1
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Barrero M, Lazarenkov A, Blanco E, Palma LG, López-Rubio AV, Bauer M, Bigas A, Di Croce L, Sardina JL, Payer B. The interferon γ pathway enhances pluripotency and X-chromosome reactivation in iPSC reprogramming. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj8862. [PMID: 39110794 PMCID: PMC11305397 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj8862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) requires activation of the pluripotency network and resetting of the epigenome by erasing the epigenetic memory of the somatic state. In female mouse cells, a critical epigenetic reprogramming step is the reactivation of the inactive X chromosome. Despite its importance, a systematic understanding of the regulatory networks linking pluripotency and X-reactivation is missing. Here, we reveal important pathways for pluripotency acquisition and X-reactivation using a genome-wide CRISPR screen during neural precursor to iPSC reprogramming. In particular, we discover that activation of the interferon γ (IFNγ) pathway early during reprogramming accelerates pluripotency acquisition and X-reactivation. IFNγ stimulates STAT3 signaling and the pluripotency network and leads to enhanced TET-mediated DNA demethylation, which consequently boosts X-reactivation. We therefore gain a mechanistic understanding of the role of IFNγ in reprogramming and X-reactivation and provide a comprehensive resource of the molecular networks involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Barrero
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Blanco
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Luis G. Palma
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona 08916, Spain
- Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, CIBERONC, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | - Moritz Bauer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Anna Bigas
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona 08916, Spain
- Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, CIBERONC, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Luciano Di Croce
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - José Luis Sardina
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Bernhard Payer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
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2
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Cecalev D, Viçoso B, Galupa R. Compensation of gene dosage on the mammalian X. Development 2024; 151:dev202891. [PMID: 39140247 PMCID: PMC11361640 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Changes in gene dosage can have tremendous evolutionary potential (e.g. whole-genome duplications), but without compensatory mechanisms, they can also lead to gene dysregulation and pathologies. Sex chromosomes are a paradigmatic example of naturally occurring gene dosage differences and their compensation. In species with chromosome-based sex determination, individuals within the same population necessarily show 'natural' differences in gene dosage for the sex chromosomes. In this Review, we focus on the mammalian X chromosome and discuss recent new insights into the dosage-compensation mechanisms that evolved along with the emergence of sex chromosomes, namely X-inactivation and X-upregulation. We also discuss the evolution of the genetic loci and molecular players involved, as well as the regulatory diversity and potentially different requirements for dosage compensation across mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cecalev
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCD) Unit, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Beatriz Viçoso
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Rafael Galupa
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology (MCD) Unit, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062, Toulouse, France
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3
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Zhu Y, Yan Z, Fu C, Wen X, Jia L, Zhou L, Du Z, Wang C, Wang Y, Chen J, Nie Y, Wang W, Cui J, Wang G, Hoffman AR, Hu JF, Li W. LncRNA Osilr9 coordinates promoter DNA demethylation and the intrachromosomal loop structure required for maintaining stem cell pluripotency. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1791-1806. [PMID: 36523163 PMCID: PMC10278046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear reprogramming of somatic cells into a pluripotent status has the potential to create patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine. Currently, however, the epigenetic mechanisms underlying this pluripotent reprogramming are poorly understood. To delineate this epigenetic regulatory network, we utilized a chromatin RNA in situ reverse transcription sequencing (CRIST-seq) approach to identify long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) embedded in the 3-dimensional intrachromosomal architecture of stem cell core factor genes. By combining CRIST-seq and RNA sequencing, we identified Oct4-Sox2 interacting lncRNA 9 (Osilr9) as a pluripotency-associated lncRNA. Osilr9 expression was associated with the status of stem cell pluripotency in reprogramming. Using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown, we showed that this lncRNA was required for the optimal maintenance of stem cell pluripotency. Overexpression of Osilr9 induced robust activation of endogenous stem cell core factor genes in fibroblasts. Osilr9 participated in the formation of the intrachromosomal looping required for the maintenance of pluripotency. After binding to the Oct4 promoter, Osilr9 recruited the DNA demethylase ten-eleven translocation 1, leading to promoter demethylation. These data demonstrate that Osilr9 is a critical chromatin epigenetic modulator that coordinates the promoter activity of core stem cell factor genes, highlighting the critical role of pluripotency-associated lncRNAs in stem cell pluripotency and reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Zi Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China; Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Changhao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Xue Wen
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Lin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Zhonghua Du
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Yichen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jingcheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Andrew R Hoffman
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Ji-Fan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Stanford University Medical School, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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4
