1
|
Yi C, Boluk Y, Bindiganavile V. Preparation of Geopolymers with Nanosilica and Water-in-Air Pickering Emulsion: Mechanisms Underlying Its Rheology, Polymerization, and Strength. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:11436-11449. [PMID: 38767354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Geopolymers are alkaline-activated aluminosilicate binders recognized as a promising alternative to traditional Portland cement due to their significantly lower greenhouse emissions, energy consumption, and carbon footprint. However, the challenge is meeting or exceeding the strength of Portland cement concrete while being prepared within a desired setting time and possessing workable rheology. A "water-in-air" Pickering emulsion, also called dry water, was prepared by stabilizing water droplets with hydrophobic nano silica and using them to control the geopolymer's strength, setting time, and workability. The mechanisms that underlie the effects of dry water on the rheology, setting, and strength were studied in detail through a combination of rheological, thermal, morphological, chemical, and microstructural assessments. A reduction in the viscosity and yield shear stress manifests in a higher flow diameter, principally due to the particle size coarsening in the precursor and the flowability of hydrophobic nano silica. There was a rapid rise in temperature during the setting process as the dry water temporarily increased the local alkalinity in the mixture, which boosted the dissolution of the precursor and, hence, the reaction. Outcomes from X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared confirm the highest degree of polycondensation for the principal N-A-S-H framework in mixtures containing dry water. These eventually correspond to a denser microstructure under scanning electron microscopy and, in turn, a superior mechanical strength. Depending on the unique combination of characteristics, including size coarsening, temporary water encapsulation, microfilling effect, and supplementary silica source, dry water resolves the "trade-off" between geopolymer's fresh and hardened properties when introducing nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Yi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yaman Boluk
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Vivek Bindiganavile
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu Y, Jin Z, Pang B, Du Z, Li X, Huang Y. Improving Sag Resistance in Geopolymer Coatings Using Diatomite Filler: Effects on Rheological Properties and Early Hydration. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2516. [PMID: 38893779 PMCID: PMC11172936 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The reduction in the rheological parameters and dissolution rate of precursors in geopolymer coatings during early hydration significantly contributes to sagging. This study aims to improve the sag resistance of these coatings by incorporating diatomite filler. Rheological testing was conducted to assess the impact of diatomite and its concentration on the yield stress, plastic viscosity, and thixotropy of the geopolymer coatings. The results indicated that diatomite's large specific surface area and high reactivity have a significant influence on the rheological parameters and early dissolution rate of precursors. With a diatomite concentration of 1.1%, the coating exhibited a yield stress of 2.749 Pa and a plastic viscosity of 0.921 Pa·s, maintaining stability, homogeneity, and no sagging at a thickness of 600 μm. Furthermore, the highly active SiO2 in diatomite participates in the secondary hydration reaction of the geopolymer materials led to the formation of substantial C-(A)-S-H gel. This gel enhances internal interconnectivity within the coating, thereby improving its rheological and mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China; (Y.H.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
- Engineering Research Center of Concrete Technology under Marine Environment, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Zuquan Jin
- Department of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China; (Y.H.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
- Engineering Research Center of Concrete Technology under Marine Environment, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China; (Y.H.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
- Engineering Research Center of Concrete Technology under Marine Environment, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Zhantao Du
- Department of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China; (Y.H.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
- Engineering Research Center of Concrete Technology under Marine Environment, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Xiangxiang Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China; (Y.H.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
- Engineering Research Center of Concrete Technology under Marine Environment, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Yuxin Huang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China; (Y.H.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
- Engineering Research Center of Concrete Technology under Marine Environment, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266520, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mullaimalar A, Thanigaiselvan R, Karuppaiyan J, Kiruthika S, Jeyalakshmi R, Albeshr MF. An efficient eco-friendly adsorbent material based on waste copper slag-biomass ash geopolymer: dye sorption capacity and sustainable properties. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:110. [PMID: 38460044 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The primary intent of the research is to comprehensively assess the environmental benefits and cost dynamics associated with the adsorption process of CS-RHA (Copper Slag and Rice Husk Ash) to produce a novel geopolymer adsorbent material for application in wastewater treatment. The geopolymer forms a polyiron sialate network under alkali activation by dissolving fayalite, and aluminium silicate to ferro-ferri silicate hydrate gel. The mechanical strength, leaching characteristics, and microstructure of the geopolymer were determined using XRD and FTIR, and magnetic properties by VSM as well surface properties were derived from BET surface area and zeta potential. Recognizing the critical role of sodium iron silicate hydrate (NFS) in the sorption of methylene blue (MB) dyestuff, batch experiments were carried out using different adsorbents. The results indicated that the dye removal efficiency increased from 60% in control samples (FS) to 98% for the blend (FS1) under different pH values. The data was found to fit with the nonlinear form of Freundlich isotherm and follow pseudo-second-order kinetics. The active adsorption sites were deduced as -O-Fe-O-Si-O-Na and Si-OH groups. The addition of RHA increases the adsorption capacity of the geopolymer in a short time through chemical adsorption. The significant negative surface charge promotes MB adsorption via improved electrostatic attraction. The spent adsorbents were recovered through magnetic separation with a retrieval rate of 80-85% and active sites were rejuvenated by calcination. Consequently, waste copper slag emerges as a promising adsorbent with minimum potential ecological risk and high effective recycling capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mullaimalar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Rithikaa Thanigaiselvan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Janani Karuppaiyan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - S Kiruthika
