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Quinn J, Krakowski JC. Dexmedetomidine for Preventing Sleep Disturbance after Ambulatory Anesthesia: A Case Report. A A Pract 2024; 18:e01776. [PMID: 38569153 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000001776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Propofol anesthesia may impact a patient's sleep quality in the immediate postprocedure timeframe. We describe a 24-year-old man presenting for gastrostomy-jejunostomy tube replacement who reported debilitating sleep-onset disturbances after 3 previous anesthetic exposures for the same procedure. Review of the patient's records revealed the recurring use of propofol infusion. We proposed using dexmedetomidine infusion to potentially avoid another extended sleep disturbance. Following a dexmedetomidine-centered plan, the patient reported experiencing his usual sleep pattern without side-effects for 5 consecutive days postprocedure. This case highlights the potential for propofol-induced sleep disturbance in the ambulatory setting, which may be avoided with dexmedetomidine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Quinn
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Sugimura S, Imai R, Katoh T, Makino H, Hokamura K, Kurita T, Suzuki Y, Aoki Y, Kimura T, Umemura K, Nakajima Y. Effects of volatile anesthetics on circadian rhythm in mice: a comparative study of sevoflurane, desflurane, and isoflurane. J Anesth 2024; 38:10-18. [PMID: 37741919 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-023-03262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Volatile anesthetics affect the circadian rhythm of mammals, although the effects of different types of anesthetics are unclear. Here, we anesthetized mice using several volatile anesthetics at two different times during the day. Our objective was to compare the effects of these anesthetics on circadian rhythm. METHODS Male adult C57BL/6 J mice were divided into eight groups (n = 8 each) based on the anesthetic (sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, or no anesthesia) and anesthesia time (Zeitgeber time [ZT] 6-12 or ZT18-24). Mice were anesthetized for 6 h using a 0.5 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) dose under constant dark conditions. The difference between the start of the active phase before and after anesthesia was measured as a phase shift. Clock genes were measured by polymerase chain reaction in suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) samples removed from mouse brain after anesthesia (n = 8-9 each). RESULTS Phase shift after anesthesia at ZT6-12 using sevoflurane (- 0.49 h) was smaller compared with desflurane (- 1.1 h) and isoflurane (- 1.4 h) (p < 0.05). Clock mRNA (ZT6-12, p < 0.05) and Per2 mRNA (ZT18-24, p < 0.05) expression were different between the groups after anesthesia. CONCLUSION 0.5 MAC sevoflurane anesthesia administered during the late inactive to early active phase has less impact on the phase shift of circadian rhythm than desflurane and isoflurane. This may be due to differences in the effects of volatile anesthetics on the expression of clock genes in the SCN, the master clock of the circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sugimura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Ryo Imai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takasumi Katoh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Makino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hokamura
- Department of Medical Education, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Kurita
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Suzuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Aoki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kimura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kazuo Umemura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakajima
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Aston SA, Caffo BS, Bhasin H, Moran TH, Tamashiro KL. Timing matters: The contribution of running during different periods of the light/dark cycle to susceptibility to activity-based anorexia in rats. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114349. [PMID: 37709000 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) exhibit dangerous weight loss due to restricted eating and hyperactivity. Those with AN are predominantly women and most cases have an age of onset during adolescence. Activity-based anorexia (ABA) is a rodent behavioral paradigm that recapitulates many of the features of AN including restricted food intake and hyperactivity, resulting in precipitous weight loss. In addition, there is enhanced sensitivity to the paradigm during adolescence. In ABA, animals are given time-restricted access to food and unlimited access to a running wheel. Under these conditions, most animals increase their running and decrease their food intake resulting in precipitous weight loss until they either die or researchers discontinue the paradigm. Some animals learn to balance their food intake and energy expenditure and are able to stabilize and eventually reverse their weight loss. For these studies, adolescent (postnatal day 33-42), female Sprague Dawley (n = 68) rats were placed under ABA conditions (unlimited access to a running wheel and 1.5 hrs access to food) until they either reached 25% body weight loss or for 7 days. 70.6% of subjects reached 25% body weight loss before 7 days and were designated susceptible to ABA while 29.4% animals were resistant to the paradigm and did not achieve the weight loss criterion. We used discrete time survival analysis to investigate the contribution of food intake and running behavior during distinct time periods both prior to and during ABA to the likelihood of reaching the weight loss criterion and dropping out of ABA. Our analyses revealed risk factors, including total running and dark cycle running, that increased the likelihood of dropping out of the paradigm, as well as protective factors, including age at the start of ABA, the percent of total running exhibited as food anticipatory activity (FAA), and food intake, that reduced the likelihood of dropping out. These measures had predictive value whether taken before or during exposure to ABA conditions. Our findings suggest that certain running and food intake behaviors may be indicative of a phenotype that predisposes animals to susceptibility to ABA. They also provide evidence that running during distinct time periods may reflect functioning of distinct neural circuitry and differentially influence susceptibility and resistance to the paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Andrew Aston
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.
