Complexes of 1,3-Diisobutyl Thiourea with Copper(I), Zinc(II) and Mercury(II): Their Antioxidant and Antibacterial Evaluation

Syntheses and Structural Characterization of Divalent Metal Complexes (Co, Ni, Pd and Zn) of Sterically Hindered Thiourea Ligand and A Theoretical Insight of their Interaction with SARS-CoV-2 Enzyme

Reacting two equivalents of sterically hindered 1,3-bis(2,6-diethylphenyl)thiourea ligand (L) with CoCl₂, NiBr₂, PdX₂ (X = Cl; Br) and ZnI₂ in acetonitrile afforded the corresponding bulky thiourea ligand stabilized four coordinated monomeric [L₂CoCl₂] (1), [L₂NiBr₂] (2), [L₂PdX₂] (3a: X = Cl; 3b: X = Br) and [L₂ZnI₂] (4.2CH₃CN) complexes. Compound 1, 2 and 4.2CH₃CN are tetrahedral whereas Pd complexes (3a and 3b) are square planar. In solution, palladium complexes are dominated by cis-isomers. Structural characterization shows inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Hirshfeld surface and fingerprint plots indicated significant intermolecular interactions in the crystal network. Molecular docking analysis revealed relatively higher SARS-CoV-2 enzyme interacting abilities of the synthesized complexes compared to the free ligand. All compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

Mononuclear Tricoordinate Copper(I) and Silver(I) Halide Complexes of a Sterically Bulky Thiourea Ligand and a Computational Insight of Their Interaction with Human Insulin

Reaction of two equivalents of the bulky 1,3-bis(2,6-diethylphenyl)thiourea ligand (L) with MX (being M = Cu⁺, Ag+; and X = Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻) in acetonitrile afforded neutral complexes of the type [MXL₂] [CuClL₂].2CH₃CN (1a); [CuBrL₂].2CH₃CN (1b); [CuIL₂] (1c): [AgClL₂] (2a); [AgBrL₂] (2b) and [AgIL₂] (2c). The two aromatic groups in free ligand were found to be trans with respect to the thiourea unit, which was a reason to link the ligand molecules via intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding was observed in all metal complexes. The copper complexes 1a and 1b are acetonitrile solvated and show not only intra- but also intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the coordinated thiourea and the solvated acetonitrile molecules. Silver complexes reported here are the first examples of structurally characterized tricoordinated thiourea-stabilized monomeric silver(I) halides. Molecular docking studies were carried out to analyze the binding modes of the metal complexes inside the active site of the human insulin (HI) protein. Analysis of the docked conformations revealed that the electrostatic and aromatic interactions of the protein N-terminal residues (i.e., Phe and His) may assist in anchoring and stabilizing the metal complexes inside the active site. According to the results of docking studies, the silver complexes exhibited the strongest inhibitory capability against the HI protein, which possesses a deactivating group, directly bonded to silver. All compounds were fully characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and molecular structures of the ligand, and five out of six metal complexes were also confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.