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - R Jeyalakshmi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Mohammed F Albeshr
- Department of Zoology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lăzărescu AV, Hegyi A, Csapai A, Popa F. The Influence of Different Aggregates on the Physico-Mechanical Performance of Alkali-Activated Geopolymer Composites Produced Using Romanian Fly Ash. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:485. [PMID: 38276424 PMCID: PMC10820525 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In light of the urgent need to develop environmentally friendly materials that, at some point, will allow the reduction of concrete and, consequently, cement consumption-while at the same time allowing the reuse of waste and industrial by-products-alkali-activated fly ash (AAFA) geopolymer composite emerges as a material of great interest. The aim of this study was to investigate the physico-mechanical performance of composites based on AAFA binders and the effect of different types of aggregates on these properties. The experimental results indicate variations in flexural and compressive strength, which are influenced both by the nature and particle size distribution of aggregates and the binder-to-aggregate ratio. The analysis of the samples highlighted changes in porosity, both in distribution and pore size, depending on the nature of the aggregates. This supports the evolution of physico-mechanical performance indicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreea Hegyi
- NIRD URBAN-INCERC Cluj-Napoca Branch, 117 Calea Florești, 400524 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Boulevard, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Csapai
- NIRD URBAN-INCERC Cluj-Napoca Branch, 117 Calea Florești, 400524 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Boulevard, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Florin Popa
- Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Boulevard, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Parzych S, Paszkowska M, Stanisz D, Bąk A, Łach M. Possibilities of Using Geopolymers in Welding Processes and Protection against High Temperatures. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7035. [PMID: 37959632 PMCID: PMC10649339 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Geopolymer materials have long been known for their competitive properties against traditional construction materials. Their special features include high resistance to elevated temperatures and good fire resistance. They are typically used as insulating materials at temperatures not exceeding 100 °C (because they can achieve a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.060 W/m × K or less under these conditions). Still, they can also be used as thermal insulation at temperatures exceeding 1000 °C. One technology that uses very high temperatures is metal welding technology, where temperatures often exceed as many as 3000 °C. Geopolymers, due to their properties, can also be an interesting new alternative in various welding applications. This paper presents the preliminary results of pot-proofing the resistance of geopolymers to temperatures exceeding 3000 °C. Test results of a foamed geopolymer insulating a steel substrate are presented, and a geopolymer mold for thermite rail welding was made and realistically tested. The results confirmed the feasibility of using cast geopolymer molds for thermite welding of railroad rails. The geopolymer material performed well during the test and no cracks or other damage occurred. The following article presents the potential of using geopolymer materials for welding applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Parzych
- Chair of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Cracow, Poland; (S.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Maja Paszkowska
- Chair of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Cracow, Poland; (S.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Dawid Stanisz
- Wiśniowski Sp. z o.o. S.K.A., Wielogłowy 153, 33-311 Wielogłowy, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Bąk
- Chair of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Cracow, Poland; (S.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Michał Łach
- Chair of Material Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 37, 31-864 Cracow, Poland; (S.P.); (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hegyi A, Petcu C, Ciobanu AA, Calatan G, Bradu A. Development of Clay-Composite Plasters Integrating Industrial Waste. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4903. [PMID: 37512178 PMCID: PMC10381511 DOI: 10.3390/ma16144903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates the feasibility of developing clay composites using natural materials and incorporating waste by-products suitable for plastering diverse support structures. The study identified a versatile composition suitable for a wide range of support materials and explored the potential of revaluing industrial waste and by-products by reintegrating them into the Circular Economy. The experimental investigation outlines the process of evaluating the influence of different raw materials on the performance of the clay composite. The findings confirm that using limestone sludge and fly ash as additives to clay contributes to reducing axial shrinkage and increasing mechanical strengths, respectively. The optimal percentage of additives for the clay used are identified and provided. Using hydraulic lime as a partial substitute for clay reduces the apparent density of dried clay composites, axial shrinkage, and fissures formation while improving adhesion to the substrate. Introducing dextrin into this mix increases the apparent density of the hardened plaster while keeping axial shrinkage below the maximum threshold indicated by the literature. Mechanical strengths improved, and better compatibility in terms of adhesion to the support was achieved, with composition S3 presenting the best results and a smooth, fissure-free plastered surface after drying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Hegyi
