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Abid SR, Abbass AA, Murali G, Al-Sarray MLJ, Nader IA, Ali SH. Repeated Impact Response of Normal- and High-Strength Concrete Subjected to Temperatures up to 600 °C. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15155283. [PMID: 35955217 PMCID: PMC9370038 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of investigating the response of concrete to the dual effect of accidental fire high temperatures and possible induced impacts due to falling fragmented or burst parts or objects, an experimental work is conducted in this study to explore the influence of exposure to temperatures of 200, 400 and 600 °C on the responses of concrete specimens subjected to impact loads. Cylindrical specimens are tested using the recommended repeated impact procedure of the ACI 544-2R test. Three concrete mixtures with concrete nominal design strengths of 20, 40 and 80 MPa are introduced to represent different levels of concrete strength. From each concrete mixture, 24 cylinders and 12 cubes are prepared to evaluate the residual impact resistance and compressive strength. Six cylindrical specimens and three cubes from each concrete mixture are heated to each of the three levels of high temperatures, while the other six cylinders and three cubes are tested without heating as reference specimens. The test results show that the behavior of impact resistance is completely different from that of compressive strength after exposure to high temperatures; the cylindrical specimens lose more than 80% of the cracking and failure impact resistance after exposure to 200 °C, while impact resistance almost vanishes after exposure to 400 and 600 °C. Concrete compressive strength is found to be effective on the unheated impact specimens, where the higher-strength cylinders retain significantly higher impact numbers. This effect noticeably decreases after exposure to 200 and 400 °C, and vanishes after exposure to 600 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallal R. Abid
- Department of Civil Engineering, Wasit University, Kut 52003, Iraq; (M.L.J.A.-S.); (I.A.N.); (S.H.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ahmmad A. Abbass
- Building and Construction Materials Department, Southern Technical University-Shatrah Technical Institute, Shatrah 64007, Iraq;
| | - Gunasekaran Murali
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Mohammed L. J. Al-Sarray
- Department of Civil Engineering, Wasit University, Kut 52003, Iraq; (M.L.J.A.-S.); (I.A.N.); (S.H.A.)
| | - Islam A. Nader
- Department of Civil Engineering, Wasit University, Kut 52003, Iraq; (M.L.J.A.-S.); (I.A.N.); (S.H.A.)
| | - Sajjad H. Ali
- Department of Civil Engineering, Wasit University, Kut 52003, Iraq; (M.L.J.A.-S.); (I.A.N.); (S.H.A.)
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Abid SR, Murali G, Ahmad J, Al-Ghasham TS, Vatin NI. Repeated Drop-Weight Impact Testing of Fibrous Concrete: State-Of-The-Art Literature Review, Analysis of Results Variation and Test Improvement Suggestions. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15113948. [PMID: 35683244 PMCID: PMC9182244 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ACI 544-2R introduced a qualitative test to compare the impact resistance of fibrous concretes under repeated falling-mass impact loads, which is considered to be a low-cost, quick solution for material-scale impact tests owing to the simplified apparatus, test setup and procedure, where none of the usual sophisticated sensors and data acquisition systems are required. However, previous studies showed that the test results are highly scattered with noticeably unacceptable variations, which encouraged researchers to try to use statistical tools to analyze the scattering of results and suggest modifications to reduce this unfavorable disadvantage. The current article introduces a state-of-the-art literature review on the previous and recent research on repeated impact testing of different types of fibrous concrete using the ACI 544-2R test, while focusing on the scattering of results and highlighting the adopted statistical distributions to analyze this scattering. The influence of different mixture parameters on the variation of the cracking and failure impact results is also investigated based on data from the literature. Finally, the article highlights and discusses the literature suggestions to modify the test specimen, apparatus and procedure to reduce the scattering of results in the ACI 544-2R repeated impact test. The conducted analyses showed that material parameters such as binder, aggregate and water contents in addition to the maximum size of aggregate have no effect on the variation of test results, while increasing the fiber content was found to have some positive influence on decreasing this variation. The survey conducted in this study also showed that the test can be modified to lower the unfavorable variations of impact and failure results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallal R. Abid
- Department of Civil Engineering, Wasit University, Kut 52003, Iraq;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gunasekaran Murali
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (G.M.); (N.I.V.)
| | - Jawad Ahmad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Swedish College of Engineering and Technology Wah Cantt, Taxila 47040, Pakistan;
| | | | - Nikolai Ivanovich Vatin
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (G.M.); (N.I.V.)
