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Wendlandt T, Britz B, Kleinow T, Hipp K, Eber FJ, Wege C. Getting Hold of the Tobamovirus Particle-Why and How? Purification Routes over Time and a New Customizable Approach. Viruses 2024; 16:884. [PMID: 38932176 PMCID: PMC11209083 DOI: 10.3390/v16060884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This article develops a multi-perspective view on motivations and methods for tobamovirus purification through the ages and presents a novel, efficient, easy-to-use approach that can be well-adapted to different species of native and functionalized virions. We survey the various driving forces prompting researchers to enrich tobamoviruses, from the search for the causative agents of mosaic diseases in plants to their increasing recognition as versatile nanocarriers in biomedical and engineering applications. The best practices and rarely applied options for the serial processing steps required for successful isolation of tobamoviruses are then reviewed. Adaptations for distinct particle species, pitfalls, and 'forgotten' or underrepresented technologies are considered as well. The article is topped off with our own development of a method for virion preparation, rooted in historical protocols. It combines selective re-solubilization of polyethylene glycol (PEG) virion raw precipitates with density step gradient centrifugation in biocompatible iodixanol formulations, yielding ready-to-use particle suspensions. This newly established protocol and some considerations for perhaps worthwhile further developments could serve as putative stepping stones towards preparation procedures appropriate for routine practical uses of these multivalent soft-matter nanorods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wendlandt
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (B.B.); (T.K.)
| | - Beate Britz
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (B.B.); (T.K.)
| | - Tatjana Kleinow
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (B.B.); (T.K.)
| | - Katharina Hipp
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Fabian J. Eber
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Badstr. 24, 77652 Offenburg, Germany;
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (B.B.); (T.K.)
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Grübel J, Wendlandt T, Urban D, Jauch CO, Wege C, Tovar GEM, Southan A. Soft Sub-Structured Multi-Material Biosensor Hydrogels with Enzymes Retained by Plant Viral Scaffolds. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300311. [PMID: 37922890 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
An all-soft multi-material combination consisting of a hydrogel based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) coated with spatially defined spots of gelatin methacryloyl (GM) containing selectively addressable viral nanorods is presented, and its basic application as a qualitative biosensor with reporter enzymes displayed on the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) bioscaffolds within the GM is demonstrated. Biologically inert PEG supports are equipped with GM spots serving as biological matrix for enzymes clustered on TMV particles preventing diffusion out of the gel. For this multi-material combination, i) the PEG-based hydrogel surface is modified to achieve a clear boundary between coated and non-coated regions by introducing either isothiouronium or thiol groups. ii) Cross-linking of the GM spots is studied to achieve anchoring to the hydrogel surface. iii) The enzymes horseradish peroxidase or penicillinase (Pen) are conjugated to TMV and integrated into the GM matrix. In contrast to free enzymes, enzyme-decorated TMVs persist in GM spots and show sustained enzyme activity as evidenced by specific color reaction after 7 days of washing, and for Pen after 22 months after dry storage. Therefore, the integration of enzyme-coupled TMV into hydrogel matrices is a promising and versatile approach to obtaining reusable and analyte-specific sensor components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Grübel
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tim Wendlandt
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniela Urban
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Corinna O Jauch
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter E M Tovar
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Southan
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstr. 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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Wendlandt T, Koch C, Britz B, Liedek A, Schmidt N, Werner S, Gleba Y, Vahidpour F, Welden M, Poghossian A, Schöning MJ, Eber FJ, Jeske H, Wege C. Facile Purification and Use of Tobamoviral Nanocarriers for Antibody-Mediated Display of a Two-Enzyme System. Viruses 2023; 15:1951. [PMID: 37766357 PMCID: PMC10536799 DOI: 10.3390/v15091951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosorbent turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV) particles displaying the IgG-binding domains D and E of Staphylococcus aureus protein A (PA) on every coat protein (CP) subunit (TVCVPA) were purified from plants via optimized and new protocols. The latter used polyethylene glycol (PEG) raw precipitates, from which virions were selectively re-solubilized in reverse PEG concentration gradients. This procedure improved the integrity of both TVCVPA and the wild-type subgroup 3 tobamovirus. TVCVPA could be loaded with more than 500 IgGs per virion, which mediated the immunocapture of fluorescent dyes, GFP, and active enzymes. Bi-enzyme ensembles of cooperating glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase were tethered together on the TVCVPA carriers via a single antibody type, with one enzyme conjugated chemically to its Fc region, and the other one bound as a target, yielding synthetic multi-enzyme complexes. In microtiter plates, the TVCVPA-displayed sugar-sensing system possessed a considerably increased reusability upon repeated testing, compared to the IgG-bound enzyme pair in the absence of the virus. A high coverage of the viral adapters was also achieved on Ta2O5 sensor chip surfaces coated with a polyelectrolyte interlayer, as a prerequisite for durable TVCVPA-assisted electrochemical biosensing via modularly IgG-assembled sensor enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wendlandt
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Claudia Koch
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Beate Britz
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Anke Liedek
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Nora Schmidt
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Stefan Werner
- Nambawan Biotech GmbH/Now at Icon Genetics GmbH, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Yuri Gleba
- Nomad Bioscience GmbH, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Farnoosh Vahidpour
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.V.); (M.W.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Melanie Welden
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.V.); (M.W.); (M.J.S.)
