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Skriabin A, Telekh V, Pavlov A, Pasynkova D, Podlosinskaya A, Novikov P, Zhupanov V, Chesnokov D, Senkov V, Turyanskiy A. Surface Degradation of Thin-Layer Al/MgF 2 Mirrors under Exposure to Powerful VUV Radiation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2819. [PMID: 37947666 PMCID: PMC10650559 DOI: 10.3390/nano13212819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Thin-layer Al/MgF2 coatings are currently used for extraterrestrial far-UV astronomy as the primary and secondary mirrors of telescopes (such as "Spektr-UF"). Successful Hubble far-UV measurements have been performed thanks to MgF2 on Al mirror coatings. Damage of such thin-layer coatings has been previously studied under exposure to high-energy electrons/protons fluxes and in low Earth orbit environments. Meanwhile, there is an interest to test the stability of such mirrors under the impact of extreme radiation fluxes from pulsed plasma thrusters as a simulation of emergency onboard situations and other applications. In the present studies, the high current and compressed plasma jets were generated by a laboratory plasma thruster prototype and operated as effective emitters of high brightness (with an integral overall wavelength radiation flux of >1 MW/cm2) and broadband radiation. The spectrum rearrangement and hard-photon cut-off at energy above Ec were implemented by selection of a background gas in the discharge chamber. The discharges in air (Ec ≈ 6 eV), argon (Ec ≈ 15 eV) and neon (Ec ≈ 21 eV) were studied. X-ray diffraction and reflectometry, electron and atomic force microscopy, and IR and visible spectroscopy were used for coating characterization and estimation of degradation degree. In the case of the discharges in air with photon energies of E < 6 eV, only individual nanocracks were found and property changes were negligible. In the case of inert gases, the energy fraction was ≈50% in the VUV range. As found for inert background gases, an emission of such hard photons with energies higher than the MgF2 band gap energy of ≈10.8 eV caused a drastic light-induced ablation and degradation of the irradiated coatings. The upward trend of degradation with an increasing of the maximum photon energies was detected. The obtained data on the surface destruction are useful for the design of methods for coating stability tests and an understanding of the consequences of emergencies onboard space research stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Skriabin
- Department of Power Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia; (V.T.); (A.P.); (D.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Victor Telekh
- Department of Power Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia; (V.T.); (A.P.); (D.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Aleksei Pavlov
- Department of Power Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia; (V.T.); (A.P.); (D.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Daria Pasynkova
- Department of Power Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia; (V.T.); (A.P.); (D.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Anastasiya Podlosinskaya
- Department of Power Engineering, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russia; (V.T.); (A.P.); (D.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Pavel Novikov
- Luch Scientific Production Association, Podolsk 142103, Russia; (P.N.); (V.Z.); (D.C.)
| | - Valery Zhupanov
- Luch Scientific Production Association, Podolsk 142103, Russia; (P.N.); (V.Z.); (D.C.)
| | - Dmitry Chesnokov
- Luch Scientific Production Association, Podolsk 142103, Russia; (P.N.); (V.Z.); (D.C.)
| | - Viacheslav Senkov
- Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (V.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Alexander Turyanskiy
- Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia; (V.S.); (A.T.)
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Mayorova V, Morozov A, Golyak I, Golyak I, Lazarev N, Melnikova V, Rachkin D, Svirin V, Tenenbaum S, Vintaykin I, Anfimov D, Fufurin I. Determination of Greenhouse Gas Concentrations from the 16U CubeSat Spacecraft Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6794. [PMID: 37571577 PMCID: PMC10422423 DOI: 10.3390/s23156794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gases absorb the Earth's thermal radiation and partially return it to the Earth's surface. When accumulated in the atmosphere, greenhouse gases lead to an increase in the average global air temperature and, as a result, climate change. In this paper, an approach to measuring CO2 and CH4 concentrations using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is proposed. An FTIR spectrometer mockup, operating in the wavelength range from 1.0 to 1.7 μm with a spectral resolution of 10 cm-1, is described. The results of CO2 and CH4 observations throughout a day in urban conditions are presented. A low-resolution FTIR spectrometer for the 16U CubeSat spacecraft is described. The FTIR spectrometer has a 2.0-2.4 μm spectral range for CO2 and CH4 bands, a 0.75-0.80 μm range for reference O2 bands, an input field of view of 10-2 rad and a spectral resolution of 2 cm-1. The capabilities of the 16U CubeSat spacecraft for remote sensing of greenhouse gas emissions using a developed FTIR spectrometer are discussed. The design of a 16U CubeSat spacecraft equipped with a compact, low-resolution FTIR spectrometer is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Mayorova
- Special Machinery Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (N.L.); (V.M.); (D.R.); (S.T.)
| | - Andrey Morozov
- Physics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (I.G.); (I.G.); (V.S.); (I.V.); (D.A.)
| | - Iliya Golyak
- Physics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (I.G.); (I.G.); (V.S.); (I.V.); (D.A.)
| | - Igor Golyak
- Physics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (I.G.); (I.G.); (V.S.); (I.V.); (D.A.)
| | - Nikita Lazarev
- Special Machinery Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (N.L.); (V.M.); (D.R.); (S.T.)
| | - Valeriia Melnikova
- Special Machinery Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (N.L.); (V.M.); (D.R.); (S.T.)
| | - Dmitry Rachkin
- Special Machinery Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (N.L.); (V.M.); (D.R.); (S.T.)
| | - Victor Svirin
- Physics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (I.G.); (I.G.); (V.S.); (I.V.); (D.A.)
| | - Stepan Tenenbaum
- Special Machinery Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (V.M.); (N.L.); (V.M.); (D.R.); (S.T.)
| | - Ivan Vintaykin
- Physics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (I.G.); (I.G.); (V.S.); (I.V.); (D.A.)
| | - Dmitriy Anfimov
- Physics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (I.G.); (I.G.); (V.S.); (I.V.); (D.A.)
| | - Igor Fufurin
- Physics Department, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (I.G.); (I.G.); (V.S.); (I.V.); (D.A.)
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Pavlov A, Shchepanyuk T, Skriabin A, Telekh V. Gas Dynamics Processes above the Polymers Surface under Irradiation with Broadband High-Brightness Radiation in the Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectrum Region. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193940. [PMID: 36235889 PMCID: PMC9572289 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining new data on the gas-dynamic responses from the polymer samples (polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE) irradiated by powerful VUV radiation from compressed plasma flows is in the focus of the present study. An erosion type magnetoplasma compressor (MPC), a type of plasma focus discharge, was used as a radiation source. The operating voltages of the MPC were between 15 and 25 kV, the maximum measured discharge current was 200 kA, and the radiation energy in the VUV range was ≈1–2 kJ. The VUV fluxes on the sample surface were high and equal to ≈1022–1024 photons cm−2·s−1. Double-exposure laser holographic interferometry and schlieren photography were used to diagnose and visualize the gas-dynamic structures. The spatial distribution of the parameters (temperature, pressure and concentrations of electrons and ions) was defined based on the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. It has been demonstrated that the maximum temperature ranged from ≈ 10 to 15 kK in the plasma layer. The electron concentration was ≈ (0.7–1.6) × 1018 cm−3 in this region. The used techniques of optical diagnostics and procedures of result processing make it possible to obtain data on the dynamics of polymer ablation, which occurs when their surface is exposed to powerful energy fluxes (thermal, shock-wave, radiation, and other extreme loads).
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