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Campos MT, Maia LF, Popović-Djordjević J, Edwards HG, de Oliveira LF. Ripening process in exocarps of scarlet eggplant ( Solanum aethiopicum) and banana ( Musa spp.) investigated by Raman spectroscopy. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2024; 8:100204. [PMID: 38659653 PMCID: PMC11039347 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we used Raman spectroscopy to identify compounds present at different maturation stages of the exocarp of scarlet eggplant and two banana cultivars, 'prata' and 'nanica'. Raman spectral analyses of both fruits showed bands attributed to phenolic acids, flavonoids, carotenoids, and fatty acids. During the scarlet eggplant's maturation process, Raman spectral profile changes are mainly observed in the carotenoid content rather than flavonoids. Furthermore, it is suggested that naringenin chalcone together with β-carotene determines the orange-red color of the ripe stage. Variations in chemical composition among the maturation stages of bananas were observed predominantly in 'prata' when compared to 'nanica'. In contrast to scarlet eggplant changes in the spectral profile were more evident in the content of the flavonoid/phenolic acids. The in situ analysis was demonstrated to be useful as a guide in selecting bioactive compounds on demand from low-cost horticultural waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana T.C. Campos
- NEEM - Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Departamento de Química, ICE, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-330, Brazil
| | - Lenize F. Maia
- NEEM - Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Departamento de Química, ICE, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-330, Brazil
| | - Jelena Popović-Djordjević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Chair of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Howell G.M. Edwards
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz F.C. de Oliveira
- NEEM - Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Departamento de Química, ICE, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-330, Brazil
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Izu GO, Mfotie Njoya E, Tabakam GT, Nambooze J, Otukile KP, Tsoeu SE, Fasiku VO, Adegoke AM, Erukainure OL, Mashele SS, Makhafola TJ, Sekhoacha MP, Chukwuma CI. Unravelling the Influence of Chlorogenic Acid on the Antioxidant Phytochemistry of Avocado ( Persea americana Mill.) Fruit Peel. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:456. [PMID: 38671904 PMCID: PMC11047442 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is pivotal in the pathology of many diseases. This study investigated the antioxidant phytochemistry of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) peel. Different solvent extracts (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) of avocado peel were subjected to total phenol and flavonoid quantification, as well as in vitro radical scavenging and ferric reducing evaluation. The methanol extract was subjected to gradient column chromatographic fractionation. Fraction 8 (eluted with hexane:chloroform:methanol volume ratio of 3:6.5:0.5, respectively) was subjected to LC-MS analysis. It was assessed for cellular inhibition of lipid peroxidation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ROS and NO production. The DPPH radical scavenging mechanism of chlorogenic acid was investigated using Density Functional Theory (DFT). The methanol extract and fraction 8 had the highest phenol content and radical scavenging activity. Chlorogenic acid (103.5 mg/mL) and 1-O-caffeoylquinic acid (102.3 mg/mL) were the most abundant phenolics in the fraction. Fraction 8 and chlorogenic acid dose-dependently inhibited in vitro (IC50 = 5.73 and 6.17 µg/mL) and cellular (IC50 = 15.9 and 9.34 µg/mL) FeSO4-induced lipid peroxidation, as well as LPS-induced ROS (IC50 = 39.6 and 28.2 µg/mL) and NO (IC50 = 63.5 and 107 µg/mL) production, while modulating antioxidant enzyme activity. The fraction and chlorogenic acid were not cytotoxic. DFT analysis suggest that an electron transfer, followed by proton transfer at carbons 3'OH and 4'OH positions may be the radical scavenging mechanism of chlorogenic acid. Considering this study is bioassay-guided, it is logical to conclude that chlorogenic acid strongly influences the antioxidant capacity of avocado fruit peel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria O. Izu
- Centre for Quality of Health and Living (CQHL), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (G.O.I.); (E.M.N.); (G.T.T.); (S.S.M.); (T.J.M.)
| | - Emmanuel Mfotie Njoya
- Centre for Quality of Health and Living (CQHL), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (G.O.I.); (E.M.N.); (G.T.T.); (S.S.M.); (T.J.M.)
