Study on triphase of polymorphs TiO2 (anatase/rutile/brookite) for boosting photocatalytic activity of metformin degradation

The elution of pharmaceutical products such as metformin at higher concentrations than the safe level in aquatic systems is a serious threat to human health and the ecosystem. Photocatalytic technology using TiO2 semiconductors potentially fixes this problem. This study aims to synthesize triphasic anatase-rutile-brookite TiO2 using ultrasound assisted sol-gel technique in the presence of acid and its application to photodegradation of metformin under UV light irradiation. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, a TiO2 sample consisted of anatase (76%), rutile (7%), and brookite (17%) polymorph (A76R7B17) that was fully crystallized. Scanning electron microscopy (EM)-energy dispersive X-ray spectra results showed agglomerated triphasic A76R7B17 with irregular spherical clusters. Transmission EM results revealed that the crystal size of A76R7B17 was 4-14 nm. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis showed the sample's specific surface area of 149 m2 g-1. The degradation test of metformin demonstrated that the A76R7B17 exhibited a 75.4% degradation efficiency after 120 min under UV light irradiation, significantly higher than using biphasic and single-phase TiO2 photocatalysts. This difference could be attributed to the heterojunction effect of triphasic materials that effectively reduced electron-hole recombination rate as well as the combination of effective electron transfer from conduction band of brookite and anatase and the utilization of wider range of UV-visible light using rutile.

Novel MoS2/C3N5 composites with extended spectral response towards highly efficient photocatalytic abatement of hazardous pollutants

Carbon nitride materials are one of the potential candidates for photocatalytic application. The present work demonstrates the fabrication of C₃N₅ catalyst from a simple, low-cost, and easily available nitrogen-containing precursor, melamine. The facile and microwave mediated method was used to prepare novel MoS₂/C₃N₅ composites (referred to as MC) with varying weight ratios (1:1, 1:3, and 3:1). This work provided a novel strategy to improve photocatalytic activity and accordingly fabricated a potential material for effective removal of organic contaminants from water. XRD and FT-IR results affirms the cryatalinity and successful formation of the composites. The elemental composition/distribution was analysed via EDS and color mapping. The elemental oxidation state and successful charge migration in hetrostructure was confirmed by XPS findings. The catalyst's surface morphology indicates tiny MoS₂ nanopetals dispersed throughout C₃N₅ sheets, while BET studies revealed its high surface area (34.7 m²/g). The MC catalysts were highly active in visiblelight, with an energy band gap value of 2.01 eV and a lowered recombination of charges. Because of the strong synergistic relationship (2.19) in the hybrid, excellent activity for methylene blue (MB) dye (88.9%; 0.0157 min^-1) and fipronil (FIP) photodegradation (85.3%; 0.0175 min^-1) with MC (3:1) catalyst under visible-light irradiation was obtained. Investigations were carried out on the effect of catalyst quantity, pH, and effectual illumination area on photoactivity. Post-photocatalytic assessment verified the high re-useable character of the catalyst with a high degradation (63% (5 mg/L MB) and 54% (600 mg/L FIP)) after five cycles. The trapping investigations demonstrated that superoxide radicals and holes were intimately enrolled in the degradation activity. Remarkable removal rates of COD (68.4%) and TOC (53.1%) demonstrate excellent photocatalytic removal of practical wastewater even without any preliminary processes. The new study, when paired with previous research, demonstrates the real-world perspective of these novel MC composites for the elimination of refractory contaminants.

Heterophase Polymorph of TiO2 (Anatase, Rutile, Brookite, TiO2 (B)) for Efficient Photocatalyst: Fabrication and Activity

TiO₂ exists naturally in three crystalline forms: Anatase, rutile, brookite, and TiO₂ (B). These polymorphs exhibit different properties and consequently different photocatalytic performances. This paper aims to clarify the differences between titanium dioxide polymorphs, and the differences in homophase, biphase, and triphase properties in various photocatalytic applications. However, homophase TiO₂ has various disadvantages such as high recombination rates and low adsorption capacity. Meanwhile, TiO₂ heterophase can effectively stimulate electron transfer from one phase to another causing superior photocatalytic performance. Various studies have reported the biphase of polymorph TiO₂ such as anatase/rutile, anatase/brookite, rutile/brookite, and anatase/TiO₂ (B). In addition, this paper also presents the triphase of the TiO₂ polymorph. This review is mainly focused on information regarding the heterophase of the TiO₂ polymorph, fabrication of heterophase synthesis, and its application as a photocatalyst.

Gold nanoparticles loaded on TiO2 nanoparticles doped with N2 as an efficient electrocatalyst for glucose oxidation: preparation, characterization, and electrocatalytic properties

A powder of titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) was synthesized in this study by anodizing in 0.7 M HClO4 and then annealing in N2 at 450 °C for 3 h to produce TiO2 NPs-N2 powder as a catalyst. These TiO2 NPs-N2 nanoparticles were then encrusted with Au nanoparticles utilizing the photodeposition procedure with tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4) and isopropanol as sacrificial donors. With a surface area of 121 m2g−1, the Au NPs/TiO2 NPs-N2 powder catalyst has a high surface area, according to the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda technique. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, TiO2 NPs-N2 contained uniformly integrated Au nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of about 26.8 nm. The XRD patterns showed that the prepared Au NPs/TiO2 NPs-N2 were crystallites and nano-sized. The transmission electron microscopy image revealed the spherical shape of the nanoparticles and their tendency for agglomeration. Utilizing the cyclic voltammetry, the electrochemical properties of the catalyst TiO2 NPs powders in a basic glucose solution were investigated. The electrocatalytic activity and stability of the loaded Au NPs/TiO2 NPs-N2 powder on the working electrode for the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose were astonishingly high. The Au NPs/TiO2 NPs-N2 catalyst demonstrated electrocatalytic characteristics that were superior to a commercially available polycrystalline gold electrode in the application involving glucose alkaline fuel cells.