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Thomas A, Meraldi P. Centrosome age breaks spindle size symmetry even in cells thought to divide symmetrically. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202311153. [PMID: 39012627 PMCID: PMC11252449 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202311153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are the main microtubule-organizing centers in animal cells. Due to the semiconservative nature of centrosome duplication, the two centrosomes differ in age. In asymmetric stem cell divisions, centrosome age can induce an asymmetry in half-spindle lengths. However, whether centrosome age affects the symmetry of the two half-spindles in tissue culture cells thought to divide symmetrically is unknown. Here, we show that in human epithelial and fibroblastic cell lines centrosome age imposes a mild spindle asymmetry that leads to asymmetric cell daughter sizes. At the mechanistic level, we show that this asymmetry depends on a cenexin-bound pool of the mitotic kinase Plk1, which favors the preferential accumulation on old centrosomes of the microtubule nucleation-organizing proteins pericentrin, γ-tubulin, and Cdk5Rap2, and microtubule regulators TPX2 and ch-TOG. Consistently, we find that old centrosomes have a higher microtubule nucleation capacity. We postulate that centrosome age breaks spindle size symmetry via microtubule nucleation even in cells thought to divide symmetrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Thomas
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Meraldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Meyer-Gerards C, Bazzi H. Developmental and tissue-specific roles of mammalian centrosomes. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38935637 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Centrosomes are dominant microtubule organizing centers in animal cells with a pair of centrioles at their core. They template cilia during interphase and help organize the mitotic spindle for a more efficient cell division. Here, we review the roles of centrosomes in the early developing mouse and during organ formation. Mammalian cells respond to centrosome loss-of-function by activating the mitotic surveillance pathway, a timing mechanism that, when a defined mitotic duration is exceeded, leads to p53-dependent cell death in the descendants. Mouse embryos without centrioles are highly susceptible to this pathway and undergo embryonic arrest at mid-gestation. The complete loss of the centriolar core results in earlier and more severe phenotypes than that of other centrosomal proteins. Finally, different developing tissues possess varying thresholds and mount graded responses to the loss of centrioles that go beyond the germ layer of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Meyer-Gerards
- Department of Cell Biology of the Skin, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
- The Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
- Graduate School for Biological Sciences, University of Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Hisham Bazzi
- Department of Cell Biology of the Skin, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
- The Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
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3
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Ozcan SC, Kalkan BM, Cicek E, Canbaz AA, Acilan C. Prolonged overexpression of PLK4 leads to formation of centriole rosette clusters that are connected via canonical centrosome linker proteins. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4370. [PMID: 38388511 PMCID: PMC10883960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Centrosome amplification is a hallmark of cancer and PLK4 is one of the responsible factors for cancer associated centrosome amplification. Increased PLK4 levels was also shown to contribute to generation of cells with centriole amplification in mammalian tissues as olfactory neuron progenitor cells. PLK4 overexpression generates centriole rosette (CR) structures which harbor more than two centrioles each. Long term PLK4 overexpression results with centrosome amplification, but the maturation of amplified centrioles in CRs and linking of PLK4 induced amplified centrosomes has not yet been investigated in detail. Here, we show evidence for generation of large clustered centrosomes which have more than 2 centriole rosettes and define these structures as centriole rosette clusters (CRCs) in cells that have high PLK4 levels for 2 consecutive cell cycles. In addition, we show that PLK4 induced CRs follow normal centrosomal maturation processes and generate CRC structures that are inter-connected with canonical centrosomal linker proteins as C-Nap1, Rootletin and Cep68 in the second cell cycle after PLK4 induction. Increased PLK4 levels in cells with C-Nap1 and Rootletin knock-out resulted with distanced CRs and CRCs in interphase, while Nek2 knock-out inhibited separation of CRCs in prometaphase, providing functional evidence for the binding of CRC structures with centrosomal linker proteins. Taken together, these results suggest a cell cycle dependent model for PLK4 induced centrosome amplification which occurs in 2 consecutive cell cycles: (i) CR state in the first cell cycle, and (ii) CRC state in the second cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selahattin Can Ozcan
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Batuhan Mert Kalkan
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Enes Cicek
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ceyda Acilan
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
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4