| | - Brian S Caffo
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Harshit Bhasin
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America; Currently: Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Kellie L Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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Jeczmien-Lazur JS, Sanetra AM, Pradel K, Izowit G, Chrobok L, Palus-Chramiec K, Piggins HD, Lewandowski MH. Metabolic cues impact non-oscillatory intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus: standard versus high-fat diet comparative study. J Physiol 2023; 601:979-1016. [PMID: 36661095 DOI: 10.1113/jp283757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (IGL/VLG) are subcortical structures involved in entrainment of the brain's circadian system to photic and non-photic (e.g. metabolic and arousal) cues. Both receive information about environmental light from photoreceptors, exhibit infra-slow oscillations (ISO) in vivo, and connect to the master circadian clock. Although current evidence demonstrates that the IGL/VLG communicate metabolic information and are crucial for entrainment of circadian rhythms to time-restricted feeding, their sensitivity to food intake-related peptides has not been investigated yet. We examined the effect of metabolically relevant peptides on the spontaneous activity of IGL/VLG neurons. Using ex vivo and in vivo electrophysiological recordings as well as in situ hybridisation, we tested potential sensitivity of the IGL/VLG to anorexigenic and orexigenic peptides, such as cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, orexin A and ghrelin. We explored neuronal responses to these drugs during day and night, and in standard vs. high-fat diet conditions. We found that IGL/VLG neurons responded to all the substances tested, except peptide YY. Moreover, more neurons responded to anorexigenic drugs at night, while a high-fat diet affected the IGL/VLG sensitivity to orexigenic peptides. Interestingly, ISO neurons responded to light and orexin A, but did not respond to the other food intake-related peptides. In contrast, non-ISO cells were activated by metabolic peptides, with only some being responsive to light. Our results show for the first time that peptides involved in the body's energy homeostasis stimulate the thalamus and suggest functional separation of the IGL/VLG cells. KEY POINTS: The intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (IGL/VLG) of the rodent thalamus process various signals and participate in circadian entrainment. In both structures, cells exhibiting infra-slow oscillatory activity as well as non-rhythmically firing neurons being observed. Here, we reveal that only one of these two groups of cells responds to anorexigenic (cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1 and oxyntomodulin) and orexigenic (ghrelin and orexin A) peptides. Neuronal responses vary depending on the time of day (day vs. night) and on the diet (standard vs. high-fat diet). Additionally, we visualised receptors to the tested peptides in the IGL/VLG using in situ hybridisation. Our results suggest that two electrophysiologically different subpopulations of IGL/VLG neurons are involved in two separate functions: one related to the body's energy homeostasis and one associated with the subcortical visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda S Jeczmien-Lazur
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna M Sanetra
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Pradel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriela Izowit
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Chrobok
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Katarzyna Palus-Chramiec
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Hugh D Piggins
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marian H Lewandowski
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Mizuno T, Higo S, Kamei N, Mori K, Sakamoto A, Ozawa H. Effects of general anesthesia on behavioral circadian rhythms and clock-gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in rats. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 158:149-158. [PMID: 35614272 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is a nucleus that regulates circadian rhythms through the cyclic expression of clock genes. It has been suggested that circadian-rhythm-related, adverse postoperative events, including sleep disturbances and delirium, are partly caused by anesthesia-induced disruption of clock-gene expression. We examined the effects of multiple general anesthetics on the expression cycle of Period2 (Per2), one of the clock genes that regulate circadian rhythms in the SCN, and on the behavioral rhythms of animals. Rats were treated with sevoflurane, propofol, and dexmedetomidine for 4 h. The expression of Per2 in SCN was analyzed using in situ hybridization, and the behavioral rhythm before and after anesthesia was analyzed. Per2 expression in the SCN decreased significantly immediately after anesthesia in all groups compared with corresponding control groups. However, Per2 returned to normal levels within 24 h, and there was no phase change in the gene expression cycle or behavioral rhythm. This study suggests that acute suppression of Per2 expression may be a general phenomenon induced by general anesthesia, but that the molecular mechanism of the body clock is resilient to disturbances to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Mizuno
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Shimpei Higo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Nobutaka Kamei
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Keisuke Mori
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Sakakibara Heart Institute, Asahicho 3-16-1, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0003, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
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Gunturkun MH, Wang T, Chitre AS, Garcia Martinez A, Holl K, St Pierre C, Bimschleger H, Gao J, Cheng R, Polesskaya O, Solberg Woods LC, Palmer AA, Chen H. Genome-Wide Association Study on Three Behaviors Tested in an Open Field in Heterogeneous Stock Rats Identifies Multiple Loci Implicated in Psychiatric Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:790566. [PMID: 35237186 PMCID: PMC8882588 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.790566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Many personality traits are influenced by genetic factors. Rodents models provide an efficient system for analyzing genetic contribution to these traits. Using 1,246 adolescent heterogeneous stock (HS) male and female rats, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of behaviors measured in an open field, including locomotion, novel object interaction, and social interaction. We identified 30 genome-wide significant quantitative trait loci (QTL). Using multiple criteria, including the presence of high impact genomic variants and co-localization of cis-eQTL, we identified 17 candidate genes (Adarb2, Ankrd26, Cacna1c, Cacng4, Clock, Ctu2, Cyp26b1, Dnah9, Gda, Grxcr1, Eva1a, Fam114a1, Kcnj9, Mlf2, Rab27b, Sec11a, and Ube2h) for these traits. Many of these genes have been implicated by human GWAS of various psychiatric or drug abuse related traits. In addition, there are other candidate genes that likely represent novel findings that can be the catalyst for future molecular and genetic insights into human psychiatric diseases. Together, these findings provide strong support for the use of the HS population to study psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Hakan Gunturkun
