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Shayler DW, Stachelek K, Cambier L, Lee S, Bai J, Reid MW, Weisenberger DJ, Bhat B, Aparicio JG, Kim Y, Singh M, Bay M, Thornton ME, Doyle EK, Fouladian Z, Erberich SG, Grubbs BH, Bonaguidi MA, Craft CM, Singh HP, Cobrinik D. Identification and characterization of early human photoreceptor states and cell-state-specific retinoblastoma-related features. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.02.28.530247. [PMID: 38915659 PMCID: PMC11195049 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.28.530247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Human cone photoreceptors differ from rods and serve as the retinoblastoma cell-of-origin, yet the developmental basis for their distinct behaviors is poorly understood. Here, we used deep full-length single-cell RNA-sequencing to distinguish post-mitotic cone and rod developmental states and identify cone-specific features that contribute to retinoblastomagenesis. The analyses revealed early post-mitotic cone- and rod-directed populations characterized by higher THRB or NRL regulon activities, an immature photoreceptor precursor population with concurrent cone and rod gene and regulon expression, and distinct early and late cone and rod maturation states distinguished by maturation-associated declines in RAX regulon activity. Unexpectedly, both L/M cone and rod precursors co-expressed NRL and THRB RNAs, yet they differentially expressed functionally antagonistic NRL and THRB isoforms and prematurely terminated THRB transcripts. Early L/M cone precursors exhibited successive expression of several lncRNAs along with MYCN, which composed the seventh most L/M-cone-specific regulon, and SYK, which contributed to the early cone precursors' proliferative response to RB1 loss. These findings reveal previously unrecognized photoreceptor precursor states and a role for early cone-precursor-intrinsic SYK expression in retinoblastoma initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic W.H. Shayler
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, and Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Development, Stem Cell, and Regenerative Medicine Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Stachelek
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, and Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cancer Biology and Genomics Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linda Cambier
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, and Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sunhye Lee
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, and Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jinlun Bai
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, and Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Development, Stem Cell, and Regenerative Medicine Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark W. Reid
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, and Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Weisenberger
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bhavana Bhat
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, and Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer G. Aparicio
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, and Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yeha Kim
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, and Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mitali Singh
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, and Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maxwell Bay
- Development, Stem Cell, and Regenerative Medicine Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew E. Thornton
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eamon K. Doyle
- Department of Radiology and The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Fouladian
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, and Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Development, Stem Cell, and Regenerative Medicine Program, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephan G. Erberich
- Department of Radiology and The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brendan H. Grubbs
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael A. Bonaguidi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Development, Stem Cell, and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl Mae Craft
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hardeep P. Singh
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, and Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David Cobrinik
- The Vision Center, Department of Surgery, and Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Pereiro X, Ruzafa N, Azkargorta M, Elortza F, Acera A, Ambrósio AF, Santiago AR, Vecino E. Müller glial cells located in the peripheral retina are more susceptible to high pressure: implications for glaucoma. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:5. [PMID: 38183095 PMCID: PMC10770903 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma, a progressive neurodegenerative disease, is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. This study aims to elucidate the critical role of Müller glia (MG) in the context of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, particularly focusing on the influence of peripheral MG sensitivity to high pressure (HP). METHODS Co-cultures of porcine RGCs with MG were isolated from both the central and peripheral regions of pig retinas and subjected to both normal and HP conditions. Mass spectrometry analysis of the MG-conditioned medium was conducted to identify the proteins released by MG under all conditions. RESULTS Peripheral MG were found to secrete a higher quantity of neuroprotective factors, effectively promoting RGC survival under normal physiological conditions. However, under HP conditions, co-cultures with peripheral MG exhibited impaired RGC survival. Moreover, under HP conditions, peripheral MG significantly upregulated the secretion of proteins associated with apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides robust evidence suggesting the involvement of MG in RGC death in glaucoma, thus paving the way for future therapeutic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xandra Pereiro
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Noelia Ruzafa
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIBERehdProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Félix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIBERehdProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Arantxa Acera