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Kong D, Luvsanjav D, Loncarek J. Immunolabel-First-Expand-Later Expansion Microscopy Approach Using Stable STED Dyes. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2725:89-101. [PMID: 37856019 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3507-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple expansion microscopy approaches have been successfully used in the analysis of centrioles, centrosomes, and cilia, helping to reveal the localization of numerous centrosomal and ciliary proteins at nanoscale resolution. In this chapter, we describe the use of two stable STED dyes in combination with expansion microscopy, which allows the robust detection by conventional and STED microscopy of proteins immunolabeled prior to sample expansion. We demonstrate the stability of these dyes during the crosslinking, polymerization, and denaturation steps of an expansion protocol thereby allowing their use in an immunolabel-first-expand-later approach. Our protocol overcomes the frequent technical limitation of poor, unreproducible binding of primary antibodies to proteins after denaturation. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach by analyzing both a centriole appendage protein Cep164 and a ciliary protein ARL13B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kong
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, NIH/NCI/CCR, Frederick, MD, USA
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5
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Wesselman HM, Arceri L, Nguyen TK, Lara CM, Wingert RA. Genetic mechanisms of multiciliated cell development: from fate choice to differentiation in zebrafish and other models. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 37997009 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCS) form bundles of cilia and their activities are essential for the proper development and physiology of many organ systems. Not surprisingly, defects in MCCs have profound consequences and are associated with numerous disease states. Here, we discuss the current understanding of MCC formation, with a special focus on the genetic and molecular mechanisms of MCC fate choice and differentiation. Furthermore, we cast a spotlight on the use of zebrafish to study MCC ontogeny and several recent advances made in understanding MCCs using this vertebrate model to delineate mechanisms of MCC emergence in the developing kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liana Arceri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Thanh Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Caroline M Lara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
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6
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Shakhov AS, Churkina AS, Kotlobay AA, Alieva IB. The Endothelial Centrosome: Specific Features and Functional Significance for Endothelial Cell Activity and Barrier Maintenance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15392. [PMID: 37895072 PMCID: PMC10607758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes information about the specific features that are characteristic of the centrosome and its relationship with the cell function of highly specialized cells, such as endotheliocytes. It is based on data from other researchers and our own long-term experience. The participation of the centrosome in the functional activity of these cells, including its involvement in the performance of the main barrier function of the endothelium, is discussed. According to modern concepts, the centrosome is a multifunctional complex and an integral element of a living cell; the functions of which are not limited only to the ability to polymerize microtubules. The location of the centrosome near the center of the interphase cell, the concentration of various regulatory proteins in it, the organization of the centrosome radial system of microtubules through which intracellular transport is carried out by motor proteins and the involvement of the centrosome in the process of the perception of the external signals and their transmission make this cellular structure a universal regulatory and distribution center, controlling the entire dynamic morphology of an animal cell. Drawing from modern data on the tissue-specific features of the centrosome's structure, we discuss the direct involvement of the centrosome in the performance of functions by specialized cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Sergeevich Shakhov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40, Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Sergeevna Churkina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40, Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–73, Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly Alekseevich Kotlobay
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya St., 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Borisovna Alieva
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40, Leninskye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Otto M, Hoyer-Fender S. ODF2 Negatively Regulates CP110 Levels at the Centrioles/Basal Bodies to Control the Biogenesis of Primary Cilia. Cells 2023; 12:2194. [PMID: 37681926 PMCID: PMC10486571 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are essential sensory organelles that develop when an inhibitory cap consisting of CP110 and other proteins is eliminated. The degradation of CP110 by the ubiquitin-dependent proteasome pathway mediated by NEURL4 and HYLS1 removes the inhibitory cap. Here, we investigated the suitability of rapamycin-mediated dimerization for centriolar recruitment and asked whether the induced recruitment of NEURL4 or HYLS1 to the centriole promotes primary cilia development and CP110 degradation. We used rapamycin-mediated dimerization with ODF2 to induce their targeted recruitment to the centriole. We found decreased CP110 levels in the transfected cells, but independent of rapamycin-mediated dimerization. By knocking down ODF2, we showed that ODF2 controls CP110 levels. The overexpression of ODF2 is not sufficient to promote the formation of primary cilia, but the overexpression of NEURL4 or HYLS1 is. The co-expression of ODF2 and HYLS1 resulted in the formation of tube-like structures, indicating an interaction. Thus, ODF2 controls primary cilia formation by negatively regulating the concentration of CP110 levels. Our data suggest that ODF2 most likely acts as a scaffold for the binding of proteins such as NEURL4 or HYLS1 to mediate CP110 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sigrid Hoyer-Fender
