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Ashique S, Houshyari M, Islam A, Pal R, Ghazanfar S, Taghizadeh-Hesary F. The role of microbiota in nasopharyngeal cancer: Where do we stand? Oral Oncol 2024; 158:106982. [PMID: 39153457 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2024.106982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common head and neck cancer with a poor prognosis. One of the crucial challenges regarding NPC is its pathogenesis. Recent findings highlight the significance of host microbiota in the development of NPC, affected locally by nasopharyngeal microbiota or remotely by oral microbiota. The oral microbiota can migrate to the nasopharyngeal space, thereby impacting the composition of the nasopharyngeal microbiota. Specific bacterial strains have been linked to the development of nasopharyngeal cancer, including Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Leptotrichia, Staphylococcaceae, Granulicatella, Corynebacterium, Fusobacterium, and Prevotella. Several mechanisms have been proposed to elucidate how microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the development of NPC, including triggering tumor-promoting inflammation, reactivating the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), inducing oxidative stress, weakening the immune system, and worsening tumor hypoxia. In addition, the composition of nasopharyngeal microbiota and the number of tumor-infiltrating microbiota can influence the prognosis and treatment response in patients with NPC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review discussing the impacts of the host microbiota on nasopharyngeal cancer pathogenesis, progression, and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
| | - Mohammad Houshyari
- Radio Oncology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anas Islam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Radheshyam Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Shakira Ghazanfar
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Rainey NE, Armand AS, Petit PX. Sodium arsenite and arsenic trioxide differently affect the oxidative stress of lymphoblastoid cells: An intricate crosstalk between mitochondria, autophagy and cell death. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302701. [PMID: 38728286 PMCID: PMC11086853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the toxicity of arsenic depends on its chemical forms, few studies have taken into account the ambiguous phenomenon that sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) acts as a potent carcinogen while arsenic trioxide (ATO, As2O3) serves as an effective therapeutic agent in lymphoma, suggesting that NaAsO2 and As2O3 may act via paradoxical ways to either promote or inhibit cancer pathogenesis. Here, we compared the cellular response of the two arsenical compounds, NaAsO2 and As2O3, on the Burkitt lymphoma cell model, the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)-positive P3HR1 cells. Using flow cytometry and biochemistry analyses, we showed that a NaAsO2 treatment induces P3HR1 cell death, combined with drastic drops in ΔΨm, NAD(P)H and ATP levels. In contrast, As2O3-treated cells resist to cell death, with a moderate reduction of ΔΨm, NAD(P)H and ATP. While both compounds block cells in G2/M and affect their protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation, As2O3 induces a milder increase in superoxide anions and H2O2 than NaAsO2, associated to a milder inhibition of antioxidant defenses. By electron microscopy, RT-qPCR and image cytometry analyses, we showed that As2O3-treated cells display an overall autophagic response, combined with mitophagy and an unfolded protein response, characteristics that were not observed following a NaAsO2 treatment. As previous works showed that As2O3 reactivates EBV in P3HR1 cells, we treated the EBV- Ramos-1 cells and showed that autophagy was not induced in these EBV- cells upon As2O3 treatment suggesting that the boost of autophagy observed in As2O3-treated P3HR1 cells could be due to the presence of EBV in these cells. Overall, our results suggest that As2O3 is an autophagic inducer which action is enhanced when EBV is present in the cells, in contrast to NaAsO2, which induces cell death. That's why As2O3 is combined with other chemicals, as all-trans retinoic acid, to better target cancer cells in therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Earl Rainey
- CNRS UMR 8003 Paris University, SSPIN, Neuroscience Institute, Team “Mitochondria, Apoptosis and Autophagy Signaling”, Campus Saint-Germain, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Armand
- INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Campus Necker, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Patrice X. Petit
- CNRS UMR 8003 Paris University, SSPIN, Neuroscience Institute, Team “Mitochondria, Apoptosis and Autophagy Signaling”, Campus Saint-Germain, Paris, France
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Heawchaiyaphum C, Yoshiyama H, Iizasa H, Burassakarn A, Tumurgan Z, Ekalaksananan T, Pientong C. Epstein-Barr Virus Promotes Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Stemness through the Warburg Effect. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14072. [PMID: 37762374 PMCID: PMC10531857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with various human malignancies. An association between EBV infection and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has recently been reported. We established EBV-positive OSCC cells and demonstrated that EBV infection promoted OSCC progression. However, the mechanisms by which EBV promotes OSCC progression remain poorly understood. Therefore, we performed metabolic analyses of EBV-positive OSCC cells and established a xenograft model to investigate the viral contribution to OSCC progression. Here, we demonstrated that EBV infection induced mitochondrial stress by reducing the number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copies. Microarray data from EBV-positive OSCC cells showed altered expression of glycolysis-related genes, particularly the upregulation of key genes involved in the Warburg effect, including LDHA, GLUT1, and PDK1. Furthermore, lactate production and LDH activity were elevated in EBV-positive OSCC cells. EBV infection significantly upregulated the expression levels of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers such as CD44 and CD133 in the xenograft model. In this model, tumor growth was significantly increased in EBV-positive SCC25 cells compared with that in uninfected cells. Furthermore, tumorigenicity increased after serial passages of EBV-positive SCC25 tumors. This study revealed the oncogenic role of EBV in OSCC progression by inducing the Warburg effect and cancer stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukkris Heawchaiyaphum
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University (Rangsit Center), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (A.B.); (Z.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (A.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (A.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Ati Burassakarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (A.B.); (Z.T.)
