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Yang A, Huang Y, Fu S, Zhang H, He S. A high-precision and wide-range pH monitoring system based on broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectrum. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 308:123724. [PMID: 38070314 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
A high-precision pH monitoring system over a wide pH range is introduced. The system comprises a cavity-enhancement module constructed by two high-reflectivity mirrors, a microfluidic pH sensing chip based on a binary-indicator membrane of Congo red and m-cresol purple, and a hyperspectral transmission module. This structure extends the effective absorption optical path of the sensing chip, significantly amplifying the spectral differences at various pH values. The spectrum of the transmitted light is recorded by a self-developed hyperspectral module and then converted to broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectrum (BBCEAS) via the Beer-Lambert law. An artificial neural network (ANN) is employed to predict pH values of the solution. With such a design, this system exhibits a wide detecting range of 2 M [H+] - 2 M [OH-] (corresponding to pH -0.3-14.3) with a response time of about 120 s. The system can achieve a higher detection accuracy with root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.073, as compared to 0.137 without the cavity enhancement. The system also possesses good properties of repeatability, long-term stability, ion resistance, and organic corrosion resistance. These excellent properties make the proposed system a promising candidate technology for harsh environments, such as seawater acidification warning, chemical plant sewage monitoring, and biological sample detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Yang
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Interdisciplinary Student Training Platform for Marine Areas, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Songbao Fu
- CNOOC Institute of Chemicals & Advanced Materials, Beijing 102209, China.
| | - Haodong Zhang
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sailing He
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Cui S, Yang H, Zhang Y, Su X, Wu D. Effect of Microwave Annealing on the Sensing Characteristics of HfO 2 Thin Film for High Sensitive pH-EGFET Sensor. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1854. [PMID: 37893291 PMCID: PMC10609386 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Recently, certain challenges have persisted in PH sensor applications, especially when employing hafnium oxide (HfO2) thin films as sensing layers, where issues related to sensitivity, hysteresis, and long-term stability hamper performance. Microwave annealing (MWA) technology, as a promising solution for addressing these challenges, has gained significant attraction due to its unique advantages. In this article, the effects of microwave annealing (MWA) treatment on the sensing behaviors of Extended-Gate Field-Effect Transistors (EGFETs) utilizing HfO2 as a sensing film have been investigated for the first time. Various power levels of MWA treatment (1750 W/2100 W/2450 W) were selected to explore the optimal processing conditions. A thorough physical analysis was conducted to characterize the surface of the MWA-treated HfO2 sensing thin film using techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our findings reveal that MWA treatment effectively increased the surface sites (Ns) in the HfO2 sensing thin film, consequently leading to an increase in the pH sensitivity of EGFETs to 59.6 mV/pH, as well as a reduction in hysteresis and an enhancement in long-term stability. These results suggest that MWA offers a straightforward, energy-efficient method to enhance overall HfO2 sensing film performance in EGFETs, offering insights for HfO2 applications and broader microelectronics challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.C.)
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.C.)
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xing Su
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.C.)
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (S.C.)
