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Zonjić I, Radić Stojković M, Crnolatac I, Tomašić Paić A, Pšeničnik S, Vasilev A, Kandinska M, Mondeshki M, Baluschev S, Landfester K, Glavaš-Obrovac L, Jukić M, Kralj J, Brozovic A, Horvat L, Tumir LM. Styryl dyes with N-Methylpiperazine and N-Phenylpiperazine Functionality: AT-DNA and G-quadruplex binding ligands and theranostic agents. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:105999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Basílio N, Parola AJ, Sousa D, Petrov V, Cruz L, de Freitas V, Pina F. Achieving Complexity at the Bottom: Molecular Metamorphosis Generated by Anthocyanins and Related Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:30172-30188. [PMID: 34805653 PMCID: PMC8600532 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concept of molecular metamorphosis is described. A molecule (flavylium cation) generates a sequence of other different molecules by means of external stimuli. The reversibility of the system allows for the flavylium cation to be recovered by other external stimuli, completing one cycle. Differently from supramolecular chemistry, molecular metamorphosis is not a bottom-up approach. All events occur at the bottom. The procedures to characterize the kinetics and thermodynamics of the cycles are summarized. They are based on direct pH jumps (addition of a base to the flavylium cation) and reverse pH jumps (addition of an acid to equilibrated solutions at higher pH values). Stopped flow is an indispensable tool to characterize these systems. The following metamorphic cycles will be described to illustrate the concept: (i) introducing the flavanone in the metamorphic system and illustrating the concept of a timer at the molecular level; (ii) response of the flavylium-based metamorphosis to light inputs and the write-lock-read-unlock-erase molecular system; (iii) a one-way cycle of direct-reverse pH jumps; (iv) interconversion of the flavylium cation with 2,2'-spirobis[chromene] derivatives; (v) 6,8 A-ring substituent rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Basílio
- LAQV−REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - A. Jorge Parola
- LAQV−REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Diogo Sousa
- IBB-Institute
for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1049-003, Portugal
| | - Vesselin Petrov
- Physical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Sofia 1504, Bulgaria
| | - Luis Cruz
- LAQV−REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Victor de Freitas
- LAQV−REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Fernando Pina
- LAQV−REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
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Pewklang T, Wet-osot S, Wangngae S, Ngivprom U, Chansaenpak K, Duangkamol C, Lai RY, Noisa P, Sukwattanasinitt M, Kamkaew A. Flavylium-Based Hypoxia-Responsive Probe for Cancer Cell Imaging. Molecules 2021; 26:4938. [PMID: 34443527 PMCID: PMC8400153 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A hypoxia-responsive probe based on a flavylium dye containing an azo group (AZO-Flav) was synthesized to detect hypoxic conditions via a reductase-catalyzed reaction in cancer cells. In in vitro enzymatic investigation, the azo group of AZO-Flav was reduced by a reductase in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) followed by fragmentation to generate a fluorescent molecule, Flav-NH2. The response of AZO-Flav to the reductase was as fast as 2 min with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.4 μM. Moreover, AZO-Flav displayed high enzyme specificity even in the presence of high concentrations of biological interferences, such as reducing agents and biothiols. Therefore, AZO-Flav was tested to detect hypoxic and normoxic environments in cancer cells (HepG2). Compared to the normal condition, the fluorescence intensity in hypoxic conditions increased about 10-fold after 15 min. Prolonged incubation showed a 26-fold higher fluorescent intensity after 60 min. In addition, the fluorescence signal under hypoxia can be suppressed by an electron transport process inhibitor, diphenyliodonium chloride (DPIC), suggesting that reductases take part in the azo group reduction of AZO-Flav in a hypoxic environment. Therefore, this probe showed great potential application toward in vivo hypoxia detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitima Pewklang
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.W.-o.); (S.W.); (U.N.); (C.D.)
| | - Sirawit Wet-osot
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.W.-o.); (S.W.); (U.N.); (C.D.)
| | - Sirilak Wangngae
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.W.-o.); (S.W.); (U.N.); (C.D.)
| | - Utumporn Ngivprom
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.W.-o.); (S.W.); (U.N.); (C.D.)
| | - Kantapat Chansaenpak
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Chuthamat Duangkamol
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.W.-o.); (S.W.); (U.N.); (C.D.)
| | - Rung-Yi Lai
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.W.-o.); (S.W.); (U.N.); (C.D.)
| | - Parinya Noisa
- Laboratory of Cell-Based Assays and Innovations, Institute of Agricultural Technology, School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - Mongkol Sukwattanasinitt
- Thailand Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Anyanee Kamkaew
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand; (T.P.); (S.W.-o.); (S.W.); (U.N.); (C.D.)
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