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Santiago
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elena Vecino
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
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Liu H, Bell K, Herrmann A, Arnhold S, Mercieca K, Anders F, Nagel-Wolfrum K, Thanos S, Prokosch V. Crystallins Play a Crucial Role in Glaucoma and Promote Neuronal Cell Survival in an In Vitro Model Through Modulating Müller Cell Secretion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:3. [PMID: 35816047 PMCID: PMC9284462 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.8.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to explore the roles of crystallins in the context of aging in glaucoma and potential mechanisms of neuroprotection in an experimental animal model of glaucoma. Methods Intraocular pressure (IOP) was significantly elevated for 8 weeks in animals at different ages (10 days, 12 weeks, and 44 weeks) by episcleral vein cauterization. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were quantified by anti-Brn3a immunohistochemical staining (IHC). Proteomics using ESI-LTQ Orbitrap XL-MS was used to analyze the presence and abundance of crystallin isoforms the retinal samples, respectively. Neuroprotective property and localization of three selected crystallins CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB as most significantly changed in retina and retinal layers were determined by IHC. Their expressions and endocytic uptakes into Müller cells were analyzed by IHC and Western blotting. Müller cell secretion of neurotrophic factors into the supernatant following CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB supplementation in vitro was measured via microarray. Results IOP elevation resulted in significant RGC loss in all age groups (P < 0.001). The loss increased with aging. Proteomics analysis revealed in parallel a significant decrease of crystallin abundance – especially CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB. Significant neuroprotective effects of CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB after addition to retinal cultures were demonstrated (P < 0.001). Endocytic uptake of CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB was seen in Müller cells with subsequent increased secretion of various neurotrophic factors into the supernatant, including nerve growth factor, clusterin, and matrix metallopeptidase 9. Conclusions An age-dependent decrease in CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB abundance is found going along with increased RGC loss. Addition of CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB to culture protected RGCs in vitro. CRYAB, CRYBB2, and CRYGB were uptaken into Müller cells. Secretion of neurotrophic factors was increased as a potential mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Bell
- Singapore Eye Research Institute and Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Anja Herrmann
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Stefan Arnhold
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Karl Mercieca
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fabian Anders
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Nagel-Wolfrum
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Solon Thanos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Experimental Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Prokosch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Mao S, Miao A, Cui Y, Lu J, Pan J, Wang Y, Hong Y, Luo Y. Proteomic Analysis of Retinal Conditioned Medium: The Effect on Early Differentiation of Embyonic Stem Cells into Retina. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:730-740. [PMID: 35652355 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell replacement therapy has emerged as one of the most promising treatment options for retinal degenerative diseases, which are the main causes of irreversible vision loss. Three-dimensional (3D) retinal organoid culture is a cutting-edge technology for differentiating embryonic stem cells into retinal cells by forming a laminated retinal structure. However, 3D culture systems have strict requirements with respect to the experimental environment and culture technologies. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of retinal conditioned medium (RCM) at different developmental stages on the early differentiation of embryonic stem cells into retina in a 3D culture system. Here, we added RCM to the 3D culture system and found it could promote the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) into neuroretina. We further explored the possible mechanisms of RCM that regulate differentiation through proteomic analysis. RCM at different time points disclosed different protein profiles. Proteins which improved energy metabolism of mESCs might help improve the viability of embryonic bodies (EBs). We then screened out Snap25, Cntn1, Negr1, Dpysl2, Dpysl3, and Crmp1 as candidate proteins that might play roles in the differentiation and neurogenesis processes of mESCs, hoping to provide a basis for optimizing a retinal differentiation protocol from embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudi Mao
- Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, 194038, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Aiwen Miao
- Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, 194038, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yamei Cui
- Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, 194038, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Jing Lu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, 194038, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Jianying Pan
- Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, 194038, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yishen Wang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, 194038, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yiwen Hong
- Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, 194038, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yan Luo
- Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, 194038, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
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5
