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Santo AP, Agostini B, Cuzman OA, Michelozzi M, Salvatici T, Perito B. Essential oils to contrast biodeterioration of the external marble of Florence Cathedral. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162913. [PMID: 36933708 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The search for more sustainable strategies to contrast biodeterioration of stone cultural heritage has been developing in recent years to find alternatives to synthetic biocides, since their toxicity and potential impact on the environment and health. In this study, the application of the oregano and thyme essential oils (EOs) was tested to control microbial growth on the external marble of Florence Cathedral affected by extended darkening. Before in situ application, preliminary tests were carried out to evaluate the interference of the EOs with marble (colorimetric and water absorption assays on marble specimens) and their efficacy in inhibiting marble microbiota (sensitivity test on nutrient media). EOs inhibited the whole cultivable microbiota sampled from the Cathedral marble at a very low concentration, while they did not interfere with colour and water absorption capability of uncolonised marble samples when applied as a 2 % solution. Then the two EOs and the commercial biocide Biotin T were used in in situ trials on marble in two outdoor study sites of Florence Cathedral. The effectiveness of the treatments was assessed through short- and mid-term evaluation by multidisciplinary in situ non-invasive (colorimetric and ATP assays, microscopy) and ex situ (microbial viable titer) tests. Concerning results, we found a good correspondence between parameters for evaluation of viability (bacterial and fungi viable titer) and activity (ATP determination) and some correspondence among these and microscopy and colorimetry. Considering the whole data, treatments with oregano and thyme EOs were effective against microbial community, in more cases comparably to the commercial biocide. Some differences found, particularly by viable titer, in the two study sites or in bacterial and fungal components of the microbiota can be partly attributed to differences in structure and colonization pattern of the microbial community due to the peculiar climatic conditions of the differently exposed study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Patrizia Santo
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, Florence 50121, Italy
| | | | - Oana Adriana Cuzman
- Institute of Heritage Science, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Marco Michelozzi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Teresa Salvatici
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Via La Pira 4, Florence 50121, Italy
| | - Brunella Perito
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy.
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Gabriele F, Ranaldi R, Bruno L, Casieri C, Rugnini L, Spreti N. Biodeterioration of stone monuments: Studies on the influence of bioreceptivity on cyanobacterial biofilm growth and on the biocidal efficacy of essential oils in natural hydrogel. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161901. [PMID: 36736398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An important field of research is devoted to the development of innovative, sustainable, and safe methodologies to counteract biodeterioration of stone monuments due to the growth of microbial communities. However, besides the biocide's efficacy, it is crucial to consider the features of substrates on which biocides must be applied, to define the so-called bioreceptivity of the lithic faces. In this research five different lithotypes, namely Lecce stone, Travertine, Peperino, Serena stone, and Granite, have been used as substrates for the growth of cyanobacterial biofilms. Open porosity, hygroscopic properties, and roughness parameters have been investigated for each lithotype and correlated to the photosynthetic yields of the biofilms colonizing the different stones to propose an easy method to estimate stone bioreceptivity. Different levels of coverage of the stone surfaces have been accomplished in relation to the typology of lithotypes. To develop innovative restoration methodologies against biodeterioration of stone monuments, a hydrogel-biocide system has been optimized by using a polysaccharide dispersion as a matrix where to embed T. vulgaris essential oil (at 0.25 % or 0.1 %) or its main component thymol (at 0.18 % or 0.07 %). The efficacy and the effect of the innovative biocide have been evaluated combining microscopy, photosynthetic measurements, and colorimetric analyses and both the biocides (with T. vulgaris EO or thymol) showed to be highly effective against the cyanobacterial biofilms for at least six months from the treatment without inducing any significant alteration to the lithic surfaces. The efficacy of thymol alone allows to treat colonized surfaces with a single active ingredient, or at least a mixture thereof, much cheaper and reproducible. The results obtained in this work pave the way to develop a sustainable cleaning protocol to counteract the biodeterioration of stone monuments or historic buildings induced by the presence of phototrophic biofilms that endangered their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gabriele
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio - Coppito, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Roberta Ranaldi
- LBA-Laboratory of Biology of Algae, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Cracovia 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy; PhD program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Dept. of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Bruno