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology—Developmental Biology, GZMB, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Streubel JMS, Pereira G. Control of centrosome distal appendages assembly and disassembly. Cells Dev 2023; 174:203839. [PMID: 37062431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes are microtubule organizing centers involved in chromosome segregation, spindle orientation, cell motility and cilia formation. In recent years, they have also emerged as key modulators of asymmetric cell division. Centrosomes are composed of two centrioles that initiate duplication in S phase. The conservative nature of centriole duplication means that the two centrioles of a G1 cell are of different ages. They are also structurally different as only the older centriole carry appendages, an assembly of a subset of proteins primarily required for cilia formation. In a growing tissue, the non-motile, primary cilium acts as a mechano- and sensory organelle that influences cell behavior via modulation of signaling pathways. Here, we discuss the most recent findings about distal appendage composition and function, as well as cell cycle-specific regulation and their implications in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M S Streubel
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gislene Pereira
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; Centre for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Carmona B, Marinho HS, Matos CL, Nolasco S, Soares H. Tubulin Post-Translational Modifications: The Elusive Roles of Acetylation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040561. [PMID: 37106761 PMCID: PMC10136095 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs), dynamic polymers of α/β-tubulin heterodimers found in all eukaryotes, are involved in cytoplasm spatial organization, intracellular transport, cell polarity, migration and division, and in cilia biology. MTs functional diversity depends on the differential expression of distinct tubulin isotypes and is amplified by a vast number of different post-translational modifications (PTMs). The addition/removal of PTMs to α- or β-tubulins is catalyzed by specific enzymes and allows combinatory patterns largely enriching the distinct biochemical and biophysical properties of MTs, creating a code read by distinct proteins, including microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), which allow cellular responses. This review is focused on tubulin-acetylation, whose cellular roles continue to generate debate. We travel through the experimental data pointing to α-tubulin Lys40 acetylation role as being a MT stabilizer and a typical PTM of long lived MTs, to the most recent data, suggesting that Lys40 acetylation enhances MT flexibility and alters the mechanical properties of MTs, preventing MTs from mechanical aging characterized by structural damage. Additionally, we discuss the regulation of tubulin acetyltransferases/desacetylases and their impacts on cell physiology. Finally, we analyze how changes in MT acetylation levels have been found to be a general response to stress and how they are associated with several human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carmona
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H Susana Marinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Lopes Matos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Nolasco
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Hou Y, Zheng S, Wu Z, Augière C, Morel V, Cortier E, Duteyrat JL, Zhang Y, Chen H, Peng Y, Durand B, Wei Q. Drosophila transition fibers are essential for IFT-dependent ciliary elongation but not basal body docking and ciliary budding. Curr Biol 2023; 33:727-736.e6. [PMID: 36669498 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are highly conserved organelles critical for animal development and perception. Dysfunction of cilia has been linked to a wide spectrum of human genetic diseases, termed ciliopathies.1,2 Transition fibers (TFs) are striking ciliary base structures essential for cilia assembly. Vertebrates' TFs that originate from centriole distal appendages (DAs) mediate basal body docking to ciliary vesicles to initiate ciliogenesis and regulate the entry of ciliary proteins for axoneme assembly via intraflagellar transport (IFT) machinery.3 Although no distal appendages can be observed on Drosophila centrioles,4,5 three key TF proteins, FBF1, CEP164, and CEP89, have obvious homologs in Drosophila. We aimed to compare their functions with their mammalian counterparts in Drosophila ciliogenesis. Here, we show that all three proteins are localized like TF proteins at the ciliary base in both sensory neurons and spermatocytes, the only two types of ciliated cells in flies. Fbf1 and Cep89 are essential for the formation of IFT-dependent neuronal cilia, but Cep164 is dispensable for ciliogenesis in flies. Strikingly, none are required for basal body docking and transition zone (TZ) assembly in IFT-dependent neuronal cilia or IFT-independent spermatocyte cilia. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Unc is essential to recruit all three TF proteins and establish a hierarchical order, with Cep89 acting on Fbf1. Collectively, our results not only demonstrate that TF proteins are required for IFT-dependent ciliogenesis in Drosophila, in agreement with an evolutionarily conserved function of these proteins in regulating ciliary protein entry, but also that the basal body docking function of TFs has diverged during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Hou
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shirui Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhimao Wu
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Céline Augière
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Véronique Morel
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Elisabeth Cortier
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Jean-Luc Duteyrat
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Yingying Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Huicheng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Institute of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 430000, China
| | - Bénédicte Durand
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MeLiS - UCBL-CNRS UMR 5284 - INSERM U1314, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon 69008, France.