- NIRD URBAN-INCERC Cluj-Napoca Branch, 117 Calea Florești, 400524 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Boulevard, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Petcu
- NIRD URBAN-INCERC Bucharest, 266 Șoseaua Pantelimon, 021652 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Gabriela Calatan
- Office for Pedological and Agrochemical Studies Cluj-Napoca, 1 Fagului Str., 400483 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aurelia Bradu
- NIRD URBAN-INCERC Iaşi Branch, 6 Anton Şesan Street, 700048 Iaşi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hegyi A, Lăzărescu AV, Ciobanu AA, Ionescu BA, Grebenişan E, Chira M, Florean C, Vermeşan H, Stoian V. Study on the Possibilities of Developing Cementitious or Geopolymer Composite Materials with Specific Performances by Exploiting the Photocatalytic Properties of TiO 2 Nanoparticles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103741. [PMID: 37241366 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Starting from the context of the principles of Sustainable Development and Circular Economy concepts, the paper presents a synthesis of research in the field of the development of materials of interest, such as cementitious composites or alkali-activated geopolymers. Based on the reviewed literature, the influence of compositional or technological factors on the physical-mechanical performance, self-healing capacity and biocidal capacity obtained was analyzed. The inclusion of TiO2 nanoparticles in the matrix increase the performances of cementitious composites, producing a self-cleaning capacity and an anti-microbial biocidal mechanism. As an alternative, the self-cleaning capacity can be achieved through geopolymerization, which provides a similar biocidal mechanism. The results of the research carried out indicate the real and growing interest for the development of these materials but also the existence of some elements still controversial or insufficiently analyzed, therefore concluding the need for further research in these areas. The scientific contribution of this study consists of bringing together two apparently distinct research directions in order to identify convergent points, to create a favorable framework for the development of an area of research little addressed so far, namely, the development of innovative building materials by combining improved performance with the possibility of reducing environmental impact, awareness and implementation of the concept of a Circular Economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Hegyi
- NIRD URBAN-INCERC Cluj-Napoca Branch, 117 Calea Floresti, 400524 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Elvira Grebenişan
- NIRD URBAN-INCERC Cluj-Napoca Branch, 117 Calea Floresti, 400524 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihail Chira
- NIRD URBAN-INCERC Cluj-Napoca Branch, 117 Calea Floresti, 400524 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen Florean
- NIRD URBAN-INCERC Cluj-Napoca Branch, 117 Calea Floresti, 400524 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- NIRD URBAN-INCERC Iaşi Branch, 6 Anton Şesan Street, 700048 Iaşi, Romania
| | - Horaţiu Vermeşan
- Faculty of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 103-105 Muncii Boulevard, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad Stoian
- Department of Microbiology, Facutly of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jamaludin L, Razak RA, Al Bakri Abdullah MM, Vizureanu P, Sandu AV, Abd Rahim SZ, Ahmad R. Solid-to-Liquid Ratio Influenced on Adhesion Strength of Metakaolin Geopolymer Coating Paste Added Photocatalyst Materials. COATINGS 2023; 13:236. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings13020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Coating materials are used on surfaces such as steel and ceramic to offer protection, corrosion resistance, wear and erosion resistance, a thermal barrier, or aesthetics. Although organic coating materials such as epoxy resins, silane, and acrylic are widely used, there are restrictions and drawbacks associated with their use, including the ease with which cracking, hazardous and harmful human health and environment, peeling, and deterioration occur. Organic matrices also have the capacity to release vapor pressure, which can lead to the delamination of coatings. Geopolymer coating materials offer an environmentally friendly solution to this concern to encourage sustainable growth. The simplicity with which geopolymers can be synthesized and their low emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2, SO2, and NOx are advantages of geopolymers. The advent of geopolymer coatings with photocatalytic properties is advantageous for the decomposition of pollution and self-cleaning properties. The aim of this paper is to study the optimum solid-to-liquid ratio of metakaolin geopolymer paste added TiO2 and ZnO by adhesion strength. Through iterative mixture optimization, we investigated the effects of different design parameters on the performance of a metakaolin-based geopolymer as a coating material. The assessed material was a metakaolin which was activated by an alkali activator (a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate), with the addition of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide as photocatalyst substances. Varying proportions of solid-to-liquid ratio were tested to optimize the best mix proportion related to the coating application. Adhesion analyses of geopolymer coating paste were evaluated after 7 days. According to the findings, the optimal parameters for metakaolin geopolymer coating material are 0.6 solid-to-liquid ratios with the highest adhesion strength (19 MPa) that is suitable as coating material and enhanced the properties of geopolymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyana Jamaludin
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 02600, Malaysia
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
| | - Rafiza Abd Razak
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 02600, Malaysia
- Faculty of Civil Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 02600, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 02600, Malaysia
| | - Petrica Vizureanu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
- Materials Science and Engineering Section, Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Victor Sandu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Research, Development and Innovation, Romanian Inventors Forum, 700089 Iasi, Romania
- National Institute for Research and Development for Environmental Protection INCDPM, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
| | - Romisuhani Ahmad
- Centre of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 02600, Malaysia
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis 01000, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|