- LBA-Laboratory of Biology of Algae, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Cracovia 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Casieri
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio - Coppito, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Lorenza Rugnini
- LBA-Laboratory of Biology of Algae, Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Cracovia 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Spreti
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio - Coppito, I-67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
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Macchia A, Aureli H, Biribicchi C, Docci A, Alisi C, Prestileo F, Galiano F, Figoli A, Mancuso R, Gabriele B, La Russa MF. In Situ Application of Anti-Fouling Solutions on a Mosaic of the Archaeological Park of Ostia Antica. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5671. [PMID: 36013809 PMCID: PMC9414945 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation is among the most common issues affecting Cultural Heritage stone materials in outdoor environments. In recent years, the application of chemical agents with biocidal activity has been the most usual practice when dealing with biofilm removal. In outdoor environments, the use of these biocides is not effective enough, since the materials are constantly exposed to environmental agents and atmospheric pollutants. Thus, it becomes necessary to protect the surface of Cultural Heritage works with antimicrobial coatings to either prevent or at least limit future colonization. In this study, innovative biocides-both natural and synthetic-were applied on a Roman mosaic located in the Archaeological Park of Ostia Antica to compare their effectiveness in removing the biological degradation affecting it. In addition, an antimicrobial coating called "SI-QUAT" was applied and analyzed in situ. SI-QUAT has recently entered the market for its prevention activity against biocolonization. The biocidal activity of these products was tested and monitored using different analytical portable instruments, such as the multispectral system, the spectrocolorimeter, and the bioluminometer. The analyses showed that promising results can be obtained using the combination of the biocide and the protective effect of Preventol® RI50 and SI-QUAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Macchia
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences DIBEST, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Hélène Aureli
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Biribicchi
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Docci
- Archaeological Park of Ostia Antica, Via dei Romagnoli 717, 00119 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Alisi
- Department of Environment, Global Change and Sustainable Development, ENEA, CR-Casaccia, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Galiano
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Alberto Figoli
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Raffaella Mancuso
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Bartolo Gabriele
- Laboratory of Industrial and Synthetic Organic Chemistry (LISOC), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci 12/C, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Mauro Francesco La Russa
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences DIBEST, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata, 87036 Rende, Italy
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Macchia A, Aureli H, Prestileo F, Ortenzi F, Sellathurai S, Docci A, Cerafogli E, Colasanti IA, Ricca M, La Russa MF. In-Situ Comparative Study of Eucalyptus, Basil, Cloves, Thyme, Pine Tree, and Tea Tree Essential Oil Biocide Efficacy. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:mps5030037. [PMID: 35645345 PMCID: PMC9149846 DOI: 10.3390/mps5030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-colonization is a dynamic and multiphasic process headed by microorganisms. Conventional treatments to process affected stone materials include chemical biocides, whose formulations are mainly composed of quaternary ammonium salts(QAs), reported to be toxic for human health, dangerous for the environment, and not biodegradable. Accordingly, novel green and eco-friendly products are a promising alternative to treat stone materials deteriorated by microorganism colonization. In this study, the efficacy of pure essential oils (EOs) and a mix of EOs was assessed in situ and compared to a conventional biocide based on QAs, and two commercially green products based on EOs, which were taken as references, through application on a mosaic located at the Archaeological Park of Ostia Antica (Rome). The EO biocide efficacy was analyzed by ultraviolet induced luminescence, spectro-colorimetry and bio-luminometry analyses while the possibility of their permanence on simulated substrate was studied by FTIR spectroscopy. It was observed by FTIR analysis, that EOs considered volatile can leave a residue after the application; typical fingerprint bands at about 2926, 1510, and 1455 cm−1 were recorded in the EO spectra. Every tested oil was confirmed to have a biocide action although minimal in relation to the most conventional products based on QAs. The synergy of the essential oils revealed positive results, showing a stronger biocide efficacy. Further investigation should be carried out to develop the method of application and study of essential oils on cultural heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Macchia
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (S.S.); (E.C.); (I.A.C.)