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Chen XW, Huang NT. Dual Ion-Selective Membrane Deposited Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor Integrating a Whole Blood Processing Microchamber for In Situ Blood Ion Testing. ACS Sens 2023; 8:904-913. [PMID: 36657009 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Blood ion testing is one of the methods that is commonly used for monitoring the immune status and providing physiological information for disease diagnosis. However, traditional blood ion sensing methods often require well-trained operators to process the whole blood sample and perform the measurements using bulky instruments, making real-time and continuous blood ion sensing at the bedside difficult. To address the above issues, we proposed a dual ion-selective membrane deposited ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (DISM-ISFET) sensor integrating a microchamber to enable on-chip serum extraction and in situ Na+/K+ ion sensing. As a proof of concept, we sequentially dispensed NaCl and KCl solutions at various concentrations on the DISM-ISFET to find out the highest ion sensitivity and selectivity. Next, we also confirm the high red blood cell sedimentation and serum purity using a microchamber. Finally, we evaluated the system performance using nine clinical whole blood samples and compared their Na+/K+ ion-sensing results with a commercial pocket ion meter. To sum up, our results showed that a DISM-ISFET system can successfully extract 200 μL serum from 500 μL whole blood sample and simultaneously achieve Na+/K+ ion sensing. All the sample processes and measurements can be finished within 10 min in a single chip. We envision this compact and easy-to-use system can be potentially used for various medical environments requiring real-time and continuous blood ion monitoring, such as in a hemodialysis room, operation room, and intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Tsu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Investigation of the Atomic Layer Deposition of the Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Film as pH Sensor Using a Switched Capacitor Amplifier. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10070274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The electrical and chemical properties of the titanium dioxide (TiO2) coated spirals grown by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique in two different temperatures of 150 °C and 300 °C are studied. The thickness of the TiO2 layers studied are 20, 40, and 80 nm. A switched capacitor amplifier is used to investigate the pH response and the capacitance of the samples. It is found that the performance of the TiO2 samples depends on either the thickness or the deposition temperature due to the differences in the physical properties of the oxide layer such as surface roughness and film density. The high temperature samples are more crystalline, whereas the low temperature samples are more amorphous. Since there is a low pass filter effect in the electrolyte–sample interface, the TiO2 coated samples show the better response to the pH change for the high temperature samples as the sensor surface area for binding the hydrogen ions is larger and the charge transfer resistance is smaller. Furthermore, more roughness on the surface can be obtained by increasing the thickness, which reduces the charge transfer resistance. In this study, the 80 nm sample deposited at 300 °C gives the best pH response of 40 mV/pH.
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Kao CH, Liao YC, Chuang CC, Huang YH, Lee CH, Chen SM, Lee ML, Chen H. Influence of Y Doping on WO3 Membranes Applied in Electrolyte-Insulator-Semiconductor Structures. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12030328. [PMID: 35323803 PMCID: PMC8954489 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, tungsten oxide (WO3) is deposited on a silicon substrate applied in electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor structures for pH sensing devices. To boost the sensing performance, yttrium (Y) is doped into WO3 membranes, and annealing is incorporated in the fabrication process. To investigate the effects of Y doping and annealing, multiple material characterizations including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atom force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are performed. Material analysis results indicate that annealing and Y doping can increase crystallinity, suppress defects, and enhance grainization, thereby strengthening membrane sensing capabilities in terms of sensitivity, linearity, and reliability. Because of their stable response, high reliability, and compact size, Y-doped WO3 membranes are promising for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chyuan-Haur Kao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (C.-H.K.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, No. 5 Fuxing St., Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 284 Gungjuan Rd., Taishan District, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Liao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (C.-H.K.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Chi-Chih Chuang
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Puli Nantou 545, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (Y.-H.H.); (C.-H.L.); (S.-M.C.)
| | - Yi-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Puli Nantou 545, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (Y.-H.H.); (C.-H.L.); (S.-M.C.)
| | - Chang-Hsueh Lee
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Puli Nantou 545, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (Y.-H.H.); (C.-H.L.); (S.-M.C.)
| | - Shih-Ming Chen
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Puli Nantou 545, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (Y.-H.H.); (C.-H.L.); (S.-M.C.)
| | - Ming-Ling Lee
- Department of Electro-Optical Engineering, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Xinxing Rd., Xinfeng, Hsinchu 304, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-L.L.); (H.C.)
| | - Hsiang Chen
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Puli Nantou 545, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (Y.-H.H.); (C.-H.L.); (S.-M.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.-L.L.); (H.C.)