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Murali G, Abid SR, Amran M, Vatin NI, Fediuk R. Drop Weight Impact Test on Prepacked Aggregate Fibrous Concrete-An Experimental Study. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093096. [PMID: 35591434 PMCID: PMC9105673 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, prepacked aggregate fibrous concrete (PAFC) is a new composite that has earned immense popularity and attracted researchers globally. The preparation procedure consists of two steps: the coarse aggregate is initially piled into a mold to create a natural skeleton and then filled with flowable grout. In this instance, the skeleton was completely filled with grout and bonded into an integrated body due to cement hydration, yielding a solid concrete material. In this research, experimental tests were performed to introduce five simple alterations to the ACI 544 drop weight impact test setup, intending to decrease result dispersion. The first alteration was replacing the steel ball with a steel bar to apply a line impact instead of a single point impact. The second and third introduced line and cross notched specimens at the specimen’s top surface and the load applied through a steel plate of cross knife-like or line load types. These modifications distributed impact load over a broader area and decrease dispersion of results. The fourth and fifth were bedding with sand and coarse aggregate as an alternate to the solid base plate. One-hundred-and-eight cylindrical specimens were prepared and tested in 12 groups to evaluate the suggested alteration methods. Steel and polypropylene fibers were utilized with a dosage of 2.4% to produce PAFC. The findings indicated that the line notched specimens and sand bedding significantly decreased the coefficient of variation (COV) of the test results suggesting some alterations. Using a cross-line notched specimen and line of impact with coarse bedding also effectively reduced COV for all mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasekaran Murali
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.I.V.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (M.A.)
| | | | - Mugahed Amran
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, Amran University, Amran 9677, Yemen
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Nikolai Ivanovich Vatin
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.I.V.); (R.F.)
| | - Roman Fediuk
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.I.V.); (R.F.)
- Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
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Nasser IM, Ibrahim MHW, Zuki SSM, Algaifi HA, Alshalif AF. The effect of nanosilica incorporation on the mechanical properties of concrete exposed to elevated temperature: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:15318-15336. [PMID: 34982380 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposing concrete to high temperatures leads to harmful effects in its mechanical and microstructural properties, and ultimately to total failure. In this sense, various types of waste materials are exploited not only to tackle serious environmental issues but also to enhance the thermal stability of concrete exposed to elevated temperatures. Furthermore, nanomaterials have been incorporated in concrete as admixtures to reduce the thermal degradation of concrete due to exposure to high temperatures. In the present study, the effects of nanosilica (NS) incorporation on the properties of concrete subjected to elevated temperature are discussed in several sequential sections. The process mechanism of concrete deterioration due to fire exposure and the important factors that could affect the performance of concrete under fire were evaluated. Moreover, brief highlights on the effect of elevated temperature on concrete containing waste materials are included in this review paper. Reviews and summaries of the available and updated literature regarding concrete containing NS are considered. According to the findings of the studies under review, the addition of nanosilica to concrete contributed in reduced strength loss, minimized internal porosity, and enhanced matrix compactness in concrete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mohammed Nasser
- Jamilus Research Centre, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Haziman Wan Ibrahim
- Jamilus Research Centre, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Sharifah Salwa Mohd Zuki
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Amer Algaifi
- Jamilus Research Centre, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Abdullah Faisal Alshalif
- Jamilus Research Centre, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
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Al-Ameri RA, Abid SR, Murali G, Ali SH, Özakça M, Vatin NI. Residual Impact Performance of ECC Subjected to Sub-High Temperatures. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020454. [PMID: 35057172 PMCID: PMC8779028 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the mechanical properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) after high-temperature exposure are well investigated in the literature, the repeated impact response of ECC is not yet explored. Aiming to evaluate the residual impact response of ECC subjected to sub-high temperatures under repeated drop weight blows, the ACI 544-2R repeated impact test was utilized in this study. Disk impact specimens (150 mm diameter and 64 mm thickness) were prepared from the M45 ECC mixture but using polypropylene fibers, while similar 100 mm cube specimens and 100 × 100 × 400 mm prism specimens were used to evaluate the compressive and flexural strengths. The specimens were all cast, cured, heated, cooled, and tested under the same conditions and at the same age. The specimens were subjected to three temperatures of 100, 200 and 300 °C, while a group of specimens was tested without heating as a reference group. The test results showed that heating to 100 and 200 °C did not affect the impact resistance noticeably, where the retained cracking and failure impact numbers and ductility were higher or slightly lower than those of unheated specimens. On the other hand, exposure to 300 °C led to a serious deterioration in the impact resistance and ductility. The retained failure impact numbers after exposure to 100, 200, and 300 °C were 313, 257, and 45, respectively, while that of the reference specimens was 259. The results also revealed that the impact resistance at this range of temperature showed a degree of dependency on the compressive strength behavior with temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raad A. Al-Ameri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey; (R.A.A.-A.); (M.Ö.)