| | - Qing Wei
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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11
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Ali A, Vineethakumari C, Lacasa C, Lüders J. Microtubule nucleation and γTuRC centrosome localization in interphase cells require ch-TOG. Nat Commun 2023; 14:289. [PMID: 36702836 PMCID: PMC9879976 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Organization of microtubule arrays requires spatio-temporal regulation of the microtubule nucleator γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) at microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). MTOC-localized adapter proteins are thought to recruit and activate γTuRC, but the molecular underpinnings remain obscure. Here we show that at interphase centrosomes, rather than adapters, the microtubule polymerase ch-TOG (also named chTOG or CKAP5) ultimately controls γTuRC recruitment and activation. ch-TOG co-assembles with γTuRC to stimulate nucleation around centrioles. In the absence of ch-TOG, γTuRC fails to localize to these sites, but not the centriole lumen. However, whereas some ch-TOG is stably bound at subdistal appendages, it only transiently associates with PCM. ch-TOG's dynamic behavior requires its tubulin-binding TOG domains and a C-terminal region involved in localization. In addition, ch-TOG also promotes nucleation from the Golgi. Thus, at interphase centrosomes stimulation of nucleation and γTuRC attachment are mechanistically coupled through transient recruitment of ch-TOG, and ch-TOG's nucleation-promoting activity is not restricted to centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Ali
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Chithran Vineethakumari
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Cristina Lacasa
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Jens Lüders
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
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12
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Uzbekov RE, Avidor-Reiss T. The Centrosome: Conclusions and Perspectives. Cells 2022; 11:3931. [PMID: 36497189 PMCID: PMC9739391 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome consists of two centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem E. Uzbekov
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, 10, Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 73, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 3050 W. Towerview Blvd, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43607, USA
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13
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Turner KA, Kluczynski DF, Hefner RJ, Moussa RB, Slogar JN, Thekkethottiyil JB, Prine HD, Crossley ER, Flanagan LJ, LaBoy MM, Moran MB, Boyd TG, Kujawski BA, Ruble K, Pap JM, Jaiswal A, Shah TA, Sindhwani P, Avidor-Reiss T. Tubulin posttranslational modifications modify the atypical spermatozoon centriole. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000678. [PMID: 36444375 PMCID: PMC9700210 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sperm cells are transcriptionally and translationally silent. Therefore, they may use one of the remaining mechanisms to respond to stimuli in their environment, the post-translational modification of their proteins. Here we examined three post-translational modifications, acetylation, glutamylation, and glycylation of the protein tubulin in human and cattle sperm. Tubulin is the monomer that makes up microtubules, and microtubules constitute the core component of both the sperm centrioles and the axoneme. We found that the sperm of both species were labeled by antibodies against acetylated tubulin and glutamylated tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
,
Correspondence to: Tomer Avidor-Reiss (
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14
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Langlois-Lemay L, D’Amours D. Moonlighting at the Poles: Non-Canonical Functions of Centrosomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:930355. [PMID: 35912107 PMCID: PMC9329689 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.930355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are best known as the microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) of eukaryotic cells. In addition to their classic role in chromosome segregation, centrosomes play diverse roles unrelated to their MTOC activity during cell proliferation and quiescence. Metazoan centrosomes and their functional doppelgängers from lower eukaryotes, the spindle pole bodies (SPBs), act as important structural platforms that orchestrate signaling events essential for cell cycle progression, cellular responses to DNA damage, sensory reception and cell homeostasis. Here, we provide a critical overview of the unconventional and often overlooked roles of centrosomes/SPBs in the life cycle of eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Langlois-Lemay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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15