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Zolzaya Tumurgan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane 693-8501, Japan; (H.I.); (A.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Houshyari M, Farhadi M. Mitochondrial metabolism: a predictive biomarker of radiotherapy efficacy and toxicity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:6719-6741. [PMID: 36719474 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiotherapy is a mainstay of cancer treatment. Clinical studies revealed a heterogenous response to radiotherapy, from a complete response to even disease progression. To that end, finding the relative prognostic factors of disease outcomes and predictive factors of treatment efficacy and toxicity is essential. It has been demonstrated that radiation response depends on DNA damage response, cell cycle phase, oxygen concentration, and growth rate. Emerging evidence suggests that altered mitochondrial metabolism is associated with radioresistance. METHODS This article provides a comprehensive evaluation of the role of mitochondria in radiotherapy efficacy and toxicity. In addition, it demonstrates how mitochondria might be involved in the famous 6Rs of radiobiology. RESULTS In terms of this idea, decreasing the mitochondrial metabolism of cancer cells may increase radiation response, and enhancing the mitochondrial metabolism of normal cells may reduce radiation toxicity. Enhancing the normal cells (including immune cells) mitochondrial metabolism can potentially improve the tumor response by enhancing immune reactivation. Future studies are invited to examine the impacts of mitochondrial metabolism on radiation efficacy and toxicity. Improving radiotherapy response with diminishing cancer cells' mitochondrial metabolism, and reducing radiotherapy toxicity with enhancing normal cells' mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Clinical Oncology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Houshyari
- Clinical Oncology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farhadi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Functional Implications of Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Genes in Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235780. [PMID: 36497262 PMCID: PMC9740547 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a diverse range of tumors of both lymphoid and epithelial origin. Similar to other herpesviruses, EBV displays a bipartite life cycle consisting of latent and lytic phases. Current dogma indicates that the latent genes are key drivers in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated cancers, while the lytic genes are primarily responsible for viral transmission. In recent years, evidence has emerged to show that the EBV lytic phase also plays an important role in EBV tumorigenesis, and the expression of EBV lytic genes is frequently detected in tumor tissues and cell lines. The advent of next generation sequencing has allowed the comprehensive profiling of EBV gene expression, and this has revealed the consistent expression of several lytic genes across various types of EBV-associated cancers. In this review, we provide an overview of the functional implications of EBV lytic gene expression to the oncogenic process and discuss possible avenues for future investigations.
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Wyżewski Z, Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Myszka A. Virus-Mediated Inhibition of Apoptosis in the Context of EBV-Associated Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137265. [PMID: 35806271 PMCID: PMC9266970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the representative of the Herpesviridae family, is a pathogen extensively distributed in the human population. One of its most characteristic features is the capability to establish latent infection in the host. The infected cells serve as a sanctuary for the dormant virus, and therefore their desensitization to apoptotic stimuli is part of the viral strategy for long-term survival. For this reason, EBV encodes a set of anti-apoptotic products. They may increase the viability of infected cells and enhance their resistance to chemotherapy, thereby contributing to the development of EBV-associated diseases, including Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), gastric cancer (GC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and several other malignancies. In this paper, we have described the molecular mechanism of anti-apoptotic actions of a set of EBV proteins. Moreover, we have reviewed the pro-survival role of non-coding viral transcripts: EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), in EBV-carrying malignant cells. The influence of EBV on the expression, activity and/or intracellular distribution of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein family members, has been presented. Finally, we have also discussed therapeutic perspectives of targeting viral anti-apoptotic products or their molecular partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-728-208-338
| | - Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.M.); (K.P.G.-Z.)