| | - Gaetan T. Tabakam
- Centre for Quality of Health and Living (CQHL), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (G.O.I.); (E.M.N.); (G.T.T.); (S.S.M.); (T.J.M.)
| | - Jennifer Nambooze
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (J.N.); (K.P.O.)
| | - Kgalaletso P. Otukile
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (J.N.); (K.P.O.)
| | - Seiso E. Tsoeu
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa;
| | - Victoria O. Fasiku
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (V.O.F.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Ayodeji M. Adegoke
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (V.O.F.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Ochuko L. Erukainure
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Samson S. Mashele
- Centre for Quality of Health and Living (CQHL), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (G.O.I.); (E.M.N.); (G.T.T.); (S.S.M.); (T.J.M.)
| | - Tshepiso J. Makhafola
- Centre for Quality of Health and Living (CQHL), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (G.O.I.); (E.M.N.); (G.T.T.); (S.S.M.); (T.J.M.)
| | - Mamello P. Sekhoacha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (V.O.F.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Chika I. Chukwuma
- Centre for Quality of Health and Living (CQHL), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (G.O.I.); (E.M.N.); (G.T.T.); (S.S.M.); (T.J.M.)
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Kučuk N, Primožič M, Kotnik P, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. Mango Peels as an Industrial By-Product: A Sustainable Source of Compounds with Antioxidant, Enzymatic, and Antimicrobial Activity. Foods 2024; 13:553. [PMID: 38397530 PMCID: PMC10888073 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant waste materials are important sources of bioactive compounds with remarkable health-promoting benefits. In particular, industrial by-products such as mango peels are sustainable sources of bioactive substances, with antioxidant, enzymatic, and antimicrobial activity. Appropriate processing is essential to obtain highly bioactive compounds for further use in generating value-added products for the food industry. The objective of the study was to investigate and compare the biological activity of compounds from fresh and dried mango peels obtained by different conventional methods and unconventional extraction methods using supercritical fluids (SFE). The highest total phenolic content (25.0 mg GAE/g DW) and the total content of eight phenolic compounds (829.92 µg/g DW) determined by LC-MS/MS were detected in dried mango peel extract obtained by the Soxhlet process (SE). SFE gave the highest content of proanthocyanidins (0.4 mg PAC/g DW). The ethanolic ultrasonic process (UAE) provided the highest antioxidant activity of the product (82.4%) using DPPH radical scavenging activity and total protein content (2.95 mg protein/g DW). Overall, the dried mango peels were richer in bioactive compounds (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, catechin, and hesperidin/neohesperidin), indicating successful preservation during air drying. Furthermore, outstanding polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lipase activities were detected in mango peel extracts. This is the first study in which remarkable antibacterial activities against the growth of Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) were evaluated by determining the microbial growth inhibition rate after 12 and 24 h incubation periods for mango peel extracts obtained by different methods. Ethanolic SE and UAE extracts from dried mango peels resulted in the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC90) for all bacterial species tested. Mango peels are remarkable waste products that could contribute to the sustainable development of exceptional products with high-added value for various applications, especially as dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Kučuk
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (P.K.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Mateja Primožič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (P.K.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Petra Kotnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (P.K.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Željko Knez
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (P.K.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (P.K.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Verma J, Mishra R, Mazumdar A, Singh R, El-Gendy NS. Development and Evaluation of an Eco-Friendly Hand Sanitizer Formulation Valorized from Fruit Peels. Int J Biomater 2023; 2023:2516233. [PMID: 38188698 PMCID: PMC10771336 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2516233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hand sanitizer usage has proven to be a common and practical method for reducing the spread of infectious diseases which can be caused by many harmful pathogens. There is a need for alcohol-free hand sanitizers because most hand sanitizers on the market are alcohol-based, and regular use of them can damage the skin and can be hazardous. India is the world's largest producer of fruits and one of the major problems after fruit consumption is their peels, causing waste management problems and contributing to the formation of greenhouse gases leading to air pollution and adding to the problem of climate change. Valorization of such wastes into other value-added products and their incorporation into formulations of eco-friendly alcohol-free hand sanitizers would solve these issues, save the environment, benefit the society, and help in achieving the sustainable development goals. Thus, this research focuses on formulating an effective natural alcohol-free hand sanitizer that harnesses the antimicrobial properties of the various types of bioactive components found in fruit peels of pomegranate, sweet lime, and lemon. The peel extracts and the formulated sanitizer proved considerable antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic Escherichia coli and hand microflora. Molecular docking was also applied to examine ligand-protein interaction patterns and predict binding conformers and affinity of the sanitizer phytocompounds towards target proteins in COVID-19, influenza, and pneumonia viruses. The binding affinities and the protein-ligand interactions virtual studies revealed that the sanitizer phytocompounds bind with the amino acids in the target proteins' active sites via hydrogen bonding interactions. As a result, it is possible to formulate a natural, alcohol-free hand sanitizer from fruit peels that is effective against pathogenic germs and viruses using the basic structure of these potential findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (NIET), Plot No. 19, Knowledge Park II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, UP-201306, India
