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Ibragimov A, Bing XY, Shidlovskii YV, Levine M, Georgiev P, Schedl P. lncRNA read-through regulates the BX-C insulator Fub-1. eLife 2023; 12:e84711. [PMID: 37643473 PMCID: PMC10497285 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Though long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a substantial fraction of the Pol II transcripts in multicellular animals, only a few have known functions. Here we report that the blocking activity of the Bithorax complex (BX-C) Fub-1 boundary is segmentally regulated by its own lncRNA. The Fub-1 boundary is located between the Ultrabithorax (Ubx) gene and the bxd/pbx regulatory domain, which is responsible for regulating Ubx expression in parasegment PS6/segment A1. Fub-1 consists of two hypersensitive sites, HS1 and HS2. HS1 is an insulator while HS2 functions primarily as an lncRNA promoter. To activate Ubx expression in PS6/A1, enhancers in the bxd/pbx domain must be able to bypass Fub-1 blocking activity. We show that the expression of the Fub-1 lncRNAs in PS6/A1 from the HS2 promoter inactivates Fub-1 insulating activity. Inactivation is due to read-through as the HS2 promoter must be directed toward HS1 to disrupt blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airat Ibragimov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Xin Yang Bing
- Lewis Sigler Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Yulii V Shidlovskii
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussian Federation
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, Sechenov UniversityMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Michael Levine
- Lewis Sigler Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Pavel Georgiev
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Paul Schedl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
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2
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Antonova DV, Gnatenko DA, Kotova ES, Pleshkan VV, Kuzmich AI, Didych DA, Sverdlov ED, Alekseenko IV. Cell-specific expression of the FAP gene is regulated by enhancer elements. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1111511. [PMID: 36825204 PMCID: PMC9941708 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1111511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is an integral membrane serine protease that acts as both dipeptidyl peptidase and collagenase. In recent years, FAP has attracted considerable attention due to its specific upregulation in multiple types of tumor cell populations, including cancer cells in various cancer types, making FAP a potential target for therapy. However, relatively few papers pay attention to the mechanisms driving the cell-specific expression of the FAP gene. We found no correlation between the activities of the two FAP promoter variants (short and long) and the endogenous FAP mRNA expression level in several cell lines with different FAP expression levels. This suggested that other mechanisms may be responsible for specific transcriptional regulation of the FAP gene. We analyzed the distribution of known epigenetic and structural chromatin marks in FAP-positive and FAP-negative cell lines and identified two potential enhancer-like elements (E1 and E2) in the FAP gene locus. We confirmed the specific enrichment of H3K27ac in the putative enhancer regions in FAP-expressing cells. Both the elements exhibited enhancer activity independently of each other in the functional test by increasing the activity of the FAP promoter variants to a greater extent in FAP-expressing cell lines than in FAP-negative cell lines. The transcription factors AP-1, CEBPB, and STAT3 may be involved in FAP activation in the tumors. We hypothesized the existence of a positive feedback loop between FAP and STAT3, which may have implications for developing new approaches in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina V. Antonova
- Gene Immunooncotherapy Group, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Genomics and Postgenomic Technologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Gnatenko
- Gene Immunooncotherapy Group, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Genomics and Postgenomic Technologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena S. Kotova
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, FSBI Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V. Pleshkan
- Gene Immunooncotherapy Group, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Genomics and Postgenomic Technologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia,Gene Oncotherapy Sector, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey I. Kuzmich
- Gene Immunooncotherapy Group, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Genomics and Postgenomic Technologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia,Gene Oncotherapy Sector, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Didych
- Gene Immunooncotherapy Group, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Genomics and Postgenomic Technologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia,*Correspondence: Dmitry A. Didych,
| | - Eugene D. Sverdlov
- Kurchatov Center for Genome Research, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V. Alekseenko
- Gene Immunooncotherapy Group, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Genomics and Postgenomic Technologies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia,Gene Oncotherapy Sector, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia,Laboratory of Epigenetics, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Evolution of Epigenetic Mechanisms and Signatures. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010109. [PMID: 36611903 PMCID: PMC9818844 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, higher-order chromatin organization and regulation by noncoding RNAs are considered as the basic mechanisms underlying the epigenetic memory [...].
