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He P, Dai M, Li Z, Wang X, Liu H, He Y, Jiang H. Effect of connexin 43 in LPS/IL-4-induced macrophage M1/M2 polarization: An observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37811. [PMID: 38608055 PMCID: PMC11018209 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) play important roles in inducing M1 and M2 macrophage polarization. Studies have shown that LPS can promote the polarization of macrophages to M1-type and produce many pro-inflammatory cytokines, while IL-4 can promote the polarization of macrophages to M2-type and produce many anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, Connexin 43 (Cx43) is widely expressed in macrophages and has various regulatory functions. However, whether Cx43 is involved in the regulation of macrophage M1/M2 polarization has not been fully studied. This study examined the role of Cx43 and M2 polarization markers using Western blot, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry. Cx43 overexpression was induced using Cx43 overexpressing lentivirus. The statistical software SPSS 20.0 (IBM Corp.) and GraphPad Prism 8.0 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, United States) were used to analyze the results. P values < .05 were considered to indicate statistically significant differences. Our results showed that LPS promotes the polarization of macrophages to M1-type, which is accompanied by an increase in Cx43 expression from 0 to 24 hours. Moreover, the application of the Cx43-specific blockers Gap19 and Gap26 reduces the expression of macrophage M1-type polarization markers. Thus, the expression of Cx43 increases first, and then, due to the initiation of intracellular autophagy during LPS-induced macrophage M1 polarization. Cx43 is degraded and the expression of Cx43 decreases from 24 hours to 48 hours. IL-4 decreases the expression of Cx43 from 24 hours to 48 hours and promotes the transformation of macrophages to M2-type. The application of Cx43 overexpression lentivirus leads to a reduction in the expression of M2 polarization markers. IL-4-induced M2 polarization of macrophages inhibits cell autophagy, reducing Cx43 degradation and leading to an increase in Cx43 from 24 hours to 48 hours. Thus, Cx43 expression in M2-type polarization experiences a reduction at first and then an increase from 24 hours to 48 hours. The direction of macrophage polarization can be controlled by regulating the expression of Cx43, thus providing a theoretical basis for treating atherosclerosis, tumors, and other diseases associated with macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchen He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mianyang Central Hospital Affiliated to University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Mingxing Dai
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, Mianyang Central Hospital Affiliated to University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Zongpin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mianyang Central Hospital Affiliated to University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mianyang Central Hospital Affiliated to University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Hongyuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mianyang Central Hospital Affiliated to University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Yixiao He
- Department of Pathology, Mianyang Central Hospital Affiliated to University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
| | - Han Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, Mianyang Central Hospital Affiliated to University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Mianyang, China
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Qin X, He W, Yang R, Liu L, Zhang Y, Li L, Si J, Li X, Ma K. Inhibition of Connexin 43 reverses ox-LDL-mediated inhibition of autophagy in VSMC by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12969. [PMID: 35313522 PMCID: PMC8934045 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL) may induce foam cell formation from the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) by inhibiting VSMC autophagy. This process accelerates the formation of atherosclerosis (AS). Connexin 43 (Cx43), which is the most widely distributed connexin in VSMC is associated with autophagy. However, the mechanism of action and the involvement of Cx43 in ox-LDL-inhibited VSMC autophagy remain unclear. Methods The primary VSMC were obtained and identified, before primary VSMC were pretreated with an inhibitor (Cx43-specific inhibitor Gap26 and PI3K inhibitor LY294002) and stimulated with ox-LDL. Results Ox-LDL not only inhibited autophagy in VSMC via downregulation of autophagy-related proteins (such as Beclin 1, LC3B, p62), but also increased Cx43 protein levels. Then we added Gap26 to VSMC in the ox-LDL+Gap26 group, in which autophagy-related proteins were increased and the accumulation of lipid droplets was reduced. These result suggested that an enhanced level of autophagy and an alleviation of lipid accumulation might be caused by inhibiting Cx43 in VSMC. The phosphorylation levels of PI3K, AKT, mTOR were increased by ox-LDL, thus down-regulating autophagy-related proteins. However, this situation was partially reversed by the Gap26. Moreover, Cx43 expression were decreased by LY294002 in ox-LDL-induced VSMCs. Conclusion Inhibiting Cx43 may activate VSMC autophagy to inhibit foam cell formation by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqing Qin
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wenjun He
- Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Luqian Liu
- Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Li Li
- Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Junqiang Si
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinzhi Li
- Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ketao Ma
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
- First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Kaushik S, Tasset I, Arias E, Pampliega O, Wong E, Martinez-Vicente M, Cuervo AM. Autophagy and the hallmarks of aging. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101468. [PMID: 34563704 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, an essential cellular process that mediates degradation of proteins and organelles in lysosomes, has been tightly linked to cellular quality control for its role as part of the proteostasis network. The current interest in identifying the cellular and molecular determinants of aging, has highlighted the important contribution of malfunctioning of autophagy with age to the loss of proteostasis that characterizes all old organisms. However, the diversity of cellular functions of the different types of autophagy and the often reciprocal interactions of autophagy with other determinants of aging, is placing autophagy at the center of the aging process. In this work, we summarize evidence for the contribution of autophagy to health- and lifespan and provide examples of the bidirectional interplay between autophagic pathways and several of the so-called hallmarks of aging. This central role of autophagy in aging, and the dependence on autophagy of many geroprotective interventions, has motivated a search for direct modulators of autophagy that could be used to slow aging and extend healthspan. Here, we review some of those ongoing therapeutic efforts and comment on the potential of targeting autophagy in aging.
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Padmanabhan S, Manjithaya R. Facets of Autophagy Based Unconventional Protein Secretion-The Road Less Traveled. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:586483. [PMID: 33363205 PMCID: PMC7755989 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.586483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconventional protein secretion (UCPS) of leaderless proteins bypasses the conventional endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi route. The proportion of UCPS in the secretome varies tremendously across eukaryotes. Interestingly, macroautophagy, an intracellular recycling process that is generally involved in cargo degradation, also participates in UCPS. This emerging field of secretory mode of autophagy is underexplored and has several unanswered questions regarding the composition of players, cargo, and the mechanisms that drive it. As secretomes vary considerably across cell types and physiological conditions, the contribution of secretory autophagy in healthy and pathophysiological states remain to be elucidated. Recent studies have begun to shed light on this enigmatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedevi Padmanabhan
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India.,Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
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