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Vásquez-Limeta A, Lukasik K, Kong D, Sullenberger C, Luvsanjav D, Sahabandu N, Chari R, Loncarek J. CPAP insufficiency leads to incomplete centrioles that duplicate but fragment. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213119. [PMID: 35404385 PMCID: PMC9007748 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202108018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are structures that assemble centrosomes. CPAP is critical for centrosome assembly, and its mutations are found in patients with diseases such as primary microcephaly. CPAP’s centrosomal localization, its dynamics, and the consequences of its insufficiency in human cells are poorly understood. Here we use human cells genetically engineered for fast degradation of CPAP, in combination with superresolution microscopy, to address these uncertainties. We show that three independent centrosomal CPAP populations are dynamically regulated during the cell cycle. We confirm that CPAP is critical for assembly of human centrioles, but not for recruitment of pericentriolar material on already assembled centrioles. Further, we reveal that CPAP insufficiency leads to centrioles with incomplete microtubule triplets that can convert to centrosomes, duplicate, and form mitotic spindle poles, but fragment owing to loss of cohesion between microtubule blades. These findings further our basic understanding of the role of CPAP in centrosome biogenesis and help understand how CPAP aberrations can lead to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Vásquez-Limeta
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Kimberly Lukasik
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Dong Kong
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Catherine Sullenberger
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Delgermaa Luvsanjav
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Natalie Sahabandu
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Raj Chari
- Genome Modification Core, Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
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16
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Avidor-Reiss T, Achinger L, Uzbekov R. The Centriole's Role in Miscarriages. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:864692. [PMID: 35300410 PMCID: PMC8922021 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.864692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrioles are subcellular organelles essential for normal cell function and development; they form the cell’s centrosome (a major cytoplasmic microtubule organization center) and cilium (a sensory and motile hair-like cellular extension). Centrioles with evolutionarily conserved characteristics are found in most animal cell types but are absent in egg cells and exhibit unexpectedly high structural, compositional, and functional diversity in sperm cells. As a result, the centriole’s precise role in fertility and early embryo development is unclear. The centrioles are found in the spermatozoan neck, a strategic location connecting two central functional units: the tail, which propels the sperm to the egg and the head, which holds the paternal genetic material. The spermatozoan neck is an ideal site for evolutionary innovation as it can control tail movement pre-fertilization and the male pronucleus’ behavior post-fertilization. We propose that human, bovine, and most other mammals–which exhibit ancestral centriole-dependent reproduction and two spermatozoan centrioles, where one canonical centriole is maintained, and one atypical centriole is formed–adapted extensive species-specific centriolar features. As a result, these centrioles have a high post-fertilization malfunction rate, resulting in aneuploidy, and miscarriages. In contrast, house mice evolved centriole-independent reproduction, losing the spermatozoan centrioles and overcoming a mechanism that causes miscarriages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Avidor-Reiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States.,Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Luke Achinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Rustem Uzbekov
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Guichard P, Laporte MH, Hamel V. The centriolar tubulin code. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 137:16-25. [PMID: 34896019 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based cell organelles present in most eukaryotes. They participate in the control of cell division as part of the centrosome, the major microtubule-organizing center of the cell, and are also essential for the formation of primary and motile cilia. During centriole assembly as well as across its lifetime, centriolar tubulin display marks defined by post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as glutamylation or acetylation. To date, the functions of these PTMs at centrioles are not well understood, although pioneering experiments suggest a role in the stability of this organelle. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding PTMs at centrioles with a particular focus on a possible link between these modifications and centriole's architecture, and propose possible hypothesis regarding centriolar tubulin PTMs's function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Guichard
- University of Geneva, Department of Cell Biology, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Marine H Laporte
- University of Geneva, Department of Cell Biology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Hamel
- University of Geneva, Department of Cell Biology, Geneva, Switzerland.
