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6-Furopyridine Hexamethylene Amiloride Is a Non-Selective P2X7 Receptor Antagonist. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091309. [PMID: 36139148 PMCID: PMC9496321 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
P2X7 is an extracellular adenosine 5′-triphopshate (ATP)-gated cation channel present on leukocytes, where its activation induces pro-inflammatory cytokine release and ectodomain shedding of cell surface molecules. Human P2X7 can be partially inhibited by amiloride and its derivatives at micromolar concentrations. This study aimed to screen a library of compounds derived from amiloride or its derivative 5-(N,N-hexamethylene) amiloride (HMA) to identify a potential P2X7 antagonist. 6-Furopyridine HMA (6-FPHMA) was identified as a novel P2X7 antagonist and was characterized further. 6-FPHMA impaired ATP-induced dye uptake into human RPMI8226 multiple myeloma cells and human P2X7-HEK293 cells, in a concentration-dependent, non-competitive manner. Likewise, 6-FPHMA blocked ATP-induced Ca2+ fluxes in human P2X7-HEK293 cells in a concentration-dependent, non-competitive manner. 6-FPHMA inhibited ATP-induced dye uptake into human T cells, and interleukin-1β release within human blood and CD23 shedding from RPMI8226 cells. 6-FPHMA also impaired ATP-induced dye uptake into murine P2X7- and canine P2X7-HEK293 cells. However, 6-FPHMA impaired ATP-induced Ca2+ fluxes in human P2X4-HEK293 cells and non-transfected HEK293 cells, which express native P2Y1, P2Y2 and P2Y4. In conclusion, 6-FPHMA inhibits P2X7 from multiple species. Its poor selectivity excludes its use as a specific P2X7 antagonist, but further study of amiloride derivatives as P2 receptor antagonists is warranted.
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Elhage A, Turner RJ, Cuthbertson P, Watson D, Sluyter R. Preparation of the Murine Anti-Human P2X7 Receptor Monoclonal Antibody (Clone L4). METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2510:77-98. [PMID: 35776321 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2384-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The murine anti-human P2X7 receptor monoclonal antibody (mAb) (clone L4) has been used to study the expression and function of the P2X7 receptor on primary leukocytes, keratinocytes, osteoblasts and neuronal cells, as well as various cell lines. This antibody has also been used to characterize polymorphic variants and isoforms of the P2RX7 gene and P2X7 site-directed mutations, and to identify molecules coassociated with P2X7 in the plasma membrane. This chapter describes the maintenance and cryopreservation of the L4 hybridoma cell line, as well as the generation of tissue culture supernatant containing the anti-human P2X7 mAb, and its subsequent purification by Protein A chromatography and conjugation to DyLight™ 488. Moreover, this chapter describes flow cytometric assays to assess the blocking activity and binding of the anti-human P2X7 mAb against P2X7 on human RPMI 8226 multiple myeloma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Elhage
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Ross J Turner
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Cuthbertson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Debbie Watson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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Saltarella I, Altamura C, Lamanuzzi A, Apollonio B, Vacca A, Frassanito MA, Desaphy JF. Ion Channels in Multiple Myeloma: Pathogenic Role and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137302. [PMID: 35806308 PMCID: PMC9266328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are pore-forming proteins that allow ions to flow across plasma membranes and intracellular organelles in both excitable and non-excitable cells. They are involved in the regulation of several biological processes (i.e., proliferation, cell volume and shape, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis). Recently, the aberrant expression of ion channels has emerged as an important step of malignant transformation, tumor progression, and drug resistance, leading to the idea of “onco-channelopathy”. Here, we review the contribution of ion channels and transporters in multiple myeloma (MM), a hematological neoplasia characterized by the expansion of tumor plasma cells (MM cells) in the bone marrow (BM). Deregulation of ion channels sustains MM progression by modulating intracellular pathways that promote MM cells’ survival, proliferation, and drug resistance. Finally, we focus on the promising role of ion channels as therapeutic targets for the treatment of MM patients in a combination strategy with currently used anti-MM drugs to improve their cytotoxic activity and reduce adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Saltarella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Pharmacology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta Altamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Pharmacology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Aurelia Lamanuzzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Benedetta Apollonio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonia Frassanito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of General Pathology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Jean-François Desaphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Pharmacology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical School, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, I-70124 Bari, Italy
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Tattersall L, Shah KM, Lath DL, Singh A, Down JM, De Marchi E, Williamson A, Di Virgilio F, Heymann D, Adinolfi E, Fraser WD, Green D, Lawson MA, Gartland A. The P2RX7B splice variant modulates osteosarcoma cell behaviour and metastatic properties. J Bone Oncol 2021; 31:100398. [PMID: 35340569 PMCID: PMC8948168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2021.100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
P2RX7B expression confers a survival advantage in TE85+P2RX7B and MNNG-HOS+P2RX7B OS cell lines. P2RX7B expression reduced cell adhesion and activation promoted invasion and migration in vitro. MNNG-HOS+P2RX7B tumours in vivo exhibited ectopic bone formation that A740003 reduced. Expression of P2RX7B in primary tumour cells increased the propensity to metastasise to the lungs. A novel gene axis, FN1/LOX/PDGFB/IGFBP3/BMP4 was downregulated in response to A740003.