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De Beer DJ, Joubert TH. Validation of Low-Cost Impedance Analyzer via Nitrate Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6695. [PMID: 34641015 PMCID: PMC8512716 DOI: 10.3390/s21196695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Impedance spectroscopy is a widely used electrochemical technique with a wide variety of applications. Many of these applications benefit from the additional accessibility provided by low-cost impedance devices. With this in mind, a low-cost impedance device was designed for a high performance-to-cost ratio. The performance of this analyzer was validated against a high-performance DropSens µStat-i 400s potentiostat by performing an application-based experiment. Nitrate detection provides a relevant experiment because of the importance of maintaining precise nitrate concentrations to mitigate the impact of nitrate fluctuations on the environment. Dissolved nitrate samples of different concentrations, in the range 3-1000 mg/L, were confirmed colorimetrically and measured with both instruments. A calibration curve of the real impedance matched a sigmoidal transfer, with a linear region for concentrations below 10 mg/L. The device under investigation exhibited an average magnitude error of 1.28% and an average phase error of 0.96∘ relative to the high-performance standard, which validates the performance of the low-cost device. A cost analysis is presented that highlights some of the complexities of cost comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Johannes De Beer
- Carl and Emily Fuchs Institute for Microelectronics (CEFIM), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
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Chiappim W, Testoni G, Miranda F, Fraga M, Furlan H, Saravia DA, Sobrinho ADS, Petraconi G, Maciel H, Pessoa R. Effect of Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition on Oxygen Overabundance and Its Influence on the Morphological, Optical, Structural, and Mechanical Properties of Al-Doped TiO 2 Coating. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12060588. [PMID: 34063804 PMCID: PMC8223979 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemical, structural, morphological, and optical properties of Al-doped TiO2 thin films, called TiO2/Al2O3 nanolaminates, grown by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) on p-type Si <100> and commercial SLG glass were discussed. High-quality PEALD TiO2/Al2O3 nanolaminates were produced in the amorphous and crystalline phases. All crystalline nanolaminates have an overabundance of oxygen, while amorphous ones lack oxygen. The superabundance of oxygen on the crystalline film surface was illustrated by a schematic representation that described this phenomenon observed for PEALD TiO2/Al2O3 nanolaminates. The transition from crystalline to amorphous phase increased the surface hardness and the optical gap and decreased the refractive index. Therefore, the doping effect of TiO2 by the insertion of Al2O3 monolayers showed that it is possible to adjust different parameters of the thin-film material and to control, for example, the mobility of the hole-electron pair in the metal-insulator-devices semiconductors, corrosion protection, and optical properties, which are crucial for application in a wide range of technological areas, such as those used to manufacture fluorescence biosensors, photodetectors, and solar cells, among other devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Chiappim
- Laboratório de Plasmas e Processos, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes 50, São José dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil; (G.T.); (F.M.); (A.d.S.S.); (G.P.); (H.M.)
- i3N, Departamento de Física, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (M.F.); (R.P.); Tel.: +55-12-3947-5785 (R.P.)
| | - Giorgio Testoni
- Laboratório de Plasmas e Processos, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes 50, São José dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil; (G.T.); (F.M.); (A.d.S.S.); (G.P.); (H.M.)
| | - Felipe Miranda
- Laboratório de Plasmas e Processos, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes 50, São José dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil; (G.T.); (F.M.); (A.d.S.S.); (G.P.); (H.M.)
| | - Mariana Fraga
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Talim 330, São José dos Campos 12231-280, Brazil
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (M.F.); (R.P.); Tel.: +55-12-3947-5785 (R.P.)
| | - Humber Furlan
- Centro Estadual de Educação Tecnológica Paula Souza, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gestão e Tecnologia em Sistemas Produtivos, São Paulo 01124-010, Brazil;
| | | | - Argemiro da Silva Sobrinho
- Laboratório de Plasmas e Processos, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes 50, São José dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil; (G.T.); (F.M.); (A.d.S.S.); (G.P.); (H.M.)
| | - Gilberto Petraconi
- Laboratório de Plasmas e Processos, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes 50, São José dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil; (G.T.); (F.M.); (A.d.S.S.); (G.P.); (H.M.)
| | - Homero Maciel
- Laboratório de Plasmas e Processos, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes 50, São José dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil; (G.T.); (F.M.); (A.d.S.S.); (G.P.); (H.M.)
- Instituto Científico e Tecnológico, Universidade Brasil, São Paulo 08230-030, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pessoa
- Laboratório de Plasmas e Processos, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes 50, São José dos Campos 12228-900, Brazil; (G.T.); (F.M.); (A.d.S.S.); (G.P.); (H.M.)
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (M.F.); (R.P.); Tel.: +55-12-3947-5785 (R.P.)
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