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Wareham LK, Liddelow SA, Temple S, Benowitz LI, Di Polo A, Wellington C, Goldberg JL, He Z, Duan X, Bu G, Davis AA, Shekhar K, Torre AL, Chan DC, Canto-Soler MV, Flanagan JG, Subramanian P, Rossi S, Brunner T, Bovenkamp DE, Calkins DJ. Solving neurodegeneration: common mechanisms and strategies for new treatments. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:23. [PMID: 35313950 PMCID: PMC8935795 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Across neurodegenerative diseases, common mechanisms may reveal novel therapeutic targets based on neuronal protection, repair, or regeneration, independent of etiology or site of disease pathology. To address these mechanisms and discuss emerging treatments, in April, 2021, Glaucoma Research Foundation, BrightFocus Foundation, and the Melza M. and Frank Theodore Barr Foundation collaborated to bring together key opinion leaders and experts in the field of neurodegenerative disease for a virtual meeting titled "Solving Neurodegeneration". This "think-tank" style meeting focused on uncovering common mechanistic roots of neurodegenerative disease and promising targets for new treatments, catalyzed by the goal of finding new treatments for glaucoma, the world's leading cause of irreversible blindness and the common interest of the three hosting foundations. Glaucoma, which causes vision loss through degeneration of the optic nerve, likely shares early cellular and molecular events with other neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Here we discuss major areas of mechanistic overlap between neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system: neuroinflammation, bioenergetics and metabolism, genetic contributions, and neurovascular interactions. We summarize important discussion points with emphasis on the research areas that are most innovative and promising in the treatment of neurodegeneration yet require further development. The research that is highlighted provides unique opportunities for collaboration that will lead to efforts in preventing neurodegeneration and ultimately vision loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Wareham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sally Temple
- Neural Stem Cell Institute, NY, 12144, Rensselaer, USA
| | - Larry I Benowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adriana Di Polo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cheryl Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, CA, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, MA, Boston, USA
| | - Xin Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Albert A Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Karthik Shekhar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anna La Torre
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David C Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, CA, 91125, Pasadena, USA
| | - M Valeria Canto-Soler
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Research Program, Department of Ophthalmology, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John G Flanagan
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David J Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Evidence for Paracrine Protective Role of Exogenous αA-Crystallin in Retinal Ganglion Cells. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0045-22.2022. [PMID: 35168949 PMCID: PMC8906792 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0045-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression and secretion of neurotrophic factors have long been known as a key mechanism of neuroglial interaction in the central nervous system. In addition, several other intrinsic neuroprotective pathways have been described, including those involving small heat shock proteins such as α-crystallins. While initially considered as a purely intracellular mechanism, both αA-crystallins and αB-crystallins have been recently reported to be secreted by glial cells. While an anti-apoptotic effect of such secreted αA-crystallin has been suggested, its regulation and protective potential remain unclear. We recently identified residue threonine 148 (T148) and its phosphorylation as a critical regulator of αA-crystallin intrinsic neuroprotective function. In the current study, we explored how mutation of this residue affected αA-crystallin chaperone function, secretion, and paracrine protective function using primary glial and neuronal cells. After demonstrating the paracrine protective effect of αA-crystallins secreted by primary Müller glial cells (MGCs), we purified and characterized recombinant αA-crystallin proteins mutated on the T148 regulatory residue. Characterization of the biochemical properties of these mutants revealed an increased chaperone activity of the phosphomimetic T148D mutant. Consistent with this observation, we also show that exogeneous supplementation of the phosphomimetic T148D mutant protein protected primary retinal neurons from metabolic stress despite similar cellular uptake. In contrast, the nonphosphorylatable mutant was completely ineffective. Altogether, our study demonstrates the paracrine role of αA-crystallin in the central nervous system as well as the therapeutic potential of functionally enhanced αA-crystallin recombinant proteins to prevent metabolic-stress induced neurodegeneration.
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Zhang X, Wang W, Jin ZB. Retinal organoids as models for development and diseases. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 10:33. [PMID: 34719743 PMCID: PMC8557999 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal organoids (ROs) has brought remarkable opportunities for developmental studies while also presenting new therapeutic avenues for retinal diseases. With a clear understanding of how well these models mimic native retinas, such preclinical models may be crucial tools that are widely used for the more efficient translation of studies into novel treatment strategies for retinal diseases. Genetic modifications or patient-derived ROs can allow these models to simulate the physical microenvironments of the actual disease process. However, we are currently at the beginning of the three-dimensional (3D) RO era, and a general quantitative technology for analyzing ROs derived from numerous differentiation protocols is still missing. Continued efforts to improve the efficiency and stability of differentiation, as well as understanding the disparity between the artificial retina and the native retina and advancing the current treatment strategies, will be essential in ensuring that these scientific advances can benefit patients with retinal disease. Herein, we briefly discuss RO differentiation protocols, the current applications of RO as a disease model and the treatments for retinal diseases by using RO modeling, to have a clear view of the role of current ROs in retinal development and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China.