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Cohesin controls X chromosome structure remodeling and X-reactivation during mouse iPSC-reprogramming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213810120. [PMID: 36669113 PMCID: PMC9942853 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213810120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of the inactive X chromosome is a hallmark epigenetic event during reprogramming of mouse female somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This involves global structural remodeling from a condensed, heterochromatic into an open, euchromatic state, thereby changing a transcriptionally inactive into an active chromosome. Despite recent advances, very little is currently known about the molecular players mediating this process and how this relates to iPSC-reprogramming in general. To gain more insight, here we perform a RNAi-based knockdown screen during iPSC-reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts. We discover factors important for X chromosome reactivation (XCR) and iPSC-reprogramming. Among those, we identify the cohesin complex member SMC1a as a key molecule with a specific function in XCR, as its knockdown greatly affects XCR without interfering with iPSC-reprogramming. Using super-resolution microscopy, we find SMC1a to be preferentially enriched on the active compared with the inactive X chromosome and that SMC1a is critical for the decompacted state of the active X. Specifically, depletion of SMC1a leads to contraction of the active X both in differentiated and in pluripotent cells, where it normally is in its most open state. In summary, we reveal cohesin as a key factor for remodeling of the X chromosome from an inactive to an active structure and that this is a critical step for XCR during iPSC-reprogramming.
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5
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Bauer M, Payer B, Filion GJ. Causality in transcription and genome folding: Insights from X inactivation. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200105. [PMID: 36028473 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The spatial organization of genomes is becoming increasingly understood. In mammals, where it is most investigated, this organization ties in with transcription, so an important research objective is to understand whether gene activity is a cause or a consequence of genome folding in space. In this regard, the phenomena of X-chromosome inactivation and reactivation open a unique window of investigation because of the singularities of the inactive X chromosome. Here we focus on the cause-consequence nexus between genome conformation and transcription and explain how recent results about the structural changes associated with inactivation and reactivation of the X chromosome shed light on this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Bauer
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Payer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume J Filion
- Dept. Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Severino J, Bauer M, Mattimoe T, Arecco N, Cozzuto L, Lorden P, Hamada N, Nosaka Y, Nagaoka SI, Audergon P, Tarruell A, Heyn H, Hayashi K, Saitou M, Payer B. Controlled X-chromosome dynamics defines meiotic potential of female mouse in vitro germ cells. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109457. [PMID: 35603814 PMCID: PMC9194795 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian germline is characterized by extensive epigenetic reprogramming during its development into functional eggs and sperm. Specifically, the epigenome requires resetting before parental marks can be established and transmitted to the next generation. In the female germline, X‐chromosome inactivation and reactivation are among the most prominent epigenetic reprogramming events, yet very little is known about their kinetics and biological function. Here, we investigate X‐inactivation and reactivation dynamics using a tailor‐made in vitro system of primordial germ cell‐like cell (PGCLC) differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells. We find that X‐inactivation in PGCLCs in vitro and in germ cell‐competent epiblast cells in vivo is moderate compared to somatic cells, and frequently characterized by escaping genes. X‐inactivation is followed by step‐wise X‐reactivation, which is mostly completed during meiotic prophase I. Furthermore, we find that PGCLCs which fail to undergo X‐inactivation or reactivate too rapidly display impaired meiotic potential. Thus, our data reveal fine‐tuned X‐chromosome remodelling as a critical feature of female germ cell development towards meiosis and oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Severino
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Moritz Bauer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tom Mattimoe
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Niccolò Arecco
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Cozzuto
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Lorden
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Norio Hamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nosaka
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - So I Nagaoka
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pauline Audergon
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Tarruell
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Holger Heyn
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bernhard Payer
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Ilieva M, Uchida S. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Differentiation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C769-C774. [PMID: 35235428 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00059.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The breakthrough technology for reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has created a new path for science and medicine. The iPSC technology provides a powerful tool for elucidating the mechanisms of cellular differentiation and cell fate decision as well as to study targets and pathways relevant to pathological processes. Since they can be generated from any person, iPSC are a promising resource for regenerative medicine potentiating the possibility to discover new drugs in a high-throughput screening format and treat diseases through personalized cell therapy-based strategies. However, the reprogramming process is complex, and its regulation needs fine tuning. The regulatory mechanisms of cell reprogramming and differentiation are still not elucidated, but significant results show that multiple long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play essential roles. In this mini review, we discuss the latest research on lncRNAs in iPSC stemness, neuronal and cardiac differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirolyuba Ilieva
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Copenhagen SV, Denmark
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Copenhagen SV, Denmark
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8
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Mechanisms of Choice in X-Chromosome Inactivation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030535. [PMID: 35159344 PMCID: PMC8833938 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in development, placental and marsupial mammals harbouring at least two X chromosomes per nucleus are faced with a choice that affects the rest of their lives: which of those X chromosomes to transcriptionally inactivate. This choice underlies phenotypical diversity in the composition of tissues and organs and in their response to the environment, and can determine whether an individual will be healthy or affected by an X-linked disease. Here, we review our current understanding of the process of choice during X-chromosome inactivation and its implications, focusing on the strategies evolved by different mammalian lineages and on the known and unknown molecular mechanisms and players involved.
