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Skowicki M, Hürlimann D, Tarvirdipour S, Kyropoulou M, Schoenenberger CA, Gerber-Lemaire S, Palivan CG. FAP Targeting of Photosensitizer-Loaded Polymersomes for Increased Light-Activated Cell Killing. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:754-766. [PMID: 38267014 PMCID: PMC10865352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
As current chemo- and photodynamic cancer therapies are associated with severe side effects due to a lack of specificity and to systemic toxicity, innovative solutions in terms of targeting and controlled functionality are in high demand. Here, we present the development of a polymersome nanocarrier equipped with targeting molecules and loaded with photosensitizers for efficient uptake and light-activated cell killing. Polymersomes were self-assembled in the presence of photosensitizers from a mixture of nonfunctionalized and functionalized PDMS-b-PMOXA diblock copolymers, the latter designed for coupling with targeting ligands. By encapsulation inside the polymersomes, the photosensitizer Rose Bengal was protected, and its uptake into cells was mediated by the nanocarrier. Inhibitor of fibroblast activation protein α (FAPi), a ligand for FAP, was attached to the polymersomes' surface and improved their uptake in MCF-7 breast cancer cells expressing relatively high levels of FAP on their surface. Once internalized by MCF-7, irradiation of Rose Bengal-loaded FAPi-polymersomes generated reactive oxygen species at levels high enough to induce cell death. By combining photosensitizer encapsulation and specific targeting, polymersomes represent ideal candidates as therapeutic nanocarriers in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Skowicki
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- NCCR-Molecular
Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dimitri Hürlimann
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- NCCR-Molecular
Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shabnam Tarvirdipour
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Myrto Kyropoulou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- NCCR-Molecular
Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cora-Ann Schoenenberger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- NCCR-Molecular
Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Gerber-Lemaire
- Group
for Functionalized Biomaterials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and
Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G. Palivan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- NCCR-Molecular
Systems Engineering, BPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Didamson OC, Chandran R, Abrahamse H. Aluminium phthalocyanine-mediated photodynamic therapy induces ATM-related DNA damage response and apoptosis in human oesophageal cancer cells. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1338802. [PMID: 38347844 PMCID: PMC10859414 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1338802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-based technique used in the treatment of malignant and non-malignant tissue. Aluminium-phthalocyanine chloride tetra sulfonate (AlPcS4Cl)-mediated PDT has been well investigated on several cancer types, including oesophageal cancer. However, the effects of (AlPcS4Cl)-mediated PDT on DNA damage response and the mechanism of cell death in oesophageal cancer needs further investigation. Methods Here, we examined the in vitro effects of AlPcS4Cl-mediated PDT on cell cycle, DNA damage response, oxidative stress, and intrinsic apoptotic cell death pathway in HKESC-1 oesophageal cancer cells. The HKESC-1 cells were exposed to PDT using a semiconductor laser diode (673.2 nm, 5 J/cm2 fluency). Cell viability and cytotoxicity were determined by the ATP cell viability assay and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay, respectively. Cell cycle and DNA damage response (DDR) analyses were conducted using the Muse™ cell cycle kit and the Muse® multi-color DNA damage kit, respectively. The mode of cell death was identified using the Annexin V-FITC/PI detection assay and Muse® Autophagy LC3 antibody-based kit. The intrinsic apoptotic pathway was investigated by measuring the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) function, cytochrome c levels and the activity of caspase 3/7 enzymes. Results The results show that AlPcS4Cl-based PDT reduced cell viability, induced cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, and DNA double-strand break (DSB) through the upregulation of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a DNA damage sensor. In addition, the findings showed that AlPcS4Cl-based PDT induced cell death via apoptosis, which is observed through increased ROS production, reduced ΔΨm, increased cytochrome c release, and activation of caspase 3/7 enzyme. Finally, no autophagy was observed in the AlPcS4Cl-mediated PDT-treated cells. Conclusion Our findings showed that apoptotic cell death is the main cell death mechanism triggered by AlPcS4Cl-mediated PDT in oesophageal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Jiang H, Qin H, Sun M, Lin S, Yang J, Liu M. Effect of blue light on the cell viability of A549 lung cancer cells and investigations into its possible mechanism. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202300047. [PMID: 37265005 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Blue light has attracted extensive attention as a new potential cancer therapy. Recent studies have indicated that blue light has a significant inhibition effect on A459 cells. However, the effect of light parameters on the treatment of A549 cells and the mechanism of how blue light made the effect was still unclear. This study aimed to investigate A549 cells responses to blue light with varying irradiance and dose-dense, and tried to find out the mechanism of the effects blue light made. The results suggested that the responses of A549 cells to blue light with different irradiance and dose-dense were different and the decrease of cell viability reached saturation when the irradiance reached 3 mW/cm2 and the dose-dense reached 3.6 J/cm2 . It was assumed that blue light suppressed PI3K/AKT pathway and promoted the expression of JNK and p53 to affect the proliferation of A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, Zhongshan, China
