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Szmechtyk T, Małecka M. Phytochemicals from Bark Extracts and Their Applicability in the Synthesis of Thermosetting Polymers: An Overview. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2123. [PMID: 38730929 PMCID: PMC11084627 DOI: 10.3390/ma17092123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent research on the phytochemicals found in bark from different trees and their potential to be used as substrates for the synthesis of thermosetting resins. Recent studies about the influence of each bark harvesting step on the extracted phytochemicals, from debarking to extraction, are investigated. A comparison of bark extracts in terms of the correlation between extraction conditions and efficiency (based on the total phenolic content (TPC) and extraction yield) is presented for six groups of trees (Norway spruce, pine species, other conifers, oak species, other deciduous trees of the north temperate zone, tropical and subtropical trees) and evaluated. The evaluation revealed that there is an interesting relationship between the extraction time and the type of solvent for some types of tree bark. It was found that a relatively short extraction time and a solvent temperature close to the boiling point are favourable. The latest research on the application of bark extracts in different types of thermosetting resins is described. This review discusses the attractiveness of bark extracts in terms of functional groups and the possibilities arising from extractable phytochemicals. In addition, different approaches (selective versus holistic) and methods of application are presented and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Szmechtyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236 Łódź, Poland;
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Umasekar S, Virivinti N. Advances in modeling techniques for the production and purification of biomolecules: A comprehensive review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1232:123945. [PMID: 38113723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
In response to the growing demand for therapeutic biomolecules, there is a need for continuous and cost-effective bio-separation techniques to enhance extraction yield and efficiency. Aqueous biphasic extractive fermentation has emerged as an integrated downstream processing technique, offering selective partitioning, high productivity, and preservation of biomolecule integrity. However, the dynamic nature of this technique requires a comprehensive understanding of the underlying separation mechanisms. Unfortunately, the analysis of parameters influencing this dynamic behavior can be challenging due to limited resources and time. To address this, mathematical modeling approaches can be employed to minimize the tedious trial-and-error experimentation process. This review article presents mathematical modeling approaches for both upstream and downstream processing techniques, focusing on the production of biomolecules which can be used in pharmaceutical industries in a cost-effective manner. By leveraging mathematical models, researchers can optimize the production and purification processes, leading to improved efficiency and processing cost reduction in biomolecule production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimathi Umasekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015, India
| | - Nagajyothi Virivinti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015, India.
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Xiao Z, Liu M, Bi W, Chen DDY. Ionic liquid as hydrogen bond acceptor in the extraction of nutritional natural products. Food Chem 2023; 412:135589. [PMID: 36736187 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In-depth studies of the extraction mechanism using deep eutectic solvents (DES), especially extraction through the formation of a deep eutectic system (DESys), revealed commonalities between the DES- and ionic liquids (IL)-based extraction systems. New applications of ILs and DES for extraction of nutritional natural products were presented. In this study, the extraction behavior of choline chloride (ChCl) and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([HMIm][Cl]) in DES and IL, respectively, in mechanochemical extraction of target compounds from Moringa oleifera leaves was systematically studied. The results suggested that both extraction methods were based on the formation of a DESys, either a normal DESys or an IL DESys. Considering the DESys-based one-step extraction improves the extraction efficiency and reduces the preparation time, the same idea can be used in IL for performance improvement. By formation of a new IL deep eutectic system based on hydrogen bond interaction in extraction, similar improvement was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Xiao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Min Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wentao Bi
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - David Da Yong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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Bayram S, Kutlu N, Gerçek YC, Çelik S, Ecem Bayram N. Bioactive compounds of deep eutectic solvents extracts of Hypericum perforatum L.: Polyphenolic- organic acid profile by LC-MS/MS and pharmaceutical activity. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Pelegrín CJ, Ramos M, Jiménez A, Garrigós MC. Chemical Composition and Bioactive Antioxidants Obtained by Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Cyperus esculentus L. By-products: A Valorization Approach. Front Nutr 2022; 9:944830. [PMID: 35873445 PMCID: PMC9305069 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.944830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tiger nut is highly appreciated in the Mediterranean basin by the large number of nutritional advantages offered by a beverage, called "horchata," which is directly obtained from the tuber of Cyperus esculentus L. However, the current tiger nut harvesting and processing practices generate a large number of residues, mainly a solid by-product after processing and the plant that remains spread out in the fields. In this work the plant residues have been fully characterized to get a clear picture of the possibilities for its valorization to generate products with high added value. Several analytical techniques have been applied to obtain data to assess the real possibilities of these residues in advanced applications in the food, packaging and nutrition sectors. Results on the compositional and elemental analysis, monosaccharide composition, phenolic concentration, and antioxidant capacity were obtained from the dry powder (DP). The high content of α-cellulose (47.2 ± 1.8%) in DP could open new possibilities for these residues as raw material in the production of cellulose nanoentities. Many essential minerals with nutritional interest (Na, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) and free sugars (xylose, arabinose, glucose, and galacturonic acid) were identified in the DP making it an interesting source of valuable nutrients. The total carbohydrate content was 171 ± 31 mg gdm -1. In addition, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was used to obtain extracts rich in polyphenolic compounds. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used, and the optimal extraction conditions predicted by the model were 80°C, 18 min, ethanol concentration 40% (v/v), and solvent volume 77 mL, showing an extraction yield of 2.27 ± 0.09%, TPC value was 136 ± 3 mg GAE 100 gdm -1 and antioxidant capacity by the ABTS method was 8.41 ± 0.09 μmol trolox gdm -1. Other assays (FRAP and DPPH) were also tested, confirming the high antioxidant capacity of DP extracts. Some polyphenols were identified and quantified: p-coumaric (7.67 ± 0.16 mg 100 gdm -1), ferulic (4.07 ± 0.01 mg 100 gdm -1), sinapinic (0.50 ± 0.01 mg 100 gdm -1) and cinnamic acids (1.10 ± 0.03 mg 100 gdm -1), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1.28 ± 0.06 mg 100 gdm -1), luteolin (1.03 ± 0.01 mg 100 gdm -1), and naringenin (0.60 ± 0.01 mg 100 gdm -1). It can be concluded that C. esculentus L. residues obtained from the tiger nut harvesting and horchata processing could be an important source of high value compounds with potential uses in different industrial sectors, while limiting the environmental hazards associated with the current agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - María Carmen Garrigós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