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9
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X-chromosome reactivation: a concise review. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2797-2805. [PMID: 34821360 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian females (XX) silence transcription on one of the two X chromosomes to compensate the expression dosage with males (XY). This process - named X-chromosome inactivation - entails a variety of epigenetic modifications that act synergistically to maintain silencing and make it heritable through cell divisions. Genes along the inactive X chromosome are, indeed, refractory to reactivation. Nonetheless, X-chromosome reactivation can occur alongside with epigenome reprogramming or by perturbing multiple silencing pathways. Here we review the events associated with X-chromosome reactivation during in vivo and in vitro reprogramming and highlight recent efforts in inducing Xi reactivation by molecular perturbations. This provides us with a first understanding of the mechanisms underlying X-chromosome reactivation, which could be tackled for therapeutic purposes.
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10
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Talon I, Janiszewski A, Theeuwes B, Lefevre T, Song J, Bervoets G, Vanheer L, De Geest N, Poovathingal S, Allsop R, Marine JC, Rambow F, Voet T, Pasque V. Enhanced chromatin accessibility contributes to X chromosome dosage compensation in mammals. Genome Biol 2021; 22:302. [PMID: 34724962 PMCID: PMC8558763 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precise gene dosage of the X chromosomes is critical for normal development and cellular function. In mice, XX female somatic cells show transcriptional X chromosome upregulation of their single active X chromosome, while the other X chromosome is inactive. Moreover, the inactive X chromosome is reactivated during development in the inner cell mass and in germ cells through X chromosome reactivation, which can be studied in vitro by reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. How chromatin processes and gene regulatory networks evolved to regulate X chromosome dosage in the somatic state and during X chromosome reactivation remains unclear. RESULTS Using genome-wide approaches, allele-specific ATAC-seq and single-cell RNA-seq, in female embryonic fibroblasts and during reprogramming to pluripotency, we show that chromatin accessibility on the upregulated mammalian active X chromosome is increased compared to autosomes. We further show that increased accessibility on the active X chromosome is erased by reprogramming, accompanied by erasure of transcriptional X chromosome upregulation and the loss of increased transcriptional burst frequency. In addition, we characterize gene regulatory networks during reprogramming and X chromosome reactivation, revealing changes in regulatory states. Our data show that ZFP42/REX1, a pluripotency-associated gene that evolved specifically in placental mammals, targets multiple X-linked genes, suggesting an evolutionary link between ZFP42/REX1, X chromosome reactivation, and pluripotency. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal the existence of intrinsic compensatory mechanisms that involve modulation of chromatin accessibility to counteract X-to-Autosome gene dosage imbalances caused by evolutionary or in vitro X chromosome loss and X chromosome inactivation in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Talon
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming and Epigenetic Regulation, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Stem Cell Institute (SCIL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Janiszewski
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming and Epigenetic Regulation, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Stem Cell Institute (SCIL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Theeuwes
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming and Epigenetic Regulation, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Stem Cell Institute (SCIL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Lefevre
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming and Epigenetic Regulation, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Stem Cell Institute (SCIL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Bervoets
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Vanheer
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming and Epigenetic Regulation, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Stem Cell Institute (SCIL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalie De Geest
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming and Epigenetic Regulation, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Stem Cell Institute (SCIL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Suresh Poovathingal
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ryan Allsop
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming and Epigenetic Regulation, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Stem Cell Institute (SCIL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florian Rambow
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thierry Voet
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Centre for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Pasque
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory of Cellular Reprogramming and Epigenetic Regulation, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Institute for Single Cell Omics (LISCO), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Stem Cell Institute (SCIL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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