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Tengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Apurva S Chitre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Angel Garcia Martinez
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Katie Holl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Celine St Pierre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Hannah Bimschleger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jianjun Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Riyan Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Leah C Solberg Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Abraham A Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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Molcan L. Telemetric data collection should be standard in modern experimental cardiovascular research. Physiol Behav 2021; 242:113620. [PMID: 34637804 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) health is often expressed by changes in heart rate and blood pressure, the physiological record of which may be affected by moving, anaesthesia, handling, time of day and many other factors in rodents. Telemetry measurement minimises these modulations and enables more accurate physiological recording of heart rate and blood pressure than non-invasive methods. Measurement of arterial blood pressure by telemetry requires implanting a catheter tip into the artery. Telemetry enables us to sample physiological parameters with a high frequency continuously for several months. By measuring the pressure in the artery using telemetry, we can visualize pressure changes over a heart cycle as the pressure wave. From the pressure wave, we can subtract systolic, diastolic, mean and pulse pressure. From the beat-to-beat interval (pressure wave) and the RR' interval (electrocardiogram), we can derive the heart rate. From beat-to-beat variability, we can evaluate the autonomic nervous system's activity and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity and their impact on CV activity. On a long-term scale, circadian variability of CV parameters is evident. Circadian variability is the result of the circadian system's activity, which synchronises and organises many activities in the body, such as autonomic and reflex modulation of the CV system and its response to load over the day. In the presented review, we aimed to discuss telemetry devices, their types, implantation, set-up, limitations, short-term and long-term variability of heart rate and blood pressure in CV research. Data collection by telemetry should be, despite some limitations, standard in modern experimental CV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubos Molcan
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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The Effects of General Anaesthesia and Light on Behavioural Rhythms and GABA A Receptor Subunit Expression in the Mouse SCN. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:482-494. [PMID: 34563056 PMCID: PMC8482144 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
General anaesthesia (GA) is known to affect the circadian clock. However, the mechanisms that underlie GA-induced shifting of the clock are less well understood. Activation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-type A receptors (GABAAR) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) can phase shift the clock and thus GABA and its receptors represent a putative pathway via which GA exerts its effect on the clock. Here, we investigated the concurrent effects of the inhalational anaesthetic, isoflurane, and light, on mouse behavioural locomotor rhythms and on α1, β3, and γ2 GABAAR subunit expression in the SCN of the mouse brain. Behavioural phase shifts elicited by exposure of mice to four hours of GA (2% isoflurane) and light (400 lux) (n = 60) were determined by recording running wheel activity rhythms in constant conditions (DD). Full phase response curves for the effects of GA + light on behavioural rhythms show that phase shifts persist in anaesthetized mice exposed to light. Daily variation was detected in all three GABAAR subunits in LD 12:12. The γ2 subunit expression was significantly increased following GA in DD (compared to light alone) at times of large behavioural phase delays. We conclude that the phase shifting effect of light on the mouse clock is not blocked by GA administration, and that γ2 may potentially be involved in the phase shifting effect of GA on the clock. Further analysis of GABAAR subunit expression in the SCN will be necessary to confirm its role.
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Baluška F, Reber AS. CBC-Clock Theory of Life - Integration of cellular circadian clocks and cellular sentience is essential for cognitive basis of life. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100121. [PMID: 34382225 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular circadian clocks represent ancient anticipatory systems which co-evolved with the first cells to safeguard their survival. Cyanobacteria represent one of the most ancient cells, having essentially invented photosynthesis together with redox-based cellular circadian clocks some 2.7 billion years ago. Bioelectricity phenomena, based on redox homeostasis associated electron transfers in membranes and within protein complexes inserted in excitable membranes, play important roles, not only in the cellular circadian clocks and in anesthetics-sensitive cellular sentience (awareness of environment), but also in the coupling of single cells into tissues and organs of unitary multicellular organisms. This integration of cellular circadian clocks with cellular basis of sentience is an essential feature of the cognitive CBC-Clock basis of cellular life.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Arthur S Reber
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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