| | - R. Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (NIET), Plot No. 19, Knowledge Park II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, UP-201306, India
| | - A. Mazumdar
- Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pharmacy Institute, Plot No. 19, Knowledge Park II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, UP-201306, India
| | - R. Singh
- Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144001, India
| | - N. Sh. El-Gendy
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, P.O. 11727, Egypt
- Center of Excellence, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October City, Giza, P.O. 12566, Egypt
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Sha SP, Modak D, Sarkar S, Roy SK, Sah SP, Ghatani K, Bhattacharjee S. Fruit waste: a current perspective for the sustainable production of pharmacological, nutraceutical, and bioactive resources. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1260071. [PMID: 37942074 PMCID: PMC10628478 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1260071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruits are crucial components of a balanced diet and a good source of natural antioxidants, that have proven efficacy in various chronic illnesses. Various kinds of waste generated from fruit industries are considered a global concern. By utilizing this fruit waste, the international goal of "zero waste" can be achieved by sustainable utilization of these waste materials as a rich source of secondary metabolites. Moreover, to overcome this waste burden, research have focused on recovering the bioactive compounds from fruit industries and obtaining a new strategy to combat certain chronic diseases. The separation of high-value substances from fruit waste, including phytochemicals, dietary fibers, and polysaccharides which can then be used as functional ingredients for long-term health benefits. Several novel extraction technologies like ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) could provide an alternative approach for successful extraction of the valuable bioactives from the fruit waste for their utilization as nutraceuticals, therapeutics, and value-added products. Most of these waste-derived secondary metabolites comprise polyphenols, which have been reported to have anti-inflammatory, insulin resistance-treating, cardiovascular disease-maintaining, probiotics-enhancing, or even anti-microbial and anti-viral capabilities. This review summarizes the current knowledge of fruit waste by-products in pharmacological, biological, and probiotic applications and highlights several methods for identifying efficacious bioactive compounds from fruit wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Prasad Sha
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Kurseong College, Kurseong, India
| | - Debabrata Modak
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, India
| | - Sourav Sarkar
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, India
| | - Sudipta Kumar Roy
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, India
| | - Sumit Prasad Sah
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Kurseong College, Kurseong, India
| | - Kriti Ghatani
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Technology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, India
| | - Soumen Bhattacharjee
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, India
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Gómez-García A, Jiménez DAA, Zamora WJ, Barazorda-Ccahuana HL, Chávez-Fumagalli MÁ, Valli M, Andricopulo AD, Bolzani VDS, Olmedo DA, Solís PN, Núñez MJ, Rodríguez Pérez JR, Valencia Sánchez HA, Cortés Hernández HF, Medina-Franco JL. Navigating the Chemical Space and Chemical Multiverse of a Unified Latin American Natural Product Database: LANaPDB. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1388. [PMID: 37895859 PMCID: PMC10609821 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of databases of natural products (NPs) has increased substantially. Latin America is extraordinarily rich in biodiversity, enabling the identification of novel NPs, which has encouraged both the development of databases and the implementation of those that are being created or are under development. In a collective effort from several Latin American countries, herein we introduce the first version of the Latin American Natural Products Database (LANaPDB), a public compound collection that gathers the chemical information of NPs contained in diverse databases from this geographical region. The current version of LANaPDB unifies the information from six countries and contains 12,959 chemical structures. The structural classification showed that the most abundant compounds are the terpenoids (63.2%), phenylpropanoids (18%) and alkaloids (11.8%). From the analysis of the distribution of properties of pharmaceutical interest, it was observed that many LANaPDB compounds satisfy some drug-like rules of thumb for physicochemical properties. The concept of the chemical multiverse was employed to generate multiple chemical spaces from two different fingerprints and two dimensionality reduction techniques. Comparing LANaPDB with FDA-approved drugs and the major open-access repository of NPs, COCONUT, it was concluded that the chemical space covered by LANaPDB completely overlaps with COCONUT and, in some regions, with FDA-approved drugs. LANaPDB will be updated, adding more compounds from each database, plus the addition of databases from other Latin American countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gómez-García
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Daniel A. Acuña Jiménez
- CBio3 Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (D.A.A.J.); (W.J.Z.)