| | - Haokuan Qin
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Sun
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangfei Lin
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, Zhongshan, China
| | - Jiali Yang
- Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, Zhongshan, China
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Muqing Liu
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, Zhongshan, China
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Moloudi K, Abrahamse H, George BP. Photodynamic therapy induced cell cycle arrest and cancer cell synchronization: review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1225694. [PMID: 37503319 PMCID: PMC10369002 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1225694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle arrest (CCA) is seen as a prime candidate for effective cancer therapy. This mechanism can help researchers to create new treatments to target cancer cells at particular stages of the cell cycle (CC). The CCA is a characteristic of various therapeutic modalities, including radiation (RT) and chemotherapy (CT), which synchronizes the cells and facilitates the standardization of radio-chemotherapy protocols. Although it was discovered that photodynamic treatment (PDT) had a biological effect on CCA in cancer cells, the mechanism remains unclear. Furthermore, besides conventional forms of cell death such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis, various unconventional types of cell death including pyroptosis, mitotic catastrophe, paraptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and parthanatos after PDT have been reported. Thus, a variety of elements, such as oxygen, the tumor's microenvironment, the characteristics of light, and photosensitizer (PS), influence the effectiveness of the PDT treatment, which have not yet been studied clearly. This review focuses on CCA induced by PDT for a variety of PSs agents on various cell lines. The CCA by PDT can be viewed as a remarkable effect and instructive for the management of the PDT protocol. Regarding the relationship between the quantity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its biological consequences, we have proposed two mathematical models in PDT. Finally, we have gathered recent in vitro and in vivo studies about CCA post-PDT at various stages and made suggestions about how it can standardize, potentiate, and customize the PDT methodology.
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Sekar R, Basavegowda N, Thathapudi JJ, Sekhar MR, Joshi P, Somu P, Baek KH. Recent Progress of Gold-Based Nanostructures towards Future Emblem of Photo-Triggered Cancer Theranostics: A Special Focus on Combinatorial Phototherapies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020433. [PMID: 36839754 PMCID: PMC9963714 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most dangerous health problems in the millennium and it is the third foremost human cause of death in the universe. Traditional cancer treatments face several disadvantages and cannot often afford adequate outcomes. It has been exhibited that the outcome of several therapies can be improved when associated with nanostructures. In addition, a modern tendency is being developed in cancer therapy to convert single-modal into multi-modal therapies with the help of existing various nanostructures. Among them, gold is the most successful nanostructure for biomedical applications due to its flexibility in preparation, stabilization, surface modifications, less cytotoxicity, and ease of bio-detection. In the past few decades, gold-based nanomaterials rule cancer treatment applications, currently, gold nanostructures were the leading nanomaterials for synergetic cancer therapies. In this review article, the synthesis, stabilization, and optical properties of gold nanostructures have been discussed. Then, the surface modifications and targeting mechanisms of gold nanomaterials will be described. Recent signs of progress in the application of gold nanomaterials for synergetic cancer therapies such as photodynamic and photo-thermal therapies in combination with other common interventions such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and will be reviewed. Also, a summary of the pharmacokinetics of gold nanostructures will be delivered. Finally, the challenges and outlooks of the gold nanostructures in the clinics for applications in cancer treatments are debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Sekar
- Department of Chemistry, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, GST Road, Chinna Kolambakkam, Chengalpattu 603308, India
| | - Nagaraj Basavegowda
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jesse Joel Thathapudi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed-to-be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore 641114, India
- Correspondence: (J.J.T.); (K.-H.B.); Tel.: +82-52-810-3029 (K.-H.B.)
| | - Medidi Raja Sekhar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kebri Dehar University, Korahe Zone, Somali Region, Kebri Dehar 3060, Ethiopia
| | - Parinita Joshi
- SDM College of Medical Science and Hospital, Manjushree Nagar, Sattur, Dharwad 580009, India
| | - Prathap Somu
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 600124, India
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.J.T.); (K.-H.B.); Tel.: +82-52-810-3029 (K.-H.B.)