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common type of primary bone cancer affecting children and adolescents. OS has a high propensity to spread meaning the disease is often incurable and fatal. There have been no improvements in survival rates for decades. This highlights an urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we report in vitro and in vivo data that demonstrates the role of purinergic signalling, specifically, the B isoform of the purinergic receptor P2RX7 (P2RX7B), in OS progression and metastasis. Methods TE85 and MNNG-HOS OS cells were transfected with P2RX7B. These cell lines were then characterised and assessed for proliferation, cell adhesion, migration and invasion in vitro. We used these cells to perform both paratibial and tail vein injected mouse studies where the primary tumour, bone and lungs were analysed. We used RNA-seq to identify responsive pathways relating to P2RX7B. Results Our data shows that P2RX7B expression confers a survival advantage in TE85 + P2RX7B and MNNG-HOS + P2RX7B human OS cell lines in vitro that is minimised following treatment with A740003, a specific P2RX7 antagonist. P2RX7B expression reduced cell adhesion and P2RX7B activation promoted invasion and migration in vitro, demonstrating a metastatic phenotype. Using an in vivo OS xenograft model, MNNG-HOS + P2RX7B tumours exhibited cancer-associated ectopic bone formation that was abrogated with A740003 treatment. A pro-metastatic phenotype was further demonstrated in vivo as expression of P2RX7B in primary tumour cells increased the propensity of tumour cells to metastasise to the lungs. RNA-seq identified a novel gene axis, FN1/LOX/PDGFB/IGFBP3/BMP4, downregulated in response to A740003 treatment. Conclusion Our data illustrates a role for P2RX7B in OS tumour growth, progression and metastasis. We show that P2RX7B is a future therapeutic target in human OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Tattersall
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Karan M. Shah
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Darren L. Lath
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Archana Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jennifer M. Down
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Elena De Marchi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alex Williamson
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Université de Nantes, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - William D. Fraser
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Clinical Biochemistry, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Darrell Green
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Michelle A. Lawson
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Alison Gartland
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
- Corresponding author.
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Cai X, Yao Y, Teng F, Li Y, Wu L, Yan W, Lin N. The role of P2X7 receptor in infection and metabolism: Based on inflammation and immunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108297. [PMID: 34717202 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a ligand-gated receptor belonging to the P2 receptor family. It is distributed in various tissues of the human body and is involved in regulating the physiological functions of tissues and cells to affect the occurrence and development of diseases. Unlike all other P2 receptors, the P2X7 receptor is mainly expressed in immune cells and can be activated not only by extracellular nucleotides but also by non-nucleotide substances which act as positive allosteric modulators. In this review, we comprehensively describe the role of the P2X7 receptor in infection and metabolism based on its role as an important regulator of inflammation and immunity, and briefly introduce the structure and general function of the P2X7 receptor. These provide a clear knowledge framework for the study of the P2X7 receptor in human health. Targeting the P2X7 receptor may be an effective method for the treatment of inflammatory and immune diseases. And its role in microbial infection and metabolism may be the main direction for in-depth research on the P2X7 receptor in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Fei Teng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yangling Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Linwen Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Nengming Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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De Marchi E, Pegoraro A, Adinolfi E. P2X7 Receptor in Hematological Malignancies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:645605. [PMID: 33763425 PMCID: PMC7982859 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.645605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is an ion channel gated by the nucleotide ATP, known for its role in immune responses and recently emerging as a critical onco-promoting factor. Lymphocytes, myeloid cells, and their precursors were among the first cells proved to express a functional P2X7 receptor; therefore, it is not surprising that lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative diseases, also known as hematological malignancies, were shown to be related in their insurgence and progression to P2X7 alterations. Here, we overview established and recent literature relating P2X7 with the biological mechanisms underlying leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma development. Particular attention is paid to studies published in the very recent past correlating P2X7 with ATP concentration in the leukemic microenvironment and P2X7 overexpression to acute myeloid leukemia aggressiveness and response to chemotherapy. The described literature strongly suggests that P2X7 and its genetic variants could be regarded as potential new biomarkers in hematological malignancies and that both P2X7 antagonists and agonists could emerge as new therapeutic tools alone or in combination with traditional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Marchi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Pegoraro
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Extracellular purines and bone homeostasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 187:114425. [PMID: 33482152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of a healthy skeleton is highly dependent on an intricate regulation of bone metabolism, as changes in the balance between bone formation and bone resorption leads to bone loss, bone fragility and ultimately bone fractures. During the last three decades it has become increasingly evident that physiological release of purines in the extracellular space is imperative for bone homeostasis and is orchestrated via the network of purinoceptors. Adenosine derivatives are released locally in the skeleton either by the bone forming osteoblasts or the bone degrading osteoclasts actioned directly by processes like mechanical loading and indirectly by systemic hormones. Adenosine derivatives directly affect the bone cells by their action on the membranal receptors or have co-stimulatory actions with bone active hormones such as parathyroid hormone or the gut hormones. Any deviations leading to increased levels of extracellular adenosine derivatives in the bone tissue such as in pathologic situations, trigger complex pathways with opposing effects on tissue health as presented by studies involving a range of model organisms. Pathological conditions where skeletal purinergic signaling is affected are following tissue injury like microdamage and macroscopic fractures; and during inflammatory processes where nucleotides and nucleosides play an important part in the pathophysiological skeletal response. Moreover, adenosine derivatives also play an important role in the interaction between malignant cells and bone cells in several types of cancers involving the skeleton, such as but not limited to multiple myeloma and bone osteolysis. Much knowledge has been gained over the last decades. The net- resulting phenotype of adenosine derivatives in bone (including the ratio of ATP to Adenosine) is highly dependent on CD39 and CD73 enzymes together with the expression and activity of the specific receptors. Thus, each component is important in the physiological and pathophysiological processes in bone. Promising perspectives await in the future in treating skeletal disorders with medications targeting the individual components of the purinergic signaling pathway.
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