| | - William J. Zamora
- CBio3 Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (D.A.A.J.); (W.J.Z.)
- Laboratory of Computational Toxicology and Artificial Intelligence (LaToxCIA), Biological Testing Laboratory (LEBi), University of Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Advanced Computing Lab (CNCA), National High Technology Center (CeNAT), Pavas, San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica
| | - Haruna L. Barazorda-Ccahuana
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa Maria, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (H.L.B.-C.); (M.Á.C.-F.)
| | - Miguel Á. Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa Maria, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (H.L.B.-C.); (M.Á.C.-F.)
| | - Marilia Valli
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry (LQMC), Centre for Research and Innovation in Biodiversity and Drug Discovery (CIBFar), São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil; (M.V.); (A.D.A.)
| | - Adriano D. Andricopulo
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Computational Chemistry (LQMC), Centre for Research and Innovation in Biodiversity and Drug Discovery (CIBFar), São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of São Paulo (USP), Av. João Dagnone, 1100, São Carlos 13563-120, SP, Brazil; (M.V.); (A.D.A.)
| | - Vanderlan da S. Bolzani
- Nuclei of Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products (NuBBE), Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, Araraquara 14800-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Dionisio A. Olmedo
- Center for Pharmacognostic Research on Panamanian Flora (CIFLORPAN), College of Pharmacy, University of Panama, Av. Manuel E. Batista and Jose De Fabrega, Panama City 3366, Panama; (D.A.O.); (P.N.S.)
| | - Pablo N. Solís
- Center for Pharmacognostic Research on Panamanian Flora (CIFLORPAN), College of Pharmacy, University of Panama, Av. Manuel E. Batista and Jose De Fabrega, Panama City 3366, Panama; (D.A.O.); (P.N.S.)
| | - Marvin J. Núñez
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of El Salvador, Final Ave. Mártires Estudiantes del 30 de Julio, San Salvador 01101, El Salvador;
| | - Johny R. Rodríguez Pérez
- GIFES Research Group, School of Chemistry Technology, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia; (J.R.R.P.); (H.A.V.S.); (H.F.C.H.)
- GIEPRONAL Research Group, School of Basic Sciences, Technology and Engineering, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Dosquebradas 661001, Colombia
| | - Hoover A. Valencia Sánchez
- GIFES Research Group, School of Chemistry Technology, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia; (J.R.R.P.); (H.A.V.S.); (H.F.C.H.)
| | - Héctor F. Cortés Hernández
- GIFES Research Group, School of Chemistry Technology, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira 660003, Colombia; (J.R.R.P.); (H.A.V.S.); (H.F.C.H.)