| | - Sallal Rashid Abid
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Wasit University, Kut 52003, Iraq;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gunasekaran Murali
- School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India;
| | - Sajjad H. Ali
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Wasit University, Kut 52003, Iraq;
| | - Mustafa Özakça
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey; (R.A.A.-A.); (M.Ö.)
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Abstract
Cement and lime currently are the most common binders in building materials. However, alternative materials and methods are needed to overcome the functional limitations and environmental footprint of conventional products. This Special Issue is entirely dedicated to “New frontiers in cementitious and lime-based materials and composites” and gathers selected reviews and experimental articles that showcase the most recent trends in this multidisciplinary field. Authoritative contributions from all around the world provide important insights into all areas of research related to cementitious and lime-based materials and composites, spanning from structural engineering to geotechnics, including materials science and processing technology. This topical cross-disciplinary collection is intended to foster innovation and help researchers and developers to identify new solutions for a more sustainable and functional built environment.
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Kathirvel P, Murali G, Vatin NI, Abid SR. Experimental Study on Self Compacting Fibrous Concrete Comprising Magnesium Sulphate Solution Treated Recycled Aggregates. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15010340. [PMID: 35009486 PMCID: PMC8746273 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
It appears that the awareness and intentions to use recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in concrete are expanding over the globe. The production of self-compacting concrete (SCC) using RCA is an emerging field in the construction sector. However, the highly porous and absorptive nature of adhered mortar on RCA's surface leads to reduced concrete strength, which can be removed with the application of various techniques, such as acid treatment. This study investigated the effect of the partial replacement of silica fume by cement and natural aggregate (NA) by RCA with and without steel fibre. The used RCA was treated with magnesium sulphate solution. It was immersed in solutions with different concentrations of 10%, 15% and 20% and for different periods of 5, 10 and 15 days. Sixteen mixes were prepared, which were divided into six groups with or without 1% of steel fibre content. The fresh properties, compressive strength, split tensile strength and impact resistance were examined. The results revealed that the strengths of the mixes with 20% RCA were marginally better than those of the control mixes. The compressive strength and split tensile strength were reduced by 34% and 35% at 60% RCA content, respectively, as compared to the control mixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiban Kathirvel
- School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613404, India
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Gunasekaran Murali
- School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613404, India
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (G.M.)
| | | | - Sallal R. Abid
- Civil Engineering Department, Wasit University, Kut 52003, Iraq;
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Abstract
The impact resistance of functionally layered two-stage fibrous concrete (FLTSFC) prepared using the cement grout injection technique was examined in this study. The impact resistance of turtle shells served as the inspiration for the development of FLTSFC. Steel and polypropylene fibres are used in more significant quantities than usual in the outer layers of FLTSFC, resulting in significantly improved impact resistance. An experiment was carried out simultaneously to assess the efficacy of one-layered and two-layered concrete to assess the effectiveness of three-layered FLTSFC. When performing the drop-mass test ACI 544, a modified version of the impact test was suggested to reduce the scattered results. Instead of a solid cylindrical specimen with no notch, a line-notched specimen was used instead. This improvement allows for the pre-definition of a fracture route and the reduction of the scattering of results. The testing criteria used in the experiments were impact numbers associated to first crack and failure, mode of failure, and ductility index. The coefficient of variation of the ACI impact test was lowered due to the proposed change, indicating that the scattering of results was substantially reduced. This research contributes to the idea of developing enhanced, more impact-resistant fibre composites for use in possible protective structures in the future.
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