| | - Hélène Aureli
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (S.S.); (E.C.); (I.A.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fernanda Prestileo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Federico Ortenzi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Shaila Sellathurai
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (S.S.); (E.C.); (I.A.C.)
| | - Antonella Docci
- Archaeological Park of Ostia Antica, Via dei Romagnoli 717, 00119 Rome, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Cerafogli
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (S.S.); (E.C.); (I.A.C.)
| | - Irene Angela Colasanti
- YOCOCU, Youth in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Via T. Tasso 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.M.); (S.S.); (E.C.); (I.A.C.)
| | - Michela Ricca
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science DIBEST, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.R.); (M.F.L.R.)
| | - Mauro Francesco La Russa
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science DIBEST, University of Calabria, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.R.); (M.F.L.R.)
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Stagno V, Genova C, Zoratto N, Favero G, Capuani S. Single-Sided Portable NMR Investigation to Assess and Monitor Cleaning Action of PVA-Borax Hydrogel in Travertine and Lecce Stone. Molecules 2021; 26:3697. [PMID: 34204336 PMCID: PMC8235598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the potential of PVA-borax hydrogel for cleaning limestones and the dependence of the cleaning on the porosity of the rock and on the action time of the hydrogel treatment. Towards this goal, we used a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer, developed for non-invasive and non-destructive applications on cultural heritage. T2-NMR parameters were quantified on different samples of Lecce stone and Travertine cut perpendicular (Pe) and parallel (Pa) to the bedding planes under different experimental conditions: untreated samples, treated with Paraloid B72 and cleaned with PVA-PEO-borax hydrogel applied for 4 min and 2 h. The T2 results suggest that the effectiveness of the cleaning strongly depended on the porosity of the stones. In Lecce stone, the hydrogel seemed to eliminate both the paramagnetic impurities (in equal measure with 4 min and 2 h treatment) and Paraloid B72. In Travertine Pe, characterized by a smaller pore size compared to Lecce stone, no significant effects were found regarding both the cleaning and the treatment with Paraloid B72. In Travertine Pa, characterized by a larger pore size than the other two samples, the hydrogel seemed to clean the paramagnetic agents (it worked better if applied for a longer time) but it did not appear to have any effect on Paraloid B72 removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Stagno
- Earth Sciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- National Research Council Institute for Complex Systems (CNR-ISC) c/o Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Chiara Genova
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Nicole Zoratto
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Silvia Capuani
- National Research Council Institute for Complex Systems (CNR-ISC) c/o Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Biocidal Activity of Phyto-Derivative Products Used on Phototrophic Biofilms Growing on Stone Surfaces of the Domus Aurea in Rome (Italy). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypogean or enclosed monuments are important cultural heritage sites that can suffer biodegradation. Many of the stone walls of the prestigious Domus Aurea are overwhelmed by dense biofilms and so need intervention. Room 93 was chosen as a study site with the aim to test the efficacy of phyto-derivatives as new biocides. Laboratory studies were performed comparing the effects of liquorice leaf extract (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), lavender essential oil (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) and a combination of both. In situ studies were also performed to test the effect of liquorice. The results were compared with those of the commonly used synthetic biocide benzalkonium chloride. The effects on the biofilms were assessed by microscopy along with chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. The phototrophs in the biofilms were identified morphologically, while the heterotrophs were identified with culture analysis and 16S gene sequencing. Results showed that the mixed solution liquorice/lavender was the most effective in inhibiting the photosynthetic activities of biofilms in the laboratory tests; while, in situ, the effect of liquorice was particularly encouraging as an efficient and low-invasive biocide. The results demonstrate a high potential biocidal efficacy of the phyto-derivatives, but also highlight the need to develop an efficient application regime.
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Genova C, Grottoli A, Zoppis E, Cencetti C, Matricardi P, Favero G. An integrated approach to the recovery of travertine biodegradation by combining phyto-cleaning with genomic characterization. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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