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Kashkin KN, Kotova ES, Alekseenko IV, Bulanenkova SS, Akopov SB, Kopantzev EP, Nikolaev LG, Chernov IP, Didych DA. Efficient Selection of Enhancers and Promoters from MIA PaCa-2 Pancreatic Cancer Cells by ChIP-lentiMPRA. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315011. [PMID: 36499347 PMCID: PMC9740945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A library of active genome regulatory elements (putative promoters and enhancers) from MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells was constructed using a specially designed lentiviral vector and a massive parallel reporter assay (ChIP-lentiMPRA). Chromatin immunoprecipitation of the cell genomic DNA by H3K27ac antibodies was used for primary enrichment of the library for regulatory elements. Totally, 11,264 unique genome regions, many of which are capable of enhancing the expression of the CopGFP reporter gene from the minimal CMV promoter, were identified. The regions tend to be located near promoters. Based on the proximity assay, we found an enrichment of highly expressed genes among those associated with three or more mapped distal regions (2 kb distant from the 5'-ends of genes). It was shown significant enrichment of genes related to carcinogenesis or Mia PaCa-2 cell identity genes in this group. In contrast, genes associated with 1-2 distal regions or only with proximal regions (within 2 kbp of the 5'-ends of genes) are more often related to housekeeping functions. Thus, ChIP-lentiMPRA is a useful strategy for creating libraries of regulatory elements for the study of tumor-specific gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Nikitich Kashkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Sergeevna Kotova
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Vasilievna Alekseenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Sergeevna Bulanenkova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Borisovich Akopov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene Pavlovich Kopantzev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lev Grigorievich Nikolaev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Pavlovich Chernov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Alexandrovich Didych
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-919-777-4620
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5
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Galouzis CC, Furlong EEM. Regulating specificity in enhancer-promoter communication. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 75:102065. [PMID: 35240372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enhancers are cis-regulatory elements that can activate transcription remotely to regulate a specific pattern of a gene's expression. Genes typically have many enhancers that are often intermingled in the loci of other genes. To regulate expression, enhancers must therefore activate their correct promoter while ignoring others that may be in closer linear proximity. In this review, we discuss mechanisms by which enhancers engage with promoters, including recent findings on the role of cohesin and the Mediator complex, and how this specificity in enhancer-promoter communication is encoded. Genetic dissection of model loci, in addition to more recent findings using genome-wide approaches, highlight the core promoter sequence, its accessibility, cofactor-promoter preference, in addition to the surrounding genomic context, as key components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eileen E M Furlong
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, D-69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Nuñez-Olvera SI, Puente-Rivera J, Ramos-Payán R, Pérez-Plasencia C, Salinas-Vera YM, Aguilar-Arnal L, López-Camarillo C. Three-Dimensional Genome Organization in Breast and Gynecological Cancers: How Chromatin Folding Influences Tumorigenic Transcriptional Programs. Cells 2021; 11:75. [PMID: 35011637 PMCID: PMC8750285 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of research on the transcriptome and cancer genome has demonstrated that many gynecological tumor-specific gene mutations are located in cis-regulatory elements. Through chromosomal looping, cis-regulatory elements interact which each other to control gene expression by bringing distant regulatory elements, such as enhancers and insulators, into close proximity with promoters. It is well known that chromatin connections may be disrupted in cancer cells, promoting transcriptional dysregulation and the expression of abnormal tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. In this review, we examine the roles of alterations in 3D chromatin interactions. This includes changes in CTCF protein function, cancer-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms, viral integration, and hormonal response as part of the mechanisms that lead to the acquisition of enhancers or super-enhancers. The translocation of existing enhancers, as well as enhancer loss or acquisition of insulator elements that interact with gene promoters, is also revised. Remarkably, similar processes that modify 3D chromatin contacts in gene promoters may also influence the expression of non-coding RNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), which have emerged as key regulators of gene expression in a variety of cancers, including gynecological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie I. Nuñez-Olvera
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Jonathan Puente-Rivera
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico City 03100, Mexico;
| | - Rosalio Ramos-Payán
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacan City 80030, Mexico;
| | | | - Yarely M. Salinas-Vera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Lorena Aguilar-Arnal
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - César López-Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico City 03100, Mexico;
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7
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Abstract