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18
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Shin B, Kim MS, Lee Y, Jung GI, Rhee K. Generation and Fates of Supernumerary Centrioles in Dividing Cells. Mol Cells 2021; 44:699-705. [PMID: 34711687 PMCID: PMC8560585 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is a subcellular organelle from which a cilium assembles. Since centrosomes function as spindle poles during mitosis, they have to be present as a pair in a cell. How the correct number of centrosomes is maintained in a cell has been a major issue in the fields of cell cycle and cancer biology. Centrioles, the core of centrosomes, assemble and segregate in close connection to the cell cycle. Abnormalities in centriole numbers are attributed to decoupling from cell cycle regulation. Interestingly, supernumerary centrioles are commonly observed in cancer cells. In this review, we discuss how supernumerary centrioles are generated in diverse cellular conditions. We also discuss how the cells cope with supernumerary centrioles during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungho Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Myung Se Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yejoo Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Gee In Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kunsoo Rhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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19
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Schweizer N, Haren L, Dutto I, Viais R, Lacasa C, Merdes A, Lüders J. Sub-centrosomal mapping identifies augmin-γTuRC as part of a centriole-stabilizing scaffold. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6042. [PMID: 34654813 PMCID: PMC8519919 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Centriole biogenesis and maintenance are crucial for cells to generate cilia and assemble centrosomes that function as microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). Centriole biogenesis and MTOC function both require the microtubule nucleator γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC). It is widely accepted that γTuRC nucleates microtubules from the pericentriolar material that is associated with the proximal part of centrioles. However, γTuRC also localizes more distally and in the centriole lumen, but the significance of these findings is unclear. Here we identify spatially and functionally distinct subpopulations of centrosomal γTuRC. Luminal localization is mediated by augmin, which is linked to the centriole inner scaffold through POC5. Disruption of luminal localization impairs centriole integrity and interferes with cilium assembly. Defective ciliogenesis is also observed in γTuRC mutant fibroblasts from a patient suffering from microcephaly with chorioretinopathy. These results identify a non-canonical role of augmin-γTuRC in the centriole lumen that is linked to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schweizer
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurence Haren
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS-Université Toulouse III, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Ilaria Dutto
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Viais
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Lacasa
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Merdes
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS-Université Toulouse III, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Jens Lüders
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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The Cilioprotist Cytoskeleton , a Model for Understanding How Cell Architecture and Pattern Are Specified: Recent Discoveries from Ciliates and Comparable Model Systems. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2364:251-295. [PMID: 34542858 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1661-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeletons of eukaryotic, cilioprotist microorganisms are complex, highly patterned, and diverse, reflecting the varied and elaborate swimming, feeding, reproductive, and sensory behaviors of the multitude of cilioprotist species that inhabit the aquatic environment. In the past 10-20 years, many new discoveries and technologies have helped to advance our understanding of how cytoskeletal organelles are assembled in many different eukaryotic model systems, in relation to the construction and modification of overall cellular architecture and function. Microtubule organizing centers, particularly basal bodies and centrioles, have continued to reveal their central roles in architectural engineering of the eukaryotic cell, including in the cilioprotists. This review calls attention to (1) published resources that illuminate what is known of the cilioprotist cytoskeleton; (2) recent studies on cilioprotists and other model organisms that raise specific questions regarding whether basal body- and centriole-associated nucleic acids, both DNA and RNA, should continue to be considered when seeking to employ cilioprotists as model systems for cytoskeletal research; and (3) new, mainly imaging, technologies that have already proven useful for, but also promise to enhance, future cytoskeletal research on cilioprotists.
