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Cherian E, Ts K, Kn S, Ks A, Poothicote NG. Investigation into pectin extraction and technological implementations in the food industry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38850093 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Pectin, a complex polysaccharide found abundantly in the cell walls of fruits and vegetables, plays a pivotal role in various food applications owing to its unique gelling, thickening and stabilizing properties. As consumer preferences lean towards natural and sustainable ingredients, the demand for pectin as a food additive has surged. This burgeoning interest has prompted a comprehensive exploration into both the extraction methods of pectin from its natural sources and its diverse technological applications in the food industry. The extraction process involves breaking down the plant cell wall to release the pectin. Traditional methods such as hot acid extraction have been widely used, but advances in technology have spurred the development of novel techniques like enzyme-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. These methods aim not only to enhance the yield and purity of extracted pectin but also to minimize environmental impact and energy consumption. Pectin's versatility has positioned it as a valuable ingredient in the food industry. Its ability to form gels under specific conditions makes it a key component in the production of jams, jellies and fruit preserves. Additionally, pectin acts as a stabilizer in dairy products, prevents syneresis in baked goods and improves the texture of confectionery items. The application of pectin goes beyond its role as a gelling agent; it is also employed in the encapsulation of bioactive compounds, enhancing the functional properties of various food products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Cherian
- Department of Food Technology, Saintgits College of Engineering, Kottayam, India
| | - Khadeeja Ts
- Department of Food Technology, Saintgits College of Engineering, Kottayam, India
| | - Saheersha Kn
- Department of Food Technology, Saintgits College of Engineering, Kottayam, India
| | - Ashitha Ks
- Department of Food Technology, Saintgits College of Engineering, Kottayam, India
| | - Nisha G Poothicote
- Department of Food Technology, Saintgits College of Engineering, Kottayam, India
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Othman AM, Sabry YM, Khalil D, Bourouina T. Single Infrared Spectrum Enables Simultaneous Identification of (Bio)Chemical Nature and Particle Size of Microorganisms and Synthetic Microplastic Beads. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17826-17833. [PMID: 37982148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Populations of nearly identical chemical and biological microparticles include the synthetic microbeads used in cosmetic, biomedical, agri-food, and pharmaceutical industries as well as the class of living microorganisms such as yeast, pollen, and biological cells. Herein, we identify simultaneously the size and chemical nature of spherical microparticle populations with diameters larger than 1 μm. Our analysis relies on the extraction of both physical and chemical signatures from the same optical spectrum recorded using attenuated total reflection (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. These signatures are the spectral resonances caused by the microparticles, which depend on their size and the absorption peaks revealing their chemical nature. We validate the method first on separated and mixed groups of spherical microplastic particles of two different diameters, where the method is used to calculate the diameter of the microspherical particles. Then, we apply the method to correctly identify and measure the diameter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells. Theoretical simulations to help in understanding the effect of size distribution and dispersion support our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Othman
- Université Gustave Eiffel, ESYCOM CNRS UMR 9007, Noisy-le-Grand ESIEE Paris, Noisy-le-Grand 93162, France
- Si-Ware Systems, 3 Khalid Ibn Al-Waleed St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11361, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Sabry
- Si-Ware Systems, 3 Khalid Ibn Al-Waleed St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11361, Egypt
- Faculty of Engineering, Ain-Shams University, 1 Elsarayat St. Abbassia, Cairo 11535, Egypt
| | - Diaa Khalil
- Si-Ware Systems, 3 Khalid Ibn Al-Waleed St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11361, Egypt
- Faculty of Engineering, Ain-Shams University, 1 Elsarayat St. Abbassia, Cairo 11535, Egypt
| | - Tarik Bourouina
- Université Gustave Eiffel, ESYCOM CNRS UMR 9007, Noisy-le-Grand ESIEE Paris, Noisy-le-Grand 93162, France
- Si-Ware Systems, 3 Khalid Ibn Al-Waleed St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11361, Egypt
- CINTRA, IRL 3288 CNRS-NTU-THALES, Nanyang Technological University, 637553 Singapore
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Stanciu MC, Nichifor M, Ailiesei GL, Popescu I, Hitruc GE, Ghimici L, Tuchilus CG. New Quaternary Ammonium Derivatives Based on Citrus Pectin. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4492. [PMID: 38231903 PMCID: PMC10707904 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
New citrus pectin derivatives carrying pendant N,N-dimethyl-N-alkyl-N-(2-hydroxy propyl) ammonium chloride groups were achieved via polysaccharide derivatization with a mixture of N,N-dimethyl-N-alkyl amine (alkyl = ethyl, butyl, benzyl, octyl, dodecyl) and epichlorohydrin in aqueous solution. The structural characteristics of the polymers were examined via elemental analysis, conductometric titration, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1D (1H and 13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Capillary viscosity measurements allowed for the study of viscometric behavior as well as the determination of viscosity-average molar mass for pristine polysaccharide and intrinsic viscosity ([η]) values for pectin and its derivatives. Dynamic light scattering measurements (DLS) showed that pectin-based polymers formed aggregates in aqueous solution with a unimodal distribution. Critical aggregation concentration (cac) for the hydrophobic pectin derivatives were determined using fluorescence spectroscopy. Atom force microscopy (AFM) images allowed for the investigation of the morphology of polymeric populations obtained in aqueous solution, consisting of flocs and aggregates for crude pectin and its hydrophilic derivatives and well-organized aggregates for lipophilic pectin derivatives. Antimicrobial activity, examined using the disc diffusion method, proved that all polymers were active against Staphylococcus aureus bacterium and Candida albicans yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena-Cristina Stanciu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.N.); (G.-L.A.); (I.P.); (G.-E.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Marieta Nichifor
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.N.); (G.-L.A.); (I.P.); (G.-E.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Gabriela-Liliana Ailiesei
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.N.); (G.-L.A.); (I.P.); (G.-E.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Irina Popescu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.N.); (G.-L.A.); (I.P.); (G.-E.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Gabriela-Elena Hitruc
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.N.); (G.-L.A.); (I.P.); (G.-E.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Luminita Ghimici
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (M.N.); (G.-L.A.); (I.P.); (G.-E.H.); (L.G.)
| | - Cristina G. Tuchilus
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
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Dwivedi S, Yadav K, Gupta S, Tanveer A, Yadav S, Yadav D. Fungal pectinases: an insight into production, innovations and applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:305. [PMID: 37691054 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The fungal system holds morphological plasticity and metabolic versatility which makes it unique. Fungal habitat ranges from the Arctic region to the fertile mainland, including tropical rainforests, and temperate deserts. They possess a wide range of lifestyles behaving as saprophytic, parasitic, opportunistic, and obligate symbionts. These eukaryotic microbes can survive any living condition and adapt to behave as extremophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, or even psychrophile organisms. This behaviour has been exploited to yield microbial enzymes which can survive in extreme environments. The cost-effective production, stable catalytic behaviour and ease of genetic manipulation make them prominent sources of several industrially important enzymes. Pectinases are a class of pectin-degrading enzymes that show different mechanisms and substrate specificities to release end products. The pectinase family of enzymes is produced by microbial sources such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, plants, and animals. Fungal pectinases having high specificity for natural sources and higher stabilities and catalytic activities make them promising green catalysts for industrial applications. Pectinases from different microbial sources have been investigated for their industrial applications. However, their relevance in the food and textile industries is remarkable and has been extensively studied. The focus of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the current findings on fungal pectinases targeting diverse sources of fungal strains, their production by fermentation techniques, and a summary of purification strategies. Studies on pectinases regarding innovations comprising bioreactor-based production, immobilization of pectinases, in silico and expression studies, directed evolution, and omics-driven approaches specifically by fungal microbiota have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Dwivedi
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
| | - Kanchan Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
| | - Supriya Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
| | - Aiman Tanveer
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
| | - Sangeeta Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India
| | - Dinesh Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273009, India.
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Chai A, Schmidt K, Brewster G, Xiong LSP, Church B, Wahl T, Sadabadi H, Kumpaty S, Zhang W. Design of Pectin-Based Hydrogel Microspheres for Targeted Pulmonary Delivery. Gels 2023; 9:707. [PMID: 37754388 PMCID: PMC10529711 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary drug delivery via microspheres has gained growing interest as a noninvasive method for therapy. However, drug delivery through the lungs via inhalation faces great challenges due to the natural defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract, such as the removal or deactivation of drugs. This study aims to develop a natural polymer-based microsphere system with a diameter of around 3 μm for encapsulating pulmonary drugs and facilitating their delivery to the deep lungs. Pectin was chosen as the foundational material due to its biocompatibility and degradability in physiological environments. Electrospray was used to produce the pectin-based hydrogel microspheres, and Design-Expert software was used to optimize the production process for microsphere size and uniformity. The optimized conditions were determined to be as follows: pectin/PEO ratio of 3:1, voltage of 14.4 kV, distance of 18.2 cm, and flow rate of 0.95 mL/h. The stability and responsiveness of the pectin-based hydrogel microspheres can be altered through coatings such as gelatin. Furthermore, the potential of the microspheres for pulmonary drug delivery (i.e., their responsiveness to the deep lung environment) was investigated. Successfully coated microspheres with 0.75% gelatin in 0.3 M mannitol exhibited improved stability while retaining high responsiveness in the simulated lung fluid (Gamble's solution). A gelatin-coated pectin-based microsphere system was developed, which could potentially be used for targeted drug delivery to reach the deep lungs and rapid release of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Chai
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112, USA;
| | - Keagan Schmidt
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Program, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (K.S.); (G.B.); (L.S.P.X.)
| | - Gregory Brewster
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Program, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (K.S.); (G.B.); (L.S.P.X.)
| | - Lu Shi Peng Xiong
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Program, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (K.S.); (G.B.); (L.S.P.X.)
| | - Benjamin Church
- Advanced Analysis Facility, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; (B.C.); (H.S.)
- Materials Science & Engineering Department, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Timothy Wahl
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA;
| | - Hamed Sadabadi
- Advanced Analysis Facility, College of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; (B.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Subha Kumpaty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA;
| | - Wujie Zhang
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Program, Department of Physics and Chemistry, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA; (K.S.); (G.B.); (L.S.P.X.)
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Hameed AR, Majdoub H, Jabrail FH. Effects of Surface Morphology and Type of Cross-Linking of Chitosan-Pectin Microspheres on Their Degree of Swelling and Favipiravir Release Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3173. [PMID: 37571067 PMCID: PMC10421508 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The cross-linked microspheres were prepared and loaded with Favipiravir SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drug, by copolymerization of chitosan (CS) with a polysaccharide extracted from fresh pomegranate peels. Moreover, glutaraldehyde (Glu) has been used as a chemical cross-linker and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) as a physical cross-linker. The extracted polysaccharide was analyzed, and different techniques have been used. The analyses lead to the conclusion that it is pectin. The surface morphology of the prepared microspheres was studied using a scanning electron microscope, where the size and shape factor (S) of the Glu microspheres showed high values (74.27 μm) and (0.852), respectively, meaning their surfaces tend to be rough, whereas the SHMP microspheres showed a smaller size particle (20.47 μm) and a smaller shape factor (0.748), which gives an indication that the SHMP microspheres have smooth surfaces. The swelling studies have shown that Glu microspheres have a higher degree of swelling, which means SHMP microspheres are more compact. The prepared microspheres have shown a higher loading percentage of Favipiravir antiviral drug in SHMP microspheres (37% w/w) in comparison with Glu microspheres (35% w/w), where the electrostatic interaction between the Favipiravir ions and SHMP anions helps for more loading. The microspheres prepared under different types of cross-linking have shown initial burst release of Favipiravir, followed by a step of controlled release for a certain period of time, whose period depends on the pH of the release medium. Both Glu and SHMP cross-linked microspheres have shown high controlled release times in buffered release solutions at pH = 7.4 and for shorter periods at pH = 1.3 and pH = 9.4, which may be related to the type of electrostatic interactions between drug and polymer systems and their reactions with release solution ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Rashid Hameed
- The State Company for Drugs Industry and Medical Appliances, Samaraa 34010, Iraq;
| | - Hatem Majdoub
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia;
| | - Fawzi Habeeb Jabrail
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Collage of Science, University of Mosul, Mosul 41002, Iraq
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Quality by design-oriented formulation optimization and characterization of guar gum-pectin based oral colon targeted liquisolid formulation of xanthohumol. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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Saberi Riseh R, Hassanisaadi M, Vatankhah M, Soroush F, Varma RS. Nano/microencapsulation of plant biocontrol agents by chitosan, alginate, and other important biopolymers as a novel strategy for alleviating plant biotic stresses. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1589-1604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Okra Leaf Polysaccharides Extracted at Different pHs. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Different extraction pH values obtain polysaccharides with tailored structures and novel functionalities. This study investigated the influence of different extraction pH values (4.2, 6.8, and 9.2) on the physicochemical compositions and structural and functional properties of okra leaf polysaccharides (OLPs). The extraction yield (2.74–7.34%), molecular weights (68.5–85.4 kDa), total sugar contents (64.87–95.68%), degree of acetylation (18.28–22.88%), and methylation (8.97–15.20%) of OLPs varied significantly (p < 0.05). The monosaccharide composition reflected OLPs as pectic polysaccharides, with varied compositions of galacturonic acid, galactose, rhamnose, and arabinose. However, the differences in their sugar molar ratios, such as their side-chain and backbone chain compositions, greatly affected their functional properties. Additionally, notable differences due to extraction pH were observed in physical properties, thermal stability, and crystallinity. However, FTIR and NMR spectra revealed that extraction pH had negligible effects on the primary structure of OLPs. All OLPs showed non-Newtonian fluid behavior in the aqueous system with different apparent viscosities correlating with their molecular weights. Furthermore, the OLPs fractions stabilized oil-in-water emulsions differently and had distinct radical scavenging activities related to their compositions. This study provides a basis for selecting appropriate extraction pH to prepare OLPs with specific characteristics and applications in food-related disciplines.
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