Mammalian genomes have distinct levels of spatial organization and structure that have been hypothesized to play important roles in transcription regulation. Although much has been learned about these architectural features with ensemble techniques, single-cell studies are showing a new universal trend: Genomes are stochastic and dynamic at every level of organization. Stochastic gene expression, on the other hand, has been studied for years. In this review, we probe whether there is a causative link between the two phenomena. We specifically discuss the functionality of chromatin state, topologically associating domains (TADs), and enhancer biology in light of their stochastic nature and their specific roles in stochastic gene expression. We highlight persistent fundamental questions in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Bohrer
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Daniel R Larson
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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8
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Shidlovskii YV, Bylino OV, Shaposhnikov AV, Kachaev ZM, Lebedeva LA, Kolesnik VV, Amendola D, De Simone G, Formicola N, Schedl P, Digilio FA, Giordano E. Subunits of the PBAP Chromatin Remodeler Are Capable of Mediating Enhancer-Driven Transcription in Drosophila. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062856. [PMID: 33799739 PMCID: PMC7999800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin remodeler SWI/SNF is an important participant in gene activation, functioning predominantly by opening the chromatin structure on promoters and enhancers. Here, we describe its novel mode of action in which SWI/SNF factors mediate the targeted action of an enhancer. We studied the functions of two signature subunits of PBAP subfamily, BAP170 and SAYP, in Drosophila. These subunits were stably tethered to a transgene reporter carrying the hsp70 core promoter. The tethered subunits mediate transcription of the reporter in a pattern that is generated by enhancers close to the insertion site in multiple loci throughout the genome. Both tethered SAYP and BAP170 recruit the whole PBAP complex to the reporter promoter. However, we found that BAP170-dependent transcription is more resistant to the depletion of other PBAP subunits, suggesting that BAP170 may play a more critical role in establishing enhancer-dependent transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulii V. Shidlovskii
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (Z.M.K.); (L.A.L.); (V.V.K.); (P.S.)
- Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (Y.V.S.); (F.A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Oleg V. Bylino
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (Z.M.K.); (L.A.L.); (V.V.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Alexander V. Shaposhnikov
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (Z.M.K.); (L.A.L.); (V.V.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Zaur M. Kachaev
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (Z.M.K.); (L.A.L.); (V.V.K.); (P.S.)
- Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Lyubov A. Lebedeva
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (Z.M.K.); (L.A.L.); (V.V.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Valeria V. Kolesnik
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (Z.M.K.); (L.A.L.); (V.V.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Diego Amendola
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.A.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Giovanna De Simone
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.A.); (G.D.S.)
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, 00154 Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Formicola
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET) National Research Council (CNR), 05010 Porano, Italy;
- Institut de Biologie Valrose iBV UMR CNRS 7277, Université Côte d’Azur, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Paul Schedl
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.B.); (A.V.S.); (Z.M.K.); (L.A.L.); (V.V.K.); (P.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
| | - Filomena Anna Digilio
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET) National Research Council (CNR), 05010 Porano, Italy;
- Correspondence: (Y.V.S.); (F.A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Ennio Giordano
- Department of Biology, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (D.A.); (G.D.S.)
- Correspondence: (Y.V.S.); (F.A.D.); (E.G.)
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9
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Bylino OV, Ibragimov AN, Shidlovskii YV. Evolution of Regulated Transcription. Cells 2020; 9:E1675. [PMID: 32664620 PMCID: PMC7408454 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of all organisms abound with various cis-regulatory elements, which control gene activity. Transcriptional enhancers are a key group of such elements in eukaryotes and are DNA regions that form physical contacts with gene promoters and precisely orchestrate gene expression programs. Here, we follow gradual evolution of this regulatory system and discuss its features in different organisms. In eubacteria, an enhancer-like element is often a single regulatory element, is usually proximal to the core promoter, and is occupied by one or a few activators. Activation of gene expression in archaea is accompanied by the recruitment of an activator to several enhancer-like sites in the upstream promoter region. In eukaryotes, activation of expression is accompanied by the recruitment of activators to multiple enhancers, which may be distant from the core promoter, and the activators act through coactivators. The role of the general DNA architecture in transcription control increases in evolution. As a whole, it can be seen that enhancers of multicellular eukaryotes evolved from the corresponding prototypic enhancer-like regulatory elements with the gradually increasing genome size of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Bylino
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.B.); (A.N.I.)
| | - Airat N. Ibragimov
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.B.); (A.N.I.)
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulii V. Shidlovskii
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., 119334 Moscow, Russia; (O.V.B.); (A.N.I.)
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8, bldg. 2 Trubetskaya St., 119048 Moscow, Russia
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