| | | | - Michael J. Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.V.); (M.W.); (M.J.S.)
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Fabian J. Eber
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, 77652 Offenburg, Germany;
| | - Holger Jeske
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.W.); (C.K.); (N.S.)
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Welden M, Poghossian A, Vahidpour F, Wendlandt T, Keusgen M, Christina Wege, Schöning MJ. Capacitive field-effect biosensor modified with a stacked bilayer of weak polyelectrolyte and plant virus particles as enzyme nanocarriers. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 151:108397. [PMID: 36906982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a new approach for the development of field-effect biosensors based on an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor capacitor (EISCAP) modified with a stacked bilayer of weak polyelectrolyte and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles as enzyme nanocarriers. With the aim to increase the surface density of virus particles and thus, to achieve a dense immobilization of enzymes, the negatively charged TMV particles were loaded onto the EISCAP surface modified with a positively charged poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) layer. The PAH/TMV bilayer was prepared on the Ta2O5-gate surface by means of layer-by-layer technique. The bare and differently modified EISCAP surfaces were physically characterized by fluorescence microscopy, zeta-potential measurements, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy was used to scrutinize the PAH effect on TMV adsorption in a second system. Finally, a highly sensitive TMV-assisted EISCAP antibiotics biosensor was realized by immobilizing the enzyme penicillinase onto the TMV surface. This PAH/TMV bilayer-modified EISCAP biosensor was electrochemically characterized in solutions with different penicillin concentrations via capacitance-voltage and constant-capacitance methods. The biosensor possessed a mean penicillin sensitivity of 113 mV/dec in a concentration range from 0.1 mM to 5 mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Welden
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | | | - Farnoosh Vahidpour
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Tim Wendlandt
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Michael Keusgen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Christina Wege
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Michael J Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Geiger F, Wendlandt T, Berking T, Spatz JP, Wege C. Convenient site-selective protein coupling from bacterial raw lysates to coenzyme A-modified tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) by Bacillus subtilis Sfp phosphopantetheinyl transferase. Virology 2023; 578:61-70. [PMID: 36473278 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A facile enzyme-mediated strategy enables site-specific covalent one-step coupling of genetically tagged luciferase molecules to coenzyme A-modified tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-CoA) both in solution and on solid supports. Bacillus subtilis surfactin phosphopantetheinyl transferase Sfp produced in E. coli mediated the conjugation of firefly luciferase N-terminally extended by eleven amino acids forming a 'ybbR tag' as Sfp-selective substrate, which even worked in bacterial raw lysates. The enzymes displayed on the protein coat of the TMV nanocarriers exhibited high activity. As TMV has proven a beneficial high surface-area adapter template stabilizing enzymes in different biosensing layouts in recent years, the use of TMV-CoA for fishing ybbR-tagged proteins from complex mixtures might become an advantageous concept for the versatile equipment of miniaturized devices with biologically active proteins. It comes along with new opportunities for immobilizing multiple functionalities on TMV adapter coatings, as desired, e.g., in handheld systems for point-of-care detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fania Geiger
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cellular Biophysics, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Wendlandt
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Research Unit Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tim Berking
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cellular Biophysics, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Wege
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, Research Unit Molecular and Synthetic Plant Virology, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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