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Sridhar A, Vaishampayan V, Senthil Kumar P, Ponnuchamy M, Kapoor A. Extraction techniques in food industry: Insights into process parameters and their optimization. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 166:113207. [PMID: 35688271 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This review presents critical evaluation of the key parameters that affect the extraction of targeted components, giving due consideration to safety and environmental aspects. The crucial aspects of the extraction technologies along with protocols and process parameters for designing unit operations have been emphasized. The parameters like solvent usage, substrate type, concentration, particle size, temperature, quality and storage of extract as well as stability of extraction have been elaborately discussed. The process optimization using mathematical and computational modeling highlighting information and communication technologies have been given importance aiming for a green and sustainable industry level scaleup. The findings indicate that the extraction processes vary significantly depending on the category of food and its structure. There is no single extraction method or universal set of process conditions identified for extracting all value-added products from respective sources. A comprehensive understanding of process parameters and their optimization as well as synergistic combination of multiple extraction processes can aid in enhancement of the overall extraction efficiency. Future efforts must be directed toward the design of integrated unit operations that cause minimal harm to the environment along with investigations on economic feasibility to ensure sustainable extraction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Sridhar
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay Vaishampayan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India.
| | - Muthamilselvi Ponnuchamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Ashish Kapoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Ozbek Yazici S, Ozmen İ. Ultrasound assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from
Capparis Ovata
var canescens fruit using deep eutectic solvents. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sercan Ozbek Yazici
- Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Burdur Turkey
| | - İsmail Ozmen
- Art and Science Faculty Department of Chemistry Suleyman Demirel University Isparta Turkey
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Nisca A, Ștefănescu R, Stegăruș DI, Mare AD, Farczadi L, Tanase C. Phytochemical Profile and Biological Effects of Spruce ( Picea abies) Bark Subjected to Ultrasound Assisted and Microwave-Assisted Extractions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050870. [PMID: 33925920 PMCID: PMC8145950 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The bark of various tree species is a byproduct of the forestry industry that is not used at its full potential, considering the wide range of phytochemicals that are contained in these vegetal matrices and the health benefits that these compounds could provide for society. Our goal was to assess and compare the phytochemical composition of some hydroalcoholic spruce (Picea abies) bark extracts attained by ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and their antioxidant and antibacterial effects. The levels of total phenolics and tannins in the bark extracts were determined using methods based on the Folin-Ciocâlteu reagent, while specific phenolic and volatile compounds were identified and quantified using an UPLC-PDA method and a GC-FID method, respectively. After the chemical composition assessment, the antioxidant capacity (AC) was evaluated by measuring the scavenging ability against two free radicals (DPPH and ABTS). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to assess the antibacterial activity of the extracts. The results indicated that the extracts produced by UAE had higher contents of polyphenols and tannins and also a higher content of the main phenolic compounds identified, catechin and epicatechin, compared to the MAE extracts. In contrast the highest content of volatile terpenoids (mainly α- and β-pinene) was found in the MAE extracts. All of the tested extracts exhibited relatively high antioxidant activities (especially the UAE extracts) and low MICs against Gram-positive bacteria but were mildly efficient against Gram-negative bacteria. These findings show that the spruce bark might be an important source of bioactive compounds that can be easily extracted from these industrial secondary products. Various uses of this vegetal material may emerge, due to its antioxidant and antibacterial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Nisca
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (R.Ș.)
| | - Ruxandra Ștefănescu
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (R.Ș.)
| | - Diana Ionela Stegăruș
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI Râmnicu Vâlcea, 4th Uzinei Street, 240050 Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania;
| | - Anca Delia Mare
- Department of Microbiology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Mureș, Romania;
| | - Lenard Farczadi
- Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center for Advanced Medical and Pharmaceutical Research, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Corneliu Tanase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
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Phytomass Valorization by Deep Eutectic Solvents—Achievements, Perspectives, and Limitations. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10090800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a plethora of extraction processes have been performed by a novel class of green solvents known as deep eutectic solvents (DESs), possessing several environmental, operational, and economic advantages proven by experience when compared to organic solvents and ionic liquids. The present review provides an organized overview of the use of DESs as extraction agents for the recovery of valuable substances and compounds from the original plant biomass, waste from its processing, and waste from the production and consumption of plant-based food. For the sake of simplicity and speed of orientation, the data are, as far as possible, arranged in a table in alphabetical order of the extracted substances. However, in some cases, the isolation of several substances is described in one paper and they are, therefore, listed together. The table further contains a description of the extracted phytomass, DES composition, extraction conditions, and literature sources. With regard to extracted value-added substances, this review addresses their pharmacological, therapeutic, and nutritional aspects. The review also includes an evaluation of the possibilities and limitations of using DESs to obtain value-added substances from phytomass.
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