| | - José L. Medina-Franco
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
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Saleem M, Durani AI, Asari A, Ahmed M, Ahmad M, Yousaf N, Muddassar M. Investigation of antioxidant and antibacterial effects of citrus fruits peels extracts using different extracting agents: Phytochemical analysis with in silico studies. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15433. [PMID: 37113773 PMCID: PMC10126929 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The peels extracted from various citrus species are major source of phenols, flavonoids and anti-microbial agents. The purpose of this study was a detailed investigation of the phytochemical and pharmacological character of the ethanolic (80%), methanolic and acetone extracts of the peel of local variants of orange (lemon, grape fruit, mousami, fruiter, and shikri malta). The extracts were studied to find out the total phenolic contents (TPC), and total flavonoids (TF) present. The antioxidant activities were assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging effect, and the reducing power was determined through free radical scavenging activity (FRAP) assays. The sensitivity of four bacterial strains to peels extracts was examined by applying the diffusion disc on agar medium method. It was found that ethanol was the best extracting agent for TPC and TF in fruit peels under study. The highest TPC (21.33 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g) was quantified in orange peels, whereas fruiter contained the lowest TPC (20.40 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g) in ethanolic extract. The highest amount of TF (2.02 ± 0.08 mg QE/g) was quantified in lemon peels, whereas shikri malta contained lowest quantity of TF (1.04 ± 0.02 mg QE/g). The highest free radical scavenging activity (93.1%) of DPPH was exhibited by lemon peels, whereas the least activity (78.6%) was shown by mousami peels. Ethanolic extract of orange peels demonstrated more reducing power while showing an absorption of 1.98, followed by methanolic (1.11) and acetone (0.81) extracts. The inhibition effect of methanolic extract of lemon peels (inhibition zone = 18 mm) against B. subtilis was considerable and comparable to that of ciprofloxacin. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to detect the compounds in ethanolic extract and up to 14 compounds were detected. These compounds were also assessed for their docking scores. Plausible binding modes with polyphenol oxidase and four best compounds were selected for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to analyze their structural stability with receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Asnuzilawati Asari
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mahmood Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, College Road, Lahore, Pakistan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, College Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Numan Yousaf
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Muddassar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Corresponding author.
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8
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Valorization of Peels of Eight Peach Varieties: GC-MS Profile, Free and Bound Phenolics and Corresponding Biological Activities. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010205. [PMID: 36671066 PMCID: PMC9854818 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainability, becoming essential for food processing and technology, sets goals for the characterization of resources considered as food waste. In this work, information about the GC-MS metabolites of peach peels was provided as a tool that can shed more light on the studied biological activities. In addition, distribution patterns and contribution of the chemical profile and free and bound phenolic compounds as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzymatic clusters in peach peels of different varieties of Bulgarian origin were studied. The two applied techniques (alkaline and acid hydrolysis) for releasing the bound phenolics reveal that alkaline hydrolysis is a better extraction approach. Still, the results indicate the prevalence of the free phenolics in the studied peach peel varieties. Total phenolics of peach wastes were positively correlated with their antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity results certainly defined the need of an individual interpretation for each variety, but the free phenolics fractions could be outlined with the strongest potential. The limited ability of the peels' extracts to inhibit α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase, and the moderate antimicrobial activity, on the other hand, indicate that the potential of peach peels is still sufficient to seek ways to valorize this waste. Indeed, this new information about peach peels can be used to characterize peach fruits from different countries and/or different food processes, as well as to promote the use of this fruit waste in food preparation.