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Alavi N, Maghami P, Pakdel AF, Rezaei M, Avan A. Antibody-modified Gold Nanobiostructures: Advancing Targeted Photodynamic Therapy for Improved Cancer Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3103-3122. [PMID: 37990429 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128265544231102065515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an innovative, non-invasive method of treating cancer that uses light-activated photosensitizers to create reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, challenges associated with the limited penetration depth of light and the need for precise control over photosensitizer activation have hindered its clinical translation. Nanomedicine, particularly gold nanobiostructures, offers promising solutions to overcome these limitations. This paper reviews the advancements in PDT and nanomedicine, focusing on applying antibody-modified gold nanobiostructures as multifunctional platforms for enhanced PDT efficacy and improved cancer treatment outcomes. The size, shape, and composition of gold nanobiostructures can significantly influence their PDT efficacy, making synthetic procedures crucial. Functionalizing the surface of gold nanobiostructures with various molecules, such as antibodies or targeting agents, bonding agents, PDT agents, photothermal therapy (PTT) agents, chemo-agents, immunotherapy agents, and imaging agents, allows composition modification. Integrating gold nanobiostructures with PDT holds immense potential for targeted cancer therapy. Antibody-modified gold nanobiostructures, in particular, have gained significant attention due to their tunable plasmonic characteristics, biocompatibility, and surface functionalization capabilities. These multifunctional nanosystems possess unique properties that enhance the efficacy of PDT, including improved light absorption, targeted delivery, and enhanced ROS generation. Passive and active targeting of gold nanobiostructures can enhance their localization near cancer cells, leading to efficient eradication of tumor tissues upon light irradiation. Future research and clinical studies will continue to explore the potential of gold nanobiostructures in PDT for personalized and effective cancer therapy. The synthesis, functionalization, and characterization of gold nanobiostructures, their interaction with light, and their impact on photosensitizers' photophysical and photochemical properties, are important areas of investigation. Strategies to enhance targeting efficiency and the evaluation of gold nanobiostructures in vitro and in vivo studies will further advance their application in PDT. The integrating antibody-modified gold nanobiostructures in PDT represents a promising strategy for targeted cancer therapy. These multifunctional nanosystems possess unique properties that enhance PDT efficacy, including improved light absorption, targeted delivery, and enhanced ROS generation. Continued research and development in this field will contribute to the advancement of personalized and effective cancer treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Alavi
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Maghami
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azar Fani Pakdel
- Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Rezaei
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- College of Medicine, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4059, Australia
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A Gold Nanoparticle Bioconjugate Delivery System for Active Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194558. [PMID: 36230480 PMCID: PMC9559518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also called tumor-initiating cells, are a subpopulation of cancer cells believed to be the leading cause of cancer initiation, growth, metastasis, and recurrence. Presently there are no effective treatments targeted at eliminating CSCs. Hence, an urgent need to develop measures to target CSCs to eliminate potential recurrence and metastasis associated with CSCs. Cancer stem cells have inherent and unique features that differ from other cancer cells, which they leverage to resist conventional therapies. Targeting such features with photodynamic therapy (PDT) could be a promising treatment for drug-resistant cancer stem cells. Photodynamic therapy is a light-mediated non-invasive treatment modality. However, PDT alone is unable to eliminate cancer stem cells effectively, hence the need for a targeted approach. Gold nanoparticle bioconjugates with PDT could be a potential approach for targeted photodynamic therapy of cancer and CSCs. This approach has the potential for enhanced drug delivery, selective and specific attachment to target tumor cells/CSCs, as well as the ability to efficiently generate ROS. This review examines the impact of a smart gold nanoparticle bioconjugate coupled with a photosensitizer (PS) in promoting targeted PDT of cancer and CSC.
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