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Nocella C, Cavarretta E, Fossati C, Pigozzi F, Quaranta F, Peruzzi M, De Grandis F, Costa V, Sharp C, Manara M, Nigro A, Cammisotto V, Castellani V, Picchio V, Sciarretta S, Frati G, Bartimoccia S, D’Amico A, Carnevale R. Dark Chocolate Intake Positively Modulates Gut Permeability in Elite Football Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4203. [PMID: 37836487 PMCID: PMC10574486 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut barrier disruption can lead to enhanced intestinal permeability, which allows endotoxins, pathogens, and other proinflammatory substances to move through the intestinal barrier into circulation. Intense exercise over a prolonged period increases intestinal permeability, which can be further worsened by the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to assess the degree of intestinal permeability in elite football players and to exploit the effect of cocoa polyphenols on intestinal permeability induced by intensive physical exercise. Biomarkers of intestinal permeability, such as circulating levels of zonulin, a modulator of tight junctions, occludin, a tight junction protein, and LPS translocation, were evaluated in 24 elite football players and 23 amateur athletes. Moreover, 24 elite football players were randomly assigned to either a dark chocolate (>85% cocoa) intake (n = 12) or a control group (n = 12) for 30 days in a randomized controlled trial. Biochemical analyses were performed at baseline and after 30 days of chocolate intake. Compared to amateur athletes, elite football players showed increased intestinal permeability as indicated by higher levels of zonulin, occludin, and LPS. After 30 days of dark chocolate intake, decreased intestinal permeability was found in elite athletes consuming dark chocolate. In the control group, no changes were observed. In vitro, polyphenol extracts significantly improved intestinal damage in the human intestinal mucosa cell line Caco-2. These results indicate that chronic supplementation with dark chocolate as a rich source of polyphenols positively modulates exercise-induced intestinal damage in elite football athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nocella
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (V.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Elena Cavarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 40100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (V.P.); (S.S.); (G.F.); (A.D.); (R.C.)
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Fossati
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (F.P.); (F.Q.)
| | - Fabio Pigozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (F.P.); (F.Q.)
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Via Trionfale 5952, 00136 Rome, Italy; (F.D.G.); (A.N.)
| | - Federico Quaranta
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (C.F.); (F.P.); (F.Q.)
| | - Mariangela Peruzzi
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (V.C.); (S.B.)
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Grandis
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Via Trionfale 5952, 00136 Rome, Italy; (F.D.G.); (A.N.)
| | - Vincenzo Costa
- Associazione Sportiva (A.S.) Roma Football Club, Piazzale Dino Viola 1, 00128 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (C.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Carwyn Sharp
- Associazione Sportiva (A.S.) Roma Football Club, Piazzale Dino Viola 1, 00128 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (C.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Massimo Manara
- Associazione Sportiva (A.S.) Roma Football Club, Piazzale Dino Viola 1, 00128 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (C.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Antonia Nigro
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Via Trionfale 5952, 00136 Rome, Italy; (F.D.G.); (A.N.)
| | - Vittoria Cammisotto
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (V.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Valentina Castellani
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialty, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Picchio
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 40100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (V.P.); (S.S.); (G.F.); (A.D.); (R.C.)
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 40100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (V.P.); (S.S.); (G.F.); (A.D.); (R.C.)
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 40100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (V.P.); (S.S.); (G.F.); (A.D.); (R.C.)
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Simona Bartimoccia
- Department of Clinical, Internal Medicine, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (V.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Alessandra D’Amico
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 40100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (V.P.); (S.S.); (G.F.); (A.D.); (R.C.)
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 40100 Latina, Italy; (E.C.); (V.P.); (S.S.); (G.F.); (A.D.); (R.C.)
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
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Athapaththu AMGK, Lee KT, Kavinda MHD, Lee S, Kang S, Lee MH, Kang CH, Choi YH, Kim GY. Pinostrobin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and endotoxemia by inhibiting LPS binding to the TLR4/MD2 complex. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113874. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Polyphenols and Small Phenolic Acids as Cellular Metabolic Regulators. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4152-4166. [PMID: 36135197 PMCID: PMC9498149 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols and representative small phenolic acids and molecules derived from larger constituents are dietary antioxidants from fruits, vegetables and largely other plant-based sources that have ability to scavenge free radicals. What is often neglected in polyphenol metabolism is bioavailability and the role of the gut microbiota (GMB), which has an essential role in health and disease and participates in co-metabolism with the host. The composition of the gut microbiota is in constant flux and is modified by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including antibiotics. Dietary or other factors are key modulators of the host gut milieu. In this review, we explore the role of polyphenols and select phenolic compounds as metabolic or intrinsic biochemistry regulators and explore this relationship in the context of the microbiota–gut–target organ axis in health and disease.
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