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Zhang M, Lei J, Wang Y, Zhang J, Liu D. Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Benincasae Exocarpium: A review. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2023; 15:15-26. [PMID: 36875430 PMCID: PMC9975641 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Benincasae Exocarpium (BE, Dongguapi in Chinese), as the dried outer pericarp of Benincasa hispida (wax gourd) in Cucurbitaceae family, is one of traditional Chinese medicines with the same origin as medicine and food. Up to now, 43 compounds were isolated from BE, including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic acids, soluble fiber and carbohydrates. Modern pharmacological studies and clinical practice showed that BE has diuretic, hypolipidemic effects, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and other effects. The folk uses, functional factors, pharmacological activities, patents and clinical applications of BE were reviewed in this paper. In addition, the paper also discussed the current problems for the further studies. The information summarized in this paper provides valuable clues for the comprehensive utilization of medicine and food resources and gives a scientific basis for the development of medicinal plants of BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Jialong Lei
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Yansheng Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Jingze Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Dailin Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
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Visakh NU, Pathrose B, Chellappan M, Ranjith M, Sindhu P, Mathew D. Chemical characterisation, insecticidal and antioxidant activities of essential oils from four Citrus spp. fruit peel waste. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bacterial Communities Associated with Crude Oil Bioremediation through Composting Approaches with Indigenous Bacterial Isolate. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12111712. [DOI: 10.3390/life12111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aim to investigate the efficiency of crude oil bioremediation through composting and culture-assisted composting. First, forty-eight bacteria were isolated from a crude oil-contaminated soil, and the isolate with the highest crude oil degradation activity, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was selected. The bioremediation was then investigated and compared between crude oil-contaminated soil (S), the contaminated soil composted with fruit-based waste (SW), and the contaminated soil composted with the same waste with the addition of the selected bacterium (SWB). Both compost-based methods showed high efficiencies of crude oil bioremediation (78.1% and 83.84% for SW and SWB, respectively). However, only a slight difference between the treatments without and with the addition of P. aeruginosa was observed. To make a clear understanding of this point, bacterial communities throughout the 4-week bioremediation period were analyzed. It was found that the community dynamics between both composted treatments were similar, which corresponds with their similar bioremediation efficiencies. Interestingly, Pseudomonas disappeared from the system after one week, which suggests that this genus was not the key degrader or only involved in the early stage of the process. Altogether, our results elaborate that fruit-based composting is an effective approach for crude oil bioremediation.
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Mai TC, Tran NT, Mai DT, Ngoc Mai TT, Thuc Duyen NH, Minh An TN, Alam M, Dang CH, Nguyen TD. Supercritical CO 2 assisted extraction of essential oil and naringin from Citrus grandis peel: in vitro antimicrobial activity and docking study. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25962-25976. [PMID: 36199614 PMCID: PMC9468803 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04068a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraction of bioactive compounds, including essential oils and flavonoids, using organic solvents is a significant environmental concern. In this work, waste C. grandis peel was the ingredient used to extract essential oil and naringin by conducting a supercritical CO2 technique with a two stage process. In the first stage, the extraction with only supercritical CO2 solvent showed a significant enhancement of the d-limonene component, up to 95.66% compared with the hydro-distillation extraction (87.60%). The extraction of naringin using supercritical CO2 and ethanol as a co-solvent was done in the second stage of the process, followed by evaluating in vitro antimicrobial activity of both the essential oil and naringin. The essential oil indicated significant activity against M. catarrhalis (0.25 mg ml-1), S. pyogenes (1.0 mg ml-1), S. pneumoniae (1.0 mg ml-1). Whilst naringin gave good inhibition towards all tested microbial strains with MIC values in the range of 6.25-25.0 μM. In particular, naringin exhibited high antifungal activity against T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and M. gypseum. The molecular docking study also confirmed that d-limonene inhibited bacterium M. catarrhalis well and that naringin possessed potential ligand interactions that proved the inhibition effective against fungi. Molecular dynamics simulations of naringin demonstrated the best docking model using Gromacs during simulation up to 100 ns to explore the stability of the complex naringin and crystal structure of enzyme 2VF5: PDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Chi Mai
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 1A, TL29, District 12 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Ngoc-Thinh Tran
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 1A, TL29, District 12 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Dinh-Tri Mai
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 1A, TL29, District 12 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Ngoc Mai
- Institute of Applied Sciences, HUTECH University 475A Dien Bien phu Street, Ward 25, Binh Thanh District Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hong Thuc Duyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City 71420 Vietnam
| | - Tran Nguyen Minh An
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City 71420 Vietnam
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Department of Safety Engineering, Dongguk University 123 Dongdae-ro Gyeongju-si 780714 Gyeongsangbuk-do Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hien Dang
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 1A, TL29, District 12 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Thanh-Danh Nguyen
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 1A, TL29, District 12 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay Hanoi Vietnam
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