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8
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Zwanzig A, Meng J, Müller H, Bürger S, Schmidt M, Pankonin M, Wiedemann P, Unterlauft JD, Eichler W. Neuroprotective effects of glial mediators in interactions between retinal neurons and Müller cells. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108689. [PMID: 34216615 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss underlies a number of retinal neurodegenerative disorders, which may lead to permanent vision loss. However, secreted neuroprotective factors, such as PEDF, VEGF and IL-6, which are produced by Müller cells, have been shown to promote RGC survival. Assuming that the communication of RGCs with Müller cells involves a release of glioactive substances we sought to determine whether retinal neurons are able to modulate expression levels of Müller cell-derived PEDF, VEGF and IL-6. We demonstrate elevated mRNA levels of these factors in Müller cells in co-cultures with RGCs or R28 cells when compared to homotypic Müller cell cultures. Furthermore, R28 cells were more protected from apoptosis when co-cultured with Müller cells. IL-6 and VEGF were upregulated in Müller cells under hypoxia. Both cytokines, as well as PEDF, induced an altered neuronal expression of members of the Bcl-2 family, which are central molecules in the regulation of apoptosis. These results suggest that in retinal ischemia, via own secreted mediators, RGCs can resist a potential demise by stimulating Müller cells to increase production of neuroprotective factors, which counteract RGC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Zwanzig
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jie Meng
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heidi Müller
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Bürger
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuela Schmidt
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Pankonin
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Darius Unterlauft
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfram Eichler
- Leipzig University, Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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9
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Li X, Zhang L, Tang F, Wei X. Retinal Organoids: Cultivation, Differentiation, and Transplantation. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:638439. [PMID: 34276307 PMCID: PMC8282056 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.638439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal organoids (ROs), which are derived from stem cells, can automatically form three-dimensional laminar structures that include all cell types and the ultrastructure of the retina. Therefore, they are highly similar to the retinal structure in the human body. The development of organoids has been a great technological breakthrough in the fields of transplantation therapy and disease modeling. However, the translation of RO applications into medical practice still has various deficiencies at the current stage, including the long culture process, insufficient yield, and great heterogeneity among ROs produced under different conditions. Nevertheless, many technological breakthroughs have been made in transplanting ROs for treatment of diseases such as retinal degeneration. This review discusses recent advances in the development of ROs, improvements of the culture protocol, and the latest developments in RO replacement therapy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shangjin Nanfu Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Shen J, Wang Y, Yao K. Protection of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma: Current status and future. Exp Eye Res 2021; 205:108506. [PMID: 33609512 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neuropathic disease that causes optic nerve damage, loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and visual field defects. Most glaucoma patients have no early signs or symptoms. Conventional pharmacological glaucoma medications and surgeries that focus on lowering intraocular pressure are not sufficient; RGCs continue to die, and the patient's vision continues to decline. Recent evidence has demonstrated that neuroprotective approaches could be a promising strategy for protecting against glaucoma. In the case of glaucoma, neuroprotection aims to prevent or slow down disease progression by mitigating RGCs death and optic nerve degeneration. Notably, new pharmacologic medications such as antiglaucomatous agents, antibiotics, dietary supplementation, novel neuroprotective molecules, neurotrophic factors, translational methods such as gene therapy and cell therapy, and electrical stimulation-based physiotherapy are emerging to attenuate the death of RGCs, or to make RGCs resilient to attacks. Understanding the roles of these interventions in RGC protection may offer benefits over traditional pharmacological medications and surgeries. In this review, we summarize the recent neuroprotective strategy for glaucoma, both in clinical trials and in laboratory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Shen
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China; Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yuanqi Wang
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China; Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China; Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
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