| | | | - Anna Myszka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
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Mitochondria as a Cellular Hub in Infection and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111338. [PMID: 34768767 PMCID: PMC8583510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the energy center of the cell. They are found in the cell cytoplasm as dynamic networks where they adapt energy production based on the cell’s needs. They are also at the center of the proinflammatory response and have essential roles in the response against pathogenic infections. Mitochondria are a major site for production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS; or free radicals), which are essential to fight infection. However, excessive and uncontrolled production can become deleterious to the cell, leading to mitochondrial and tissue damage. Pathogens exploit the role of mitochondria during infection by affecting the oxidative phosphorylation mechanism (OXPHOS), mitochondrial network and disrupting the communication between the nucleus and the mitochondria. The role of mitochondria in these biological processes makes these organelle good targets for the development of therapeutic strategies. In this review, we presented a summary of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and their involvement in the pathogen response, as well as the potential promising mitochondrial targets for the fight against infectious diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Herpesvirus Regulation of Selective Autophagy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050820. [PMID: 34062931 PMCID: PMC8147283 DOI: 10.3390/v13050820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective autophagy has emerged as a key mechanism of quality and quantity control responsible for the autophagic degradation of specific subcellular organelles and materials. In addition, a specific type of selective autophagy (xenophagy) is also activated as a line of defense against invading intracellular pathogens, such as viruses. However, viruses have evolved strategies to counteract the host’s antiviral defense and even to activate some proviral types of selective autophagy, such as mitophagy, for their successful infection and replication. This review discusses the current knowledge on the regulation of selective autophagy by human herpesviruses.
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Jiang Z, Bahr T, Zhou C, Jin T, Chen H, Song S, Ikeno Y, Tian H, Bai Y. Diagnostic value of circulating cell-free mtDNA in patients with suspected thyroid cancer: ND4/ND1 ratio as a new potential plasma marker. Mitochondrion 2020; 55:145-153. [PMID: 33035689 PMCID: PMC9680688 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and its incidence continues to rise. For clinicians with cancer patients, choosing and interpreting diagnostic laboratory studies has become increasingly important. Previously, changes in plasma free mitochondrial DNA levels have been found in colorectal, breast, lung, and urinary cancers, and have demonstrated diagnostic value. In this study, we investigated whether the occurrence and development of thyroid cancer might be predicted using mtDNA copy number (ND1), mtDNA integrity (ND4/ND1) and levels of cell-free nDNA (GAPDH). We analyzed ND1, ND4, and GAPDH levels in plasma and blood cells from 75 patients with thyroid cancer, 40 patients with nodular goiter, and 107 normal controls using real-time PCR. Although both the thyroid nodule and thyroid cancer patients had significantly increased ND1 levels, the ND4/ND1 ratio in the thyroid cancer group was higher than the thyroid nodule group (P < 0.05), and significantly higher than the normal control group (P < 0.01). Plasma levels of nuclear DNA (GAPDH) in the thyroid cancer group were also higher compared to normal (P < 0.05). These results indicate that increased intactness of plasma free mtDNA is associated with increased levels of plasma cell-free nDNA, and that the ND4/ND1 ratio has the potential to be a new detection indicator in thyroid cancer. Furthermore, we classified thyroid cancer patients according to clinical data including age, tumor size, and metastasis. We found significantly higher levels of GAPDH in malignant tissues. Because ND4/ND1 correlated with plasma GAPDH in the plasma studies, this also suggests a potential relationship between ND4 intactness and thyroid tumor tissue size. Taken together, our findings suggest a tumor-specific process involving increased release of intact mtDNA, detectable in the plasma, which differentiates normal patients from patients with thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Jiangbei People's Hospital Affiliated of Nantong University, China
| | - Tyler Bahr
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, United States
| | - Chen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Hao Chen
- The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Shujie Song
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yuji Ikeno
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, United States
| | - Hengli Tian
- The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yidong Bai
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, United States.
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