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21
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Tapia Contreras C, Hoyer-Fender S. The Transformation of the Centrosome into the Basal Body: Similarities and Dissimilarities between Somatic and Male Germ Cells and Their Relevance for Male Fertility. Cells 2021; 10:2266. [PMID: 34571916 PMCID: PMC8471410 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The sperm flagellum is essential for the transport of the genetic material toward the oocyte and thus the transmission of the genetic information to the next generation. During the haploid phase of spermatogenesis, i.e., spermiogenesis, a morphological and molecular restructuring of the male germ cell, the round spermatid, takes place that includes the silencing and compaction of the nucleus, the formation of the acrosomal vesicle from the Golgi apparatus, the formation of the sperm tail, and, finally, the shedding of excessive cytoplasm. Sperm tail formation starts in the round spermatid stage when the pair of centrioles moves toward the posterior pole of the nucleus. The sperm tail, eventually, becomes located opposed to the acrosomal vesicle, which develops at the anterior pole of the nucleus. The centriole pair tightly attaches to the nucleus, forming a nuclear membrane indentation. An articular structure is formed around the centriole pair known as the connecting piece, situated in the neck region and linking the sperm head to the tail, also named the head-to-tail coupling apparatus or, in short, HTCA. Finally, the sperm tail grows out from the distal centriole that is now transformed into the basal body of the flagellum. However, a centriole pair is found in nearly all cells of the body. In somatic cells, it accumulates a large mass of proteins, the pericentriolar material (PCM), that together constitute the centrosome, which is the main microtubule-organizing center of the cell, essential not only for the structuring of the cytoskeleton and the overall cellular organization but also for mitotic spindle formation and chromosome segregation. However, in post-mitotic (G1 or G0) cells, the centrosome is transformed into the basal body. In this case, one of the centrioles, which is always the oldest or mother centriole, grows the axoneme of a cilium. Most cells of the body carry a single cilium known as the primary cilium that serves as an antenna sensing the cell's environment. Besides, specialized cells develop multiple motile cilia differing in substructure from the immotile primary cilia that are essential in moving fluids or cargos over the cellular surface. Impairment of cilia formation causes numerous severe syndromes that are collectively subsumed as ciliopathies. This comparative overview serves to illustrate the molecular mechanisms of basal body formation, their similarities, and dissimilarities, in somatic versus male germ cells, by discussing the involved proteins/genes and their expression, localization, and function. The review, thus, aimed to provide a deeper knowledge of the molecular players that is essential for the expansion of clinical diagnostics and treatment of male fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sigrid Hoyer-Fender
- Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology-Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
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22
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Pereira SG, Dias Louro MA, Bettencourt-Dias M. Biophysical and Quantitative Principles of Centrosome Biogenesis and Structure. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2021; 37:43-63. [PMID: 34314592 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-051400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The centrosome is a main orchestrator of the animal cellular microtubule cytoskeleton. Dissecting its structure and assembly mechanisms has been a goal of cell biologists for over a century. In the last two decades, a good understanding of the molecular constituents of centrosomes has been achieved. Moreover, recent breakthroughs in electron and light microscopy techniques have enabled the inspection of the centrosome and the mapping of its components with unprecedented detail. However, we now need a profound and dynamic understanding of how these constituents interact in space and time. Here, we review the latest findings on the structural and molecular architecture of the centrosome and how its biogenesis is regulated, highlighting how biophysical techniques and principles as well as quantitative modeling are changing our understanding of this enigmatic cellular organelle. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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23
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Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based cylindrical structures that assemble the centrosome and template the formation of cilia. The proximal part of centrioles is associated with the pericentriolar material, a protein scaffold from which microtubules are nucleated. This activity is mediated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) whose central role in centrosomal microtubule organization has been recognized for decades. However, accumulating evidence suggests that γTuRC activity at this organelle is neither restricted to the pericentriolar material nor limited to microtubule nucleation. Instead, γTuRC is found along the entire centriole cylinder, at subdistal appendages, and inside the centriole lumen, where its canonical function as a microtubule nucleator might be supplemented or replaced by a function in microtubule anchoring and centriole stabilization, respectively. In this Opinion, we discuss recent insights into the expanded repertoire of γTuRC activities at centrioles and how distinct subpopulations of γTuRC might act in concert to ensure centrosome and cilia biogenesis and function, ultimately supporting cell proliferation, differentiation and homeostasis. We propose that the classical view of centrosomal γTuRC as a pericentriolar material-associated microtubule nucleator needs to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schweizer
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Lüders
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Vasquez-Limeta A, Loncarek J. Human centrosome organization and function in interphase and mitosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:30-41. [PMID: 33836946 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes were first described by Edouard Van Beneden and named and linked to chromosome segregation by Theodor Boveri around 1870. In the 1960-1980s, electron microscopy studies have revealed the remarkable ultrastructure of a centriole -- a nine-fold symmetrical microtubular assembly that resides within a centrosome and organizes it. Less than two decades ago, proteomics and genomic screens conducted in multiple species identified hundreds of centriole and centrosome core proteins and revealed the evolutionarily conserved nature of the centriole assembly pathway. And now, super resolution microscopy approaches and improvements in cryo-tomography are bringing an unparalleled nanoscale-detailed picture of the centriole and centrosome architecture. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge about the architecture of human centrioles. We discuss the structured organization of centrosome components in interphase, focusing on localization/function relationship. We discuss the process of centrosome maturation and mitotic spindle pole assembly in centriolar and acentriolar cells, emphasizing recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, NIH/NCI, Frederick 21702, MD, USA.
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25
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Tischer J, Carden S, Gergely F. Accessorizing the centrosome: new insights into centriolar appendages and satellites. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 66:148-155. [PMID: 33279729 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes comprise two centrioles, the mother and daughter, embedded within a multi-layered proteinaceous matrix known as the pericentriolar material. In proliferating cells, centrosomes duplicate once per cell cycle and organise interphase and mitotic microtubule arrays, whereas in quiescent cells, the mother centriole templates primary cilium formation. Centrosomes have acquired various accessory structures to facilitate these disparate functions. In some eukaryotic lineages, mother centrioles can be distinguished from their daughter by the presence of appendages at their distal end, which anchor microtubule minus ends and tether Golgi-derived vesicles involved in ciliogenesis. Moreover, in vertebrate cells, centrosomes are surrounded by a system of cytoplasmic granules known as centriolar satellites. In this review, we will discuss these centriolar accessories and outline recent findings pertaining to their composition, assembly and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tischer
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Sarah Carden
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Fanni Gergely
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU, UK.
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26
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Balestra FR, Domínguez-Calvo A, Wolf B, Busso C, Buff A, Averink T, Lipsanen-Nyman M, Huertas P, Ríos RM, Gönczy P. TRIM37 prevents formation of centriolar protein assemblies by regulating Centrobin. eLife 2021; 10:62640. [PMID: 33491649 PMCID: PMC7870141 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM37 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase mutated in Mulibrey nanism, a disease with impaired organ growth and increased tumor formation. TRIM37 depletion from tissue culture cells results in supernumerary foci bearing the centriolar protein Centrin. Here, we characterize these centriolar protein assemblies (Cenpas) to uncover the mechanism of action of TRIM37. We find that an atypical de novo assembly pathway can generate Cenpas that act as microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs), including in Mulibrey patient cells. Correlative light electron microscopy reveals that Cenpas are centriole-related or electron-dense structures with stripes. TRIM37 regulates the stability and solubility of Centrobin, which accumulates in elongated entities resembling the striped electron dense structures upon TRIM37 depletion. Furthermore, Cenpas formation upon TRIM37 depletion requires PLK4, as well as two parallel pathways relying respectively on Centrobin and PLK1. Overall, our work uncovers how TRIM37 prevents Cenpas formation, which would otherwise threaten genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando R Balestra
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andrés Domínguez-Calvo
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Benita Wolf
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Busso
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alizée Buff
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tessa Averink
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marita Lipsanen-Nyman
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pablo Huertas
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rosa M Ríos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Lee KS, Park JE, Ahn JI, Zeng Y. Constructing PCM with architecturally distinct higher-order assemblies. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 66:66-73. [PMID: 33176265 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pericentriolar material (PCM) present around a pair of centrioles functions as a platform for various cellular processes, including microtubule (MT) assembly. While PCM is known to be an electron-dense proteinaceous matrix made of long coiled-coil proteins and their client molecules, the molecular mechanism underlying PCM organization remains largely elusive. A growing body of evidence suggests that PCM is constructed in part by an interphase cylindrical self-assembly and the mitotic mesh-like architectures surrounding it. In this review, we will discuss how these higher-order structures are constructed to achieve the functional proficiency of the centrosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung S Lee
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jong Il Ahn
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yan Zeng
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Principal Postulates of Centrosomal Biology. Version 2020. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102156. [PMID: 32987651 PMCID: PMC7598677 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome, which consists of two centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material, is a unique structure that has retained its main features in organisms of various taxonomic groups from unicellular algae to mammals over one billion years of evolution. In addition to the most noticeable function of organizing the microtubule system in mitosis and interphase, the centrosome performs many other cell functions. In particular, centrioles are the basis for the formation of sensitive primary cilia and motile cilia and flagella. Another principal function of centrosomes is the concentration in one place of regulatory proteins responsible for the cell's progression along the cell cycle. Despite the existing exceptions, the functioning of the centrosome is subject to general principles, which are discussed in this review.
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