Isothermal Amplification and Lateral Flow Nucleic Acid Test for the Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Bacteria for Food Monitoring

High-resolution melting real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for subtyping of five diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by a single well in milk

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is a kind of foodborne pathogen that poses a significant threat to both food safety and human health. To address the current challenges of high prevalence and difficult subtyping of DEC, this study developed a method that combined multiplex PCR with high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis for subtyping 5 kinds of DEC. The target genes are amplified by multiplex PCR in a single well, and HRM curve analysis was applied for distinct amplicons based on different melting temperature (Tm) values. The method enables discrimination of different DEC types based on characteristic peaks and distinct Tm values in the thermal melting curve. The assay exhibited 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity with a detection limit of 0.5 to 1 ng/μL. The results showed that different DNA concentrations did not influence the subtyping results, demonstrating this method owed high reliability and stability. In addition, the method was also used for the detection and subtyping of DEC in milk. This method streamlines operational procedures, shorts the detection time, and offers a novel tool for subtyping DEC.

Rapid detection methods for foodborne pathogens based on nucleic acid amplification: Recent advances, remaining challenges, and possible opportunities

This article presents a review of recent advancements in the utilization of NAA-based techniques for detecting foodborne pathogens in food products, focusing on studies conducted within the past five years. This review revealed that recent research efforts have primarily aimed at enhancing sensitivity and specificity by improving sample pre-treatment/preparation, DNA isolation, and readout methods. Isothermal-based amplification methods, such as LAMP, RPA, RAA, and RCA, have emerged as promising approaches, providing rapid results within one h and often demonstrating comparable or superior sensitivity to conventional or qPCR methods. However, the attention paid to specific pathogens varies, with Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., E. coli, and V. parahaemolyticus receiving more focus than norovirus and other similar pathogens. NAA-based methods have the potential to significantly contribute to food safety and public health protection. However, further advancements are necessary to fully realize their benefits.

Pathogenic Factors and Recent Study on the Rapid Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC)

This comprehensive review delves into the pathogenicity and detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC), shedding light on its various genetic and clinical manifestations. STEC originating from E. coli acquires pathogenicity through mobility and genetic elements. The pathogenicity of STEC is explored in terms of clinical progression, complications, and key toxins such as Shiga toxin (Stx). Stx1 and Stx2 are two distinct Stx types exhibiting different toxicities, with Stx2 often associated with severe diseases. This review also delves into Subtilase cytotoxin, an additional cytotoxin produced by some STEC strains. Pathogenic mechanisms of STEC, such as attaching and effacing intestinal lesions, are discussed, with a focus on roles of genetic factors. Plasmids in STEC can confer unique pathogenicity. Hybridization with other pathogenic E. coli can create more lethal pathogens. This review covers a range of detection methods, ranging from DNA amplification to antigen detection techniques, emphasizing the need for innovative approaches to improve the sensitivity and speed of STEC diagnosis. In conclusion, understanding diverse aspects of STEC pathogenicity and exploring enhanced diagnostic methods are critical to addressing this foodborne pathogen effectively. Pathology of Shiga toxin toxicity. STEC-derived Shiga toxin consists of one A subunit and five B subunits. Pathological symptoms of the disease can progress to HUS within two weeks after the onset of diarrhea. Shiga toxin intoxication is also associated with many complications, such as neurological and cardiac complications. This figure was reconstructed based on data from Bruyand et al.

Establishment of real-time fluorescence and visual LAMP for rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and kits construction

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a common pathogenic bacterium in food and water that can pose a threat to human health. The aim of this study was to develop loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in food based on the specific gene Ecs_2840 and to construct rapid detection kits based on the established methods. Specifically, we established two methods of real-time fluorescent LAMP (RT-LAMP) and visual LAMP with calcein as an indicator. In pure bacterial culture, the cell sensitivity and genomic sensitivity of the RT-LAMP kit were 8.8 × 100 CFU ml-1 and 4.61 fg µl-1, respectively. The sensitivity of the visual LAMP kit was 2.35 × 100 CFU ml-1 and 4.61 fg µl-1. Both kits had excellent specificity and anti-interference performance. In addition, milk inoculated with 2.26 × 100 CFU ml-1E. coli O157:H7 could be detected within the reaction time after enrichment for 3 h. The results showed that the LAMP kits were rapid, sensitive, and specific for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in food and had good application prospects in food safety surveillance.

"Lock-and-key" recognizer-encoded lateral flow assays toward foodborne pathogen detection: An overview of their fundamentals and recent advances

In light of severe health risks of foodborne pathogenic bacterial diseases, the potential utility of point-of-care (POC) sensors is recognized for pathogens detection. In this regard, lateral flow assay (LFA) is a promising and user-friendly option for such application among various technological approaches. This article presents a comprehensive review of "lock-and-key" recognizer-encoded LFAs with respect to their working principles and detection performance against foodborne pathogenic bacteria. For this purpose, we describe various strategies for bacteria recognition including the antibody-based antigen-antibody interactions, nucleic acid aptamer-based recognition, and phage-mediated targeting of bacterial cells. In addition, we also outline the technological challenges along with the prospects for the future development of LFA in food analysis. The LFA devices built based upon many recognition strategies are found to have great potential for rapid, convenient, and effective POC detection of pathogens in complex food matrixes. Future developments in this field should emphasize the development of high-quality bio-probes, multiplex sensors, and intelligent portable readers.