Anthony G Coyne
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Chris Abell
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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Khan A, Singh R, Sharma S, Singh V, Sheoran A, Soni A, Dhull V, Gill PS, Yadav A, Chaudhary D, Gupta MC, Mehta PK. Diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis by immuno-PCR assay based on mycobacterial antigen 85 complex detection. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 74:17-26. [PMID: 34592012 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of osteoarticular tuberculosis (OATB) exhibits serious challenges owing to paucibacillary nature of specimens and localization of disease at sites that are difficult to access. We recently developed indirect immuno-PCR (I-PCR) and real-time I-PCR (RT-I-PCR) assays for the detection of mycobacterial antigen 85 complex (Ag85) in OATB patients. Detection limits for the purified Ag85 protein were found to be 1 and 41 fg ml-1 by I-PCR and RT-I-PCR, respectively, which were at least 105 -fold lower than respective ELISA. While spiking synovial fluids of non-TB control subjects with the purified Ag85 protein, LODs of 100 and 120 fg ml-1 were obtained by I-PCR and RT-I-PCR, respectively, thus demonstrating the sample matrix effect. Sensitivities of 87·5 and 70·5% were observed in bodily fluids of confirmed (n = 8) and clinically suspected (n = 51) OATB cases, respectively, by I-PCR, with a specificity of 93·9% (n = 33). Markedly, the sensitivities obtained by I-PCR/RT-I-PCR were significantly higher (P < 0·05-0·01) than ELISA and GeneXpert assay (n = 30). However, no substantial difference in sensitivity was observed between the I-PCR and RT-I-PCR assays. After further improving the accuracy of I-PCR, this test may lead to development of an attractive diagnostic kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khan
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, India
| | - R Singh
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Health Sciences (UHS), Rohtak, India
| | - S Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, UHS, Rohtak, India
| | - V Singh
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A Sheoran
- Department of Statistics, Ramanujan College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - A Soni
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology Murthal, Sonepat, India
| | - V Dhull
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, University Institute of Engineering & Technology, MDU, Rohtak, India
| | - P S Gill
- Department of Microbiology, UHS, Rohtak, India
| | - A Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, UHS, Rohtak, India
| | - D Chaudhary
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UHS, Rohtak, India
| | - M C Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, UHS, Rohtak, India
| | - P K Mehta
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, India
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Abstract
Mycobacteria have unique cell envelopes, surface properties, and growth dynamics, which all play a part in the ability of these important pathogens to infect, evade host immunity, disseminate, and resist antibiotic challenges. Recent atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies have brought new insights into the nanometer-scale ultrastructural, adhesive, and mechanical properties of mycobacteria. The molecular forces with which mycobacterial adhesins bind to host factors, like heparin and fibronectin, and the hydrophobic properties of the mycomembrane have been unraveled by AFM force spectroscopy studies. Real-time correlative AFM and fluorescence imaging have delineated a complex interplay between surface ultrastructure, tensile stresses within the cell envelope, and cellular processes leading to division. The unique capabilities of AFM, which include subdiffraction-limit topographic imaging and piconewton force sensitivity, have great potential to resolve important questions that remain unanswered on the molecular interactions, surface properties, and